Hydrogen production from by-product glycerol by SCWG
Transcript of Hydrogen production from by-product glycerol by SCWG
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Prepared by :Prepared by : Nihal ÜREMEK CENGİZ Nihal ÜREMEK CENGİZ
Supervisors :Supervisors : Prof. Dr. Mithat YÜKSELProf. Dr. Mithat YÜKSEL
Prof. Dr. Levent BALLİCEProf. Dr. Levent BALLİCE Prof. Dr. Mehmet SALAMProf. Dr. Mehmet SALAM
S!"mi##ion Date$ %&.'(.%')'
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ContentsContents
*orl+ Ener,- Pro#e/t#
Ener,- re#o!r/e# an+ rene0a"le
alternative# Biof!el Pro+!/tion 1e/hnolo,ie#
Bioma## to hi,h a++e+ val!e /hemi/al# Re/ent St!+ie# on Gl-/erol
%%
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Contents-2Contents-2
Bio+ie#el 2 Gl-/erol otentialBio+ie#el 2 Gl-/erol otential
Pro/e##e# to ro+!/e h-+ro,en from ,l-/erolPro/e##e# to ro+!/e h-+ro,en from ,l-/erol
S!er/riti/al 0ater S!er/riti/al 0ater Pro3e/t material# 4in/l!+in, anal-ti/al 2Pro3e/t material# 4in/l!+in, anal-ti/al 2
in#tr!mental e5!iment#6in#tr!mental e5!iment#6
E7erimental Re#!lt#E7erimental Re#!lt#
88
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World Energy ProspectsWorld Energy Prospects
60% 63-160%
Increase in
Population Energy demand
So!r/e$9C:A;# 1he *orl+ <a/t"oo=
9 *orl+ P>PClo/= Pro3e/tion? @.S. Cen#!# B!rea!
9 Ener,- So!r/e#? %$)))))%?%''
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Other concernsOther concerns
Poll!tionPoll!tion ?? Re#o!r/e +eletionRe#o!r/e +eletion? Climate Chan,e? Climate Chan,e
((
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Energy SourcesEnergy Sources
< <o##il ener,- #o!r/e# li=e etrole!m?o##il ener,- #o!r/e# li=e etrole!m?nat!ral ,a# an+ /oal 0hi/h have limite+ re#erve#nat!ral ,a# an+ /oal 0hi/h have limite+ re#erve#..
1he fir#t ener,- /ri#i# emer,e+ in )&8 0a#1he fir#t ener,- /ri#i# emer,e+ in )&8 0a##erio!#l- #ho0e+ that the#e nonrene0a"le#erio!#l- #ho0e+ that the#e nonrene0a"le
ener,- #o!r/e# 0ill not meet the ener,- +eman+ener,- #o!r/e# 0ill not meet the ener,- +eman+of the 0orl+.of the 0orl+.
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Energy Sources-2Energy Sources-2
&&
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Reneable EnergyReneable Energy
R R ene0a"le ener,- #o!r/e# li=eene0a"le ener,- #o!r/e# li=e#olar ener,-?#olar ener,-? h-+roo0er?h-+roo0er? an+an+
"ioma## attra/t intere#t of man- "ioma## attra/t intere#t of man-re#ear/her#. 1he#e /an rovi+ere#ear/her#. 1he#e /an rovi+ethe #o!r/e of rene0a"le li5!i+?the #o!r/e of rene0a"le li5!i+?,a#eo!# an+,a#eo!# an+ #oli+ f!el#.#oli+ f!el#.
FF
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Reneable energy sourcesReneable energy sources
S!mmar- of ener,- re#o!r/e# /on#!mtion in @nite+ State#? %''
So!r/e$@SDAD>E? %''(? htt$000.eere.ener,-.,ov"ioma##!"li/ation#.html.
