Hydrogen-powered vehicles: Insert the title of your Review ... · Task 1 - Literature review...

Insert the title of your presentation here

Presented by Name HereJob Title - Date

Hydrogen-powered vehicles: Review of type-approval legislation on vehicle safety

Presented by Dinos VisvikisTechnical Lead – 14th April 2010

Objectives

Investigate whether the type-approval directives and regulations on vehicle safety are compatible with hydrogen-powered vehicles

Examine certain issues identified in the hydrogen regulation (EC No. 79/2009):

- Hydrogen mixtures

- L category vehicles

Project overview

Review type-approval directives and regulations on vehicle safety (M and N Category)

The use of mixtures of natural gas and hydrogen

Regulating the type-approval of L category vehicles

Task 1 - Literature review

Legislation

Industry standards

Scientific literature

Task 2 - Gathering information from

stakeholders

Legislators

Manufacturers

Test houses

EC type-approval of hydrogen vehicles

Regulation (EC) No. 79/2009 on type-approval of hydrogen-powered vehicles

- Amends certain annexes of framework directive (2007/46/EC)

- General requirements for approval of hydrogen systems and components

Detailed test procedures / specifications laid down in separate regulation (implementing measures)

- Draft regulation developed with hydrogen working group

Safety of hydrogen storage (and any components in contact with hydrogen)

Background

EC type-approval of hydrogen vehicles

Vehicle must also comply with separate technical directives / regulations on vehicle construction

- EC directives or corresponding UNECE regulations

Vehicle safety directives will be repealed and replaced by general safety regulation (EC No. 661/2009)

- Reference made to UNECE regulation

Technical directives / regulations were developed for ICE vehicles

- Incompatible with hydrogen vehicles ?

Global technical regulation in development

Background

Legislation reviewed by TRL

Fuel tanks EMC

Frontal impact

Identification of controls

Side impact

Buses and

coaches

Fuel tanks (and rear under-run)

Directive 70/221/EEC

Tanks for liquid fuel

Design and installation requirements

Performance requirements assessed by component-level tests

Rear under-run protection

Quasi-static force test

UNECE Regulation 34

Approval of vehicles: fuel tanks

Practically identical to directive

Approval of vehicles: prevention of fire risks

At request of manufacturer

Front / lateral /rear collision

Approval of tanks: separate units

Approval of vehicles: installation of approved tanks

Overview of type-approval legislation


Fuel tank tests (70/221/EEC and Regulation 34)

- Hydraulic internal pressure test

- Overturning test

- Impact resistance

- Mechanical strength

- Fuel permeability

- Resistance to fuel

- Resistance to fire

- Resistance to high temperature

- Markings on the fuel tank


Plastic fuel tanks only


Fuel tanks legislation inappropriate for hydrogen-powered vehicles

- Performance tests not designed for a fuel with the properties of hydrogen

Regulation (EC) No. 79/2009 and implementing measures establish requirements for hydrogen containers

Compatibility with hydrogen-powered vehicles

Hydrogen-powered vehicles should be exempt from fuel tanks legislation

- Under-run requirements still relevant

Outline proposals for amendments

Radio interference (electromagnetic compatibility)


Electromagnetic compatibility of whole vehicles and electrical/electronic sub-assemblies

Immunity to radiated and conducted disturbances

Control of unwanted radiated and conducted emissions

Test methods reference CISPR and ISO standards

UNECE Regulation 10

Practically identical to directive

References later versions of CISPR and ISO standards



Specifications for whole vehicles:

- Broadband electromagnetic radiation from vehicle

- Narrowband electromagnetic radiation from vehicle

- Immunity of vehicle to electromagnetic radiation

Specifications for electrical/electronic sub-assemblies (ESA)

- Broadband electromagnetic radiation from ESA

- Narrowband electromagnetic radiation from ESA

- Immunity of ESA to electromagnetic radiation

- Immunity of ESA to transient disturbances conducted along supply lines

- Emission of conducted disturbances from ESA



No specific provisions for hydrogen-powered vehicles in type-approval legislation