9B- %'8'? "ioener,-? )(%'H ener,- /on#!mtion
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Biofuel type Specic name Feedstock Conversion Tecnolo!ies
Pure vegetable oil "ure plant oil #""$&
Strai!t ve!eta'le oil#S($
$il crops #e)!) rapeseed& oilpalm& soy& canola& *atropa&castor& +
Cold pressin! e,traction
Biodiesel - Biodiesel from
ener!y crops metyland etyl esters offatty acids
- Biodiesel from.aste
- $il crops #e)!) rapeseed& oil
palm& soy& canola& *atropa&castor& +
- /aste cookin!fryin! oil
- Cold and .arm pressin!
e,traction& purication&and transesterication
- ydro!enation
Bioethanol Conventional 'io-etanol
Su!ar 'eet& su!ar cane&!rain
ydrolysis andfermentation
Biogas 2p!raded 'io!as Biomass #.et naero'ic di!estion
Bio-ETBE Bioetanol Cemical Syntesis
Overvie o! "io!uel Production
#echnologies
$irst-%igh &evel "io!uel Con!erence in '!rica
'ddis 'baba( Ethiopia
)*th +uly - ,st 'ugust 2** )')'
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"iomass to high added value chemicals"iomass to high added value chemicals
Bioma##
E7tra/tionof /hemi/al#
Bio+ie#el ro+!/tion
Gl-/erol
S!,arfermentation
1hermo/hemi/al/onver#ion
9 Ethanol 9 Lactic acid
Chemicals
9 Proteins9 Vitamins9 Fragrances9 Pharmaceuticals
BioSNG
ChemicalsChemicals
))))
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Recent Studies on .lycerolRecent Studies on .lycerol
Catalytic and /on-catalytic Supercritical Water .asi!ication o! 0icroalgae andCatalytic and /on-catalytic Supercritical Water .asi!ication o! 0icroalgae and
.lycerol( 'nand .1 Chainala(3 4er W1 $1 5Wim6 "rilman( Wim P101 van.lycerol( 'nand .1 Chainala(3 4er W1 $1 5Wim6 "rilman( Wim P101 van
Saai7( and Sascha R1 '1 8ersten(Saai7( and Sascha R1 '1 8ersten( Institute, UniVersity of Twente, PO Bo !"#, Institute, UniVersity of Twente, PO Bo !"#,
#$%% &E Enschede, The 'etherlands#$%% &E Enschede, The 'etherlands , , Ind( Eng( Chem( )es( Ind( Eng( Chem( )es( 2010, 49, 1113–11222010, 49, 1113–1122
Catalytic gasi!ication o! glycine and glycerol inCatalytic gasi!ication o! glycine and glycerol in supercritical ater(supercritical ater( 4onghai 9u(4onghai 9u(Shuhong Wang3( 9in %u( Chongming Chen( ;ingming <hang(=anmeng .ong(Shuhong Wang3( 9in %u( Chongming Chen( ;ingming <hang(=anmeng .ong( State Ke- La"orator- of M!ltiha#e <lo0 in Po0er En,ineerin,? IiJan iaoton,State Ke- La"orator- of M!ltiha#e <lo0 in Po0er En,ineerin,? IiJan iaoton,@niver#it-? IiJan? Shaan7i Provin/e &)''? China@niver#it-? IiJan? Shaan7i Provin/e &)''? China ?? International *ournal of International *ournal of
+ydrogen Energy, +ydrogen Energy, - . ! % % / 0 $ $ # 1 $ 2 - - . ! % % / 0 $ $ # 1 $ 2 -
Ionic reactions and pyrolysis o! glycerol as competingIonic reactions and pyrolysis o! glycerol as competing reaction pathays in near-reaction pathays in near-and supercritical aterand supercritical ater( W1 "u> hler( E1 4in7us( %1+1 Ederer 3( '1 8ruse 3( C1( W1 "u> hler( E1 4in7us( %1+1 Ederer 3( '1 8ruse 3( C1
0as(0as( Institut fu3r Technische Chemie CPV, Forschungs4entrum 5arlsruhe, PO Bo 2-%, #2%!" Institut fu3r Technische Chemie CPV, Forschungs4entrum 5arlsruhe, PO Bo 2-%, #2%!"
5arlsruhe, 6ermany 5arlsruhe, 6ermany , , Re/eive+ <e"r!ar- %'') re/eive+ in revi#e+ form %' !l- %'')Re/eive+ <e"r!ar- %'') re/eive+ in revi#e+ form %' !l- %'')a//ete+ %8 A!,!#t %'')a//ete+ %8 A!,!#t %'')
)%)%
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Catalytic dehydration o! glycerol in sub- and supercritical ater: a neCatalytic dehydration o! glycerol in sub- and supercritical ater: a ne
chemical process !or acrolein productionchemical process !or acrolein production(( L. >tt? M. Bi/=er an+ . o,el?L. >tt? M. Bi/=er an+ . o,el? )ecei7ed $th 8ay !%%$, &cce9ted "-th 'o7em:er !%%$ )ecei7ed $th 8ay !%%$, &cce9ted "-th 'o7em:er !%%$ , , First 9u:lished as an First 9u:lished as an
&d7ance &rticle on the we: $th ;ecem:er !%%$ &d7ance &rticle on the we: $th ;ecem:er !%%$ ;OI< "%("%/=:$%2!>$c ;OI< "%("%/=:$%2!>$c
Catalytic gasi!ication o! glycerol in supercritical aterCatalytic gasi!ication o! glycerol in supercritical ater( 'nna 0aya( +oan( 'nna 0aya( +oan
Salvad?a(b( Carles #orrasb( 4aniel 0ontan@a(b(Salvad?a(b( Carles #orrasb( 4aniel 0ontan@a(b( a Deartment +JEn,in-eria∗a Deartment +JEn,in-eria∗
O!mi/a? @niver#itat Rovira i ir,ili 4@R6? Av. PaQ#o# Catalan# %? 8''&O!mi/a? @niver#itat Rovira i ir,ili 4@R6? Av. PaQ#o# Catalan# %? 8''&1arra,ona? Sain? " Bioener,- an+ Biof!el# Divi#ion? Catalonia :n#tit!te for1arra,ona? Sain? " Bioener,- an+ Biof!el# Divi#ion? Catalonia :n#tit!te forEner,- Re#ear/h 4:REC6? Av. PaQ#o# Catalan# )? 8''& 1arra,ona? Sain?Ener,- Re#ear/h 4:REC6? Av. PaQ#o# Catalan# )? 8''& 1arra,ona? Sain? Re/eive+ in revi#e+ form % Mar/h %')Re/eive+ in revi#e+ form % Mar/h %')'? Chemi/al En,ineerin, o!rnal'? Chemi/al En,ineerin, o!rnal
Recent Studies on .lycerol-2
)8)8
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Aalue-added Btiliation o! Crude .lycerol !rom "iodieselAalue-added Btiliation o! Crude .lycerol !rom "iodiesel Production: 'Production: '
Survey o! Current Research 'ctivitiesSurvey o! Current Research 'ctivities( /aresh Pachauri( "rian %e(( /aresh Pachauri( "rian %e( Biolo,i/alBiolo,i/alan+ A,ri/!lt!ral En,ineerin,? @niver#it- of :+aho? Mo#/o0? :+aho F8F%''an+ A,ri/!lt!ral En,ineerin,? @niver#it- of :+aho? Mo#/o0? :+aho F8F%'' ?? An An
&?&BE 8eeting Presentation, Pa9er 'um:er< %22!!, &?&BE 8eeting Presentation, Pa9er 'um:er< %22!!, Portlan+? >re,on? )%Portlan+? >re,on? )%!l- %''!l- %''
Chemoselective catalytic conversion o! glycerol as a bioreneable source toChemoselective catalytic conversion o! glycerol as a bioreneable source to
valuable commodity chemicals( Chun-%ui 5Clayton6 <hou(3ab +orge /1valuable commodity chemicals( Chun-%ui 5Clayton6 <hou(3ab +orge /1