- Fuel cell vehicles: electrical power train

Provisions made in some international standards

- E.g. CISPR 12: referenced for broadband emissions test method

Regulation refers to later versions of standards than directive

- E.g. Regulation - CISPR 12:2001+A1:2005

Directive - CISPR 12:2001

Regulation does not always refer to the latest version of the standard

- E.g. CISPR 12:2007+A1:2009



Emissions may be greater during acceleration/deceleration

- Not examined for type-approval

Antenna positions set for conventional vehicles

- E.g. relative to “engine” mid-point

Emission of conducted disturbances

- High power components potentially significant sources

- Maximum allowed pulse amplitude for 12 V and 24 V systems only


Ruddle , A. R. (2002). Investigation of electromagnetic emissions from alternative powertrain road vehicles

(01-845060). Nuneaton, UK: MIRA


Update type-approval legislation to refer to latest version of international standard

- May require more detailed changes (broadband / narrowband differentiation removed in some standards)

Testing under acceleration and deceleration

- Costs and benefits need to be understood

- Conventional vehicles may also exceed limits

New antenna positions ?

- Research needed to define new positions


Identification of controls, tell-tales and indicators


Mandatory identification:

Twenty-three symbols

Derived from ISO 2575:1982 (4th ed.)

Optional identification:

Eleven symbols

Derived from ISO 2575:1982 (4th ed.)

Any other symbol can be used for controls, tell-tales and indicators not listed in directive

UNECE Regulation 121

Location, identification and colour

Forty-two symbols

ISO 2575:2000 recommended for controls, tell-tales and indicators not listed in regulation

Any other symbol if not listed in regulation or ISO standard





Mandatory Optional

•Master light

•Dipped-beam headlamps

•Main-beam headlamps

•Side lamps

•Front fog lamps

•Rear fog lamps

•Headlamp levelling

•Parking lamps

•Direction indicators

•Hazard warning

•Windscreen wiper

•Windscreen wiper/washer

•Headlamp cleaning

•Windscreen demisting/ defrosting

•Rear window demisting/ defrosting

•Ventilating fan

•Diesel pre-heat

•Choke

•Brake failure

•Fuel level

•Battery charge

•Engine coolant temperature

•Parking brake

•Rear window wiper

•Rear window washer

•Rear window wiper and washer

•Intermittent windscreen wiper

•Horn

•Front hood (bonnet)

•Rear hood

•Seat belt

•Engine oil pressure

•Unleaded petrol

Regulation 121

•Master light

•Dipped-beam headlamps

•Main-beam headlamps

•Side lamps

•Front fog lamps

•Rear fog lamps

•Headlamp levelling

•Parking lamps

•Direction indicators

•Hazard warning

•Windscreen wiper

•Windscreen wiper/washer

•Headlamp cleaning

•Windscreen demisting/ defrosting

•Rear window demisting/ defrosting

•Ventilating fan

•Diesel pre-heat

•Choke

•Brake failure

•Fuel level

•Battery charge

•Engine coolant temperature

•Parking brake

•Rear window wiper

•Rear window washer

•Rear window wiper/washer

•Intermittent windscreen wiper

•Horn

•Front hood (bonnet)

•Rear hood

•Seat belt

•Engine oil pressure

•Unleaded petrol

•Power window lock

•Airbag malfunction

•Side airbag malfunction

•Passenger airbag off

•Antilock brake system malfunction

•Speedometer

•Engine malfunction

•Air conditioning system

•Automatic transmission

•Engine start

•Engine stop

•Brake lining wear-out

•Heating system

•Heating fan

•Odometer

•Low tyre pressure


No specific symbols for hydrogen vehicles in type-approval legislation

Directive 78/316/EEC permits any symbol (provided there is no danger of confusion)

Regulation recommends ISO 2575:2000 symbols are used

Current version is ISO 2575:2004 (+ A1:2005, A2:2006, A3:2008 and A4:2009)