"eltramini(b =ong-9ian $ana and .1 ;1 50a6 &u3b"eltramini(b =ong-9ian $ana and .1 ;1 50a6 &u3b? Re/eive+ Fth >/to"er? Re/eive+ Fth >/to"er%''&?%''&? <ir#t !"li#he+ a# an A+van/e Arti/le on the 0e" %%n+ Novem"er %'<ir#t !"li#he+ a# an A+van/e Arti/le on the 0e" %%n+ Novem"er %'''&&
Recent Studies on .lycerol-)Recent Studies on .lycerol-)
))
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"iodiesel"iodiesel
• EEnvironmental "enefit#nvironmental "enefit#?? lo0erlo0eremi##ion of /ar"onemi##ion of /ar"on mono7i+emono7i+ean+ /ar"on +io7i+e /omare+ toan+ /ar"on +io7i+e /omare+ to
re,!lar +ie#el 4Nationalre,!lar +ie#el 4National Bio+ie#el Boar+? %''6.Bio+ie#el Boar+? %''6.
•
<<romrom ve,eta"le #o!r/e#ve,eta"le #o!r/e#4#o-"ean? #!nflo0er? /anola?4#o-"ean? #!nflo0er? /anola?/otton #ee+?/otton #ee+? rae#ee+ an+ almrae#ee+ an+ almoil6 an+ animal fat#.oil6 an+ animal fat#.
)()(
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Comparison o! technologiesComparison o! technologies
Economic versus environmental aspectsEconomic versus environmental aspects
So!r/e$ :EE Leii,? %''&
))
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"iodiesel Production"iodiesel Production
4epending on the !eedstoc and process4epending on the !eedstoc and processdesign( biodiesel production results in severaldesign( biodiesel production results in several
by-products:by-products:
Crude glycerolCrude glycerol WashaterWashater
Press caePress cae
Crop residuesCrop residues
)F)F
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TRANSESTERIFICATION
PRESS
CAKE
BIODIESEL
Oil
pressing
CRUDE
GLYCEROL
OIL CROPS
ALGAE
Washing
WASTE
OIL
VIRGIN
OIL
CRUDE
BIODIESEL
WASHWATER
METHANOL + KOH
))
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.lycerol Potential.lycerol Potential
Glycerol ;
i# a ol-al/ohol ?/lear? /olorle## li5!i+
h-,ro#/oi/o+orle##!#e+ in foo+ an+ /o#meti/##-nthe#ie+ /hemi/all- from
ei/hloroh-+rin? +erive+ from ro-lene or "io/hemi/all- "-mi/ro"ial fermentation
%'%'
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.lycerol Potential.lycerol Potential
'' ''' tone# in E!roe in %''
,l-/erol mar=et ri/e ha#+e/rea#e+ tofrom )L to '.&L "-
%')'
/annot "e !#e+ in /o#meti/# orfoo+ !nle## a /o#tl- refinin, ro/e##
,l-/erol rere#ent# aro!n+ )'0tH of the lant ro+!/t
0olecular
!ormula
C)
%D
5O%6)
0olar mass 21*)F2 gGmol
4ensity ,12H, gGcm
%)%)
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Processes to produce %ydrogenProcesses to produce %ydrogen
!rom .lycerol!rom .lycerol
1o imrove the e/onomi/# of "io+ie#el
ro+!/tion an+ al#o to imrove the ,l-/erolmar=et? it i# imortant to ro/e## ,l-/erol intoval!ea++e+ ro+!/t#.
P-rol-#i#
Steam Ga#ifi/ationSC*G
%%%%
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%8%8
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Supercritical Water( SCWSupercritical Water( SCW
1he 0ater 0hi/h i# at a"ove the /riti/al re##!re1he 0ater 0hi/h i# at a"ove the /riti/al re##!re
an+ temerat!re of 0ater 41an+ temerat!re of 0ater 41//$ 8&TC an+ P$ 8&TC an+ P
//$ %%)$ %%) "ar6 "ar6
i# /alle+ a# #!er/riti/al 0ater.i# /alle+ a# #!er/riti/al 0ater.@n+er the#e /on+ition#?@n+er the#e /on+ition#?
++iele/tri/ /on#tant?iele/tri/ /on#tant?
vi#/o#it-?vi#/o#it-? +en#it-+en#it- ion ro+!/t of 0ation ro+!/t of 0ater er
%%
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:n #!/h /on+ition#? 0ater !n+er,oe# #i,nifi/ant variation# of it# h-#i/al roertie#?:n #!/h /on+ition#? 0ater !n+er,oe# #i,nifi/ant variation# of it# h-#i/al roertie#? li=e +e/rea#in, of the +iele/tri/ /on#tant? thermal /on+!/tivit-? ion ro+!/t an+li=e +e/rea#in, of the +iele/tri/ /on#tant? thermal /on+!/tivit-? ion ro+!/t an+
vi#/o#it-vi#/o#it- 0hile the +en#it- onl- +e/rea#e# #lo0l-.0hile the +en#it- onl- +e/rea#e# #lo0l-.
%(%(
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Supercritical Water( SCW-2Supercritical Water( SCW-2
A #!er/riti/al fl!i+ o##e##e# the/hara/teri#ti/# of "oth fl!i+ an+ ,a#eo!#
#!"#tan/e#$ the fl!i+ "ehavior of +i##olvin,#ol!"le material#? an+ the ,a#eo!# "ehaviorof e7/ellent +iff!#i"ilit-.
%%
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Supercritical Water( SCW-)Supercritical Water( SCW-)
%&%&
1h!#? #!er/riti/al 0atera/t# a# a homo,eneo!# nonolar#olvent of hi,h +iff!#ivit- an+ hi,htran#ort roertie#?a"le to +i##olve an- or,ani/ /omo!n+#
an+ ,a#e#.a/t# a ,oo+ #olvent al#o for ,a#e# an+nonolar or,ani/ material#?al#o #erve# a# a rea/tant aart from "ein, a #olvent in man- rea/tion#?
"ehave# a# a /atal-#t in man- a/i+ or "a#e /atal-e+ or,ani/ rea/tion#?/an #tart the ra+i/al rea/tion# at a"ove/riti/al re##!re an+ /riti/al temerat!re.
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Phase Change o! Water in a Aicinity o!Phase Change o! Water in a Aicinity o!
its critical pointits critical point
%F%F
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"io!uel 'pplications: .ases"io!uel 'pplications: .ases
%ydrogen%ydrogen$ /an "e !#e+ in f!el$ /an "e !#e+ in f!el/ell# for ,eneratin, ele/tri/it-/ell# for ,eneratin, ele/tri/it-
0ethane0ethane$ /an "e /om"!#te+$ /an "e /om"!#te++ire/tl- or /onverte+ to ethanol+ire/tl- or /onverte+ to ethanol
%%
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%ydrogen%ydrogenJJ Energy CarrierEnergy Carrier
-+ro,en i# not an ener,- #o!r/e an+ not a-+ro,en i# not an ener,- #o!r/e an+ not a rimar- ener,- e7i#tin, freel- in nat!re. rimar- ener,- e7i#tin, freel- in nat!re.
:t i# a #e/on+ar- form of ener,- that ha# to "e:t i# a #e/on+ar- form of ener,- that ha# to "eman!fa/t!re+ li=e ele/tri/it-. :t i# an ener,-man!fa/t!re+ li=e ele/tri/it-. :t i# an ener,-/arrier./arrier.