- Fuel type

- Electric motor failure

- Electric motor enabled

- No regenerative braking symbols




Regulation (EC) No. 79/2009 requires automatic shut-off valve

- No specific requirement for driver warning / tell-tale

Draft implementing measures specify driver warning for boil-off management system failure

Draft implementing measures specify warning for failure of electronic vehicle control system

Draft global technical regulation specifies warning in event of hydrogen leakage or failure of detection system

- No symbol agreed

- Green for system working; amber/orange for malfunction of detection system; red for activation of emergency shut-off


Type-approval legislation should refer to the latest version of ISO 2575

- Currently ISO 2575:2004 (7th ed.), including amendments 1:2005, 2:2006, 3:2008 and 4:2009

- ISO 2575:2010 (8th ed.) expected soon

Type-approval legislation should include symbols for hydrogen vehicles

- Harmonised with Regulation (EC) No. 79/2009 and implementing measures

- Harmonised with (draft) global technical regulation

- Are new symbols understood by public ?


Frontal impact / Side impact

Directives 96/79/EC and 96/27/EC

Frontal impact:

Offset deformable barrier (ODB) at 56 km/h

Side impact:

Mobile deformable barrier (MDB) at 50 km/h

Occupant injury protection

Fuel system integrity

UNECE Regulations 94 and 95

Frontal impact:

ODB at 56 km/h

Air bag instructions

Side impact:

Progressive MDB at 50 km/h

EuroSID-2

Regulations more „up-to-date‟ than directives



No provisions for hydrogen-powered vehicles

- Test set-up

- Performance requirements

Key issues:

- Fuelling options: hydrogen Vs helium / high pressure Vs low pressure

- Hydrogen leakage: measurement period / performance criteria

- Protection against electric shock (fuel cell vehicles)

Amendments in progress: „Group of interested experts on electric vehicles post-crash (EVPC) provisions‟

- Main focus is electric vehicles



Proposals for amendments

Harmonisation with draft global technical regulation

- Compressed gas: helium (90% nominal working pressure)

- Liquid: nitrogen (minimum mass equivalent of maximum quantity of liquid hydrogen in inner vessel)

- Post crash leakage limit: 118 NL/min (energy equivalent to conventional fuel)

Other considerations for Europe ?

Buses and coaches

Directive 2001/85/EC

Design and fire protection requirements

Stability test:

28° overturning limit

Strength of superstructure:

One of four test methods

(Vehicle roll-over test / body section roll-over / pendulum test on body section / calculation)

No intrusion into defined space / no part of space projects outside deformed structure

UNECE Regulations 66 & 107

UNECE Regulation 66 (stength of superstructure) - same test as directive

UNECE Regulation 107 (general construction of M2 and M3

vehicles) - same design and fire protection requirements and stability test


Buses and coaches

Main requirements and test methods are independent of power train

Stability test

- No specific reference to fuel condition – mass in running order

- Mass can be added

- Representative for roof-mounted containers ?

Strength of superstructure

- Complete vehicle test may be required

- Fuel and other explosive materials can be substituted


Buses and coaches

Protection against fire risks

- The engine compartment:

Precautions against flammable materials contacting fuel or sources of heat

- Electrical equipment and wiring:

Manually-operated isolating switch capable of disconnecting all circuits from main supply wherever voltage exceeds 100 V RMS

- Batteries:

Broad requirements relating to battery location, installation and safety


Buses and coaches

Minor amendments required to introduce hydrogen vehicles

Clarify whether electrical and battery requirements apply to electrical power train (fuel cell vehicles)

Additional electrical safety provisions may be needed (fuel cell vehicles)

- E.g. additional safety prescriptions for trolley buses in UNECE Regulation 107


Project overview





Legislation

Industry standards



stakeholders

Legislators

Manufacturers

Test houses


Natural gas trade-off: Emissions vs. efficiency

Potential benefits with 5-30% hydrogen (by volume)

Fuel is usually pre-mixed (i.e. off-board) and used in natural gas engines

Research focussed on combustion analyses and emissions

What are the safety implications ?