Com"!#tion ro+!/t of h-+ro,en i# /lean?Com"!#tion ro+!/t of h-+ro,en i# /lean?0hi/h /on#i#t# of 0ater an+ a little amo!nt of0hi/h /on#i#t# of 0ater an+ a little amo!nt ofnitro,en o7i+e#.nitro,en o7i+e#.
8'8'
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SCW reaction pathaysSCW reaction pathays
8)8)
High T, low-density range free radical
reactions are preferred, (gas phase rxns)
$igure H : Simlifie+ free ra+i/al rea/tion ath0a-
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8%8%
SCW reaction pathays-2 At low T and high P, polar and ionic
reaction pathways dominate (liquid phase rxns)
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ComponentsK $ormation PathaysComponentsK $ormation Pathays
8ethanol 8ethanol is formed only :y the radicalis formed only :y the radical
&llyl alcohol &llyl alcohol , which is the second fre@uent , which is the second fre@uent ro+!/t at hi,h temerat!re#? i# al#o forme+ ro+!/t at hi,h temerat!re#? i# al#o forme+
onl-onl- "- the free ra+i/al me/hani#m "- the free ra+i/al me/hani#m
&cetaldehyde &cetaldehyde is the main 9roduct at nearly all is the main 9roduct at nearly all /on+ition#. :t i# forme+ "- an ioni/ an+/on+ition#. :t i# forme+ "- an ioni/ an+
a freea free ra+i/alra+i/al ath0a-ath0a- &crolein &crolein again is formed :y ionic and :y radical again is formed :y ionic and :y radical rea/tion #te#rea/tion #te#
Formaldehyde Formaldehyde in the ionic mechanism is formed in the ionic mechanism is formed "- the #ame "- the #ame rea/tion# a#rea/tion# a#
a/etal+eh-+ea/etal+eh-+e..
Car:on monoideCar:on monoide , , Car:on dioideCar:on dioide , +ydrogen , +ydrogen is formed :y the reaction of is formed :y the reaction of ra+i/alra+i/al##
PProional+eh-+eroional+eh-+e 1he ra+i/al ath0a-1he ra+i/al ath0a- 0hi/h i# ver-0hi/h i# ver- /omli/ate+. >ne of /omli/ate+. >ne of the ath#the ath##tart# from all-l#tart# from all-l al/ohoal/oholl
8888
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Supercritical WaterSupercritical Water ..asi!icationasi!icationA+vanta,e#$ i,h ,a#ifi/ation effi/ien/-
i,h h-+ro,en -iel+ <ormation of /har an+ tar i# #!re##e+
Car"on mono7i+e formation i# ne,li,i"le
or 4C> U %> C>% U %6
Comlete /onver#ion
Clean ro+!/t ,a#
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0aterials0aterials
<ee+#to/=$<ee+#to/=$ P!re ,l-/erol? (',LP!re ,l-/erol? (',L
Cr!+e ,l-/erolCr!+e ,l-/erol
Content o! Crude .lycerol t L
Gl-/erol ('
Methanol %(
So+i!m -+ro7i+e ).''
Steari/ A/i+ '.)%(
8(8(
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:n thi# #t!+-? 0aln!t an+ haeln!t a/tivate+/ar"on /atal-#t# 0ere !#e+ a# rimar- /atal-#t#.
Al#o? Co"alt imre,nate+ form# of the#e a/tive
/ar"on# of haeln!t an+ 0aln!t #hell# 0ere !#e+ a##e/on+ar- /atal-#t# for /omari#on.
88$igure ,: SEM hoto of a/tivate+ /ar"on
Catalysts Bsed in the Eperiments
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Preparation o! Co ImpregnatedPreparation o! Co Impregnated
'ctivated Carbons'ctivated Carbons1he haeln!t? 0aln!t or anotherra0 material i# mi7e+ 0ith ZnCl%
an+ 0aite+ % h.
:t i# la/e+ into a #e/ial f!rna/e0ith a retort. Retort i# heate+ !to &(' oC #te "- #te. After it i#/oole+ +o0n? it i# 0aite+ in a
H)' Cl #ol!tion? an+ 0a#he+0ith !re 0ater.
1he#e rearation i# +one "- o!rre#ear/h ,ro!
8&8&
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8F8F
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E5!iment# @#e+ for Anal-#i# of SC*GPro+!/t#
Products Compounds EMuipment
Ga#eo!#C>? C>%? %? C an+ C%C
h-+ro/ar"on#
Ga# Chromato,rah- 0ith
<:D1CD +ete/tor#
A5!eo!#
Al+eh-+e# PLC 0ith @:S+ete/tor
1otal or,ani/ /ar"on 1>C
Phenol an+ it# +erivative# Colorimeter
O!alitative li5!i+ ha#e anal-#i# GCMS
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Column
P Mole#ieve48' m lon, 7 '.(8 mm in#i+e +iameter 7 ('
mm film thi/=ne##6
P Plot O
48' m lon, 7 '.(8 mm in#i+e +iameter 7 '
mm film thi/=ne##6
Stationary Phase :mre,nate+ #ili/a
0obile Phase Ar,on
4etectors<lame :oniation Dete/tor 4<:D6
1hermal Con+!/tivit- Dete/tor 41CD6
4etector #emperature<:D$ %F' TC
1CD$ %(' TC
In7ection #emperature )'' TC
#emperature
Program
( TC i#othermal % min.
' TCmin ' TC i#othermal ) min.
)' TCmin %(' TC i#othermal )'.( min.
C45
C46
C36
C3
C5 C57s
C$4
4
84& $4& C5& C$
Ga# Chromato,rah-
''
Column :nter#il >DS8 4%(' mm L V .
i h P f
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:.D.
0obile Phase A$ *ater
B$ Methanol$lorate ) mLmin
4etector @
Wavelength 8( nm
Column
#emperature 8' TC
4etector
#emperature ' TC
In7ection Aolume %' WL
&o temperature gradient
program o! mobile phase
'. min. 8(H A an+ (H B
(. min. 8(H A an+ (H B
)(. min. )(H A an+ F(H B
8'. min. )'H A an+ 'H B
i,h Performan/eLi5!i+ Chromato,rah-
))
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1otal >r,ani/ Car"on
Anal-er
Colorimeter
%%
P<<AP 4)')<)'(6
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ColumnP <<AP 4)')< )'(6
(' m 7 %'' Wm 7 '.8 Wm
Stationary
PhasePol-eth-lene Gl-/ol 1P
0obile Phase eli!m
4etectors (&(C L MSD t-e 1rileA7i# Dete/tor
4etector
#emperature%'( TC
$ront In7ector
Mo+e$ Slitle##
eater$ %' TC
Pre##!re$ %.F& #i
1otal <lo0$ (8.8F mLmin
Set!m P!r,e <lo0$ 8 mLmin
Ga# Saver$ %' mLmin after % min
P!r,e <lo0 to Slit ent$ (' mLmin at % min
Column
:nitial 1emerat!re$ F' TC
Pre##!re$ %.F& #i
<lo0$ '.8F) mLmin
Avera,e elo/it-$ ).(% /m#e/
ol+! 1ime$ .%(8 min
Oven
#emperature
Program
F' TC i#othermal ) min.
%' TCmin to )%' TC i#othermal for ( min.
.)8 TCmin to %'( TC i#othermal for ' min.
R!n 1ime$ ).F min
GCMS4Ga# Chromato,rah-Ma##
Se/tro#/o-6
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EperimentalEperimental
<ee+$ )( mL fee+#to/= #ol!tion<ee+$ )( mL fee+#to/= #ol!tion Rea/tion time$ ) ho!r Rea/tion time$ ) ho!r
1emerat!re#$ 8''? ''? ('' an+ ''1emerat!re#$ 8''? ''? ('' an+ '' TTCC 1otall- ' e7eriment# 0ith t0o fee+#to/=1otall- ' e7eriment# 0ith t0o fee+#to/=
#ol!tion# an+ +ifferent /atal-#t#.#ol!tion# an+ +ifferent /atal-#t#.