- Ignition properties of hydrogen are „different‟ to natural gas

NaturalHy project – Safety work package

- Hazards and risks of using natural gas infrastructure to deliver natural gas / hydrogen mixtures

- Up to 30% can be added without affecting risk to public significantly

State-of-the-art


Most current mixtures can be used in natural gas systems / vehicles

Hydrogen legislation may be too stringent for mixtures

Natural gas legislation may not deal with all the risks

Research is needed on the safety of hydrogen mixtures used in vehicles

Review of hydrogen regulation and implementing measures

In the absence of scientific information a „worst case‟ approach could be adopted

- The hydrogen regulation and implementing measures should apply


Project overview





Legislation

Industry standards



stakeholders

Legislators

Manufacturers

Test houses


Background

L category vehicles are part of a separate regulatory framework

- Two, three and some four wheel vehicles

- Light vehicles; max. speed ≥ 6 kph

No specific provisions for hydrogen-powered vehicles in framework directive (2002/24/EC)

- Provisions are made for electric vehicles

- Hydrogen vehicles might be outside the scope (Article 16.3)

An approval route may be possible if an equivalent level of safety and environmental performance can be demonstrated

- Other member states may not accept approval


State-of-the-art

L category vehicles are lighter and need less energy than larger vehicles

- Potential early adopters of hydrogen ?

Main developments so far: two-wheel, fuel cell vehicles

- Hybrid power-trains (fuel cell + battery)

Vehicles have been demonstrated

- FRESCO (FP5) - Fuel cell scooter

- HYCHAIN MINI-TRANS (FP6) - Several vehicles including: fuel cell scooter, small utility vehicle

- Suzuki Crosscage

- Intelligent Energy ENV


Review of hydrogen regulation

Articles 5 to 9 are independent of vehicle type and could be applied to hydrogen-powered L category vehicles

Article 10 (including Annex VI) on the installation of hydrogen components and systems includes potentially vehicle-specific requirements

- Protection against damage / isolation from heat sources

- Acceleration testing

- References to vehicle compartments , e.g.

- Container must not be installed in engine compartment

- Passenger compartment must be separate from hydrogen system


Regulation (EC) No. 79/2009 (Annex VI)

1. The hydrogen system must be installed in such a way that it is protected against damage. It must be isolated from heat sources in the vehicle

2. The hydrogen container may only be removed for replacement with another hydrogen container, for the purpose of refuelling or for maintenance. In the case of an internal combustion engine, the container must not be installed in the engine compartment of the vehicle.

5. The hydrogen container must be mounted and fixed so that the specified accelerations can be absorbed without damage to the safety related parts when the hydrogen containers are full.

11. The venting or heating system for the passenger compartment and places where leakage or accumulation of hydrogen is possible must be designed so that hydrogen is not drawn into the vehicle.

13. The passenger compartment of the vehicle must be separated from the hydrogen system in order to avoid accumulation of hydrogen. It must be ensured that any fuel leaking from the container or its accessories does not escape to the passenger compartment of the vehicle.

14. Hydrogen components that could leak hydrogen within the passenger or luggage compartment or other non-ventilated compartment must be enclosed by a gas-tight housing or by an equivalent solution as specified in the implementing measures.

16. Labels or other means of identification must be used to indicate to rescue services that the vehicle is powered by hydrogen and that liquid or compressed (gaseous) hydrogen is used.



Amendments to L category framework directive (2002/24/EC) are needed to accommodate hydrogen vehicles

New technical requirements needed for hydrogen storage

- Hydrogen regulation (79/2009) and implementing measures could be amended for L category vehicles

- But; may be inappropriate to include L category - separate framework

- New regulation for hydrogen-powered L category vehicles could be developed

Individual type-approval acts also need to be amended to accommodate hydrogen fully

Thank you

Presented by Dinos VisvikisTechnical Lead – 14th April 2010

Tel: +44 (0) 1344 770393Email: [email protected]

Hydrogen-powered vehicles: Insert the title of your Review ... · Task 1 - Literature review...

Documents

Transcript of Hydrogen-powered vehicles: Insert the title of your Review ... · Task 1 - Literature review...