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PBRE .&=CERO& PRO4BC# =IE&4SPBRE .&=CERO& PRO4BC# =IE&4S
((
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CRB4E .&=CERO& PRO4BC# =IE&4SCRB4E .&=CERO& PRO4BC# =IE&4S
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PRO4BC# =I&E4S O$PRO4BC# =I&E4S O$
PBRE '/4 CRB4E .&=CERO& "=PBRE '/4 CRB4E .&=CERO& "=#%E C'#'&=S#S#%E C'#'&=S#S
&&
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PBRE .&=CERO& WI#% W'&/B#PBRE .&=CERO& WI#% W'&/B#
'C#IA'#E4 C'R"O/ C'#'&=S#S'C#IA'#E4 C'R"O/ C'#'&=S#S
FF
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CRB4E .&=CERO& WI#% W'&/B#CRB4E .&=CERO& WI#% W'&/B#
'C#IA'#E4 C'R"O/ C'#'&=S#S'C#IA'#E4 C'R"O/ C'#'&=S#S
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PBRE .&=CERO& WI#% %'<E&/B#PBRE .&=CERO& WI#% %'<E&/B#
'C#IA'#E4 C'R"O/ C'#'&=S#'C#IA'#E4 C'R"O/ C'#'&=S#
('('
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CRB4E .&=CERO&( %'<E&/B#CRB4E .&=CERO&( %'<E&/B#
'C#IA'#E4-C PRO4BC# =IE&4S'C#IA'#E4-C PRO4BC# =IE&4S
()()
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PBRE .&=CERO& CO-I0PRE./'#E4PBRE .&=CERO& CO-I0PRE./'#E4
%'<E&/B# 'C#IA'#E4 C'R"O/ C'#'&=S#%'<E&/B# 'C#IA'#E4 C'R"O/ C'#'&=S#
(%(%
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CRB4E .&=CERO& CO-I0PRE./'#E4CRB4E .&=CERO& CO-I0PRE./'#E4
%'<E&/B# 'C#IA'#E4 C'R"O/ C'#'&=S#%'<E&/B# 'C#IA'#E4 C'R"O/ C'#'&=S#
(8(8
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P@RE GLYCER>L *:1>@1 CA1ALYS1
DN
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P@RE GLYCER>L *:1 *ALN@1 AC1:A1EDCA1ALYS1
DD
P@RE GLYCER>L AZELN@1 AC1:A1ED CARB>N
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P@RE GLYCER>L AZELN@1 AC1:A1ED CARB>NCA1ALYS1
DH
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P@RE GLYCER>L *:1 C>BAL1 :MPREGNA1EDAZELN@1 AC1:A1ED CARB>N CA1ALYS1
D
CRUDEGLYCEROLWITHOUT
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CRUDE GLYCEROL WITHOUT
CATALYST
DF
CR@DE GLYCER>L *:1 *ALN@1
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CR@DE GLYCER>L *:1 *ALN@1AC1:A1ED CA1ALYS1S
D
CRUDEGLYCEROLWITHHAZELNUT
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CRUDE GLYCEROL WITH HAZELNUT
ACTIVATED CARBON CATALYST
H*
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CRUDE GLYCEROL WITH CO
IMPREGNATED HAZELNUT
H,
CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect
of the gasification temperature and type of catalyst
The gasification of glycerol leads to formation of gases
consisting of mainly hydrogen, carbon dioxide and
methane.
The gas yield is very sensitive to the reactor
temperature. At high T, gas yield increases and typesof organic compounds and their amounts in aqueous
phase decrease. For higher H2 yields, Co-Impregnated ActivatedCarbon sould be used. Walnut and Hazelnut Activated-
C catalysys showed similar gasification activity.
H2