Hydrogen Manual Antonio Piraino

Alessandro Cominu

Thijs Van Severen

Sebastian Moors Abstract

Hydrogen is a software synthesizer which can be used alone, emulating a drum machine based on patterns, or via an external MIDI keyboard/sequencer software. Hydrogen compiles on Linux/x86 and Mac OS X, although the latter is still experimental, so ask in the developers mailing list for further details.

Chapter 1. Introduction Table of Contents

Download You can download Hydrogen from http://www.hydrogen-music.org. On the 'Downloads' page you can find several binaries (installers) for Linux, Mac and Windows. (note that some versions may not be available for Windows and Mac)

If you want to compile Hydrogen yourself (see the section called “Build”), you can download the latest source files directly from our subversion server with:

$ svn co http://svn.assembla.com/svn/hydrogen/trunk

A certain release can be fetched with:

$ svn co http://svn.assembla.com/svn/hydrogen/tags/0.9.5

Compiling Hydrogen depends on the following libraries:

o qt (>= 4.0) at http://www.trolltech.com

o libsndfile at http://www.mega-nerd.com/libsndfile/

o ALSA (>= 1.x) at http://www.alsa-project.org (only if you wish to use ALSA as audio driver)

o Jack Audio Connection Kit (>= 0.80) at http://jackaudio.org/ (only if you wish to use Jack as audio driver)

o PortAudio at http://www.portaudio.com (only if you wish to use PortAudio as audio driver)

o Flac at http://flac.sf.net (only if you wish to use flac samples)

o ladspa at http://www.ladspa.org (only if you wish to use ladspa effects)

o liblrdf at http://sf.net/projects/lrdf (only if you wish to use lrdf to categorise effects)

o lash at http://lash.nongnu.org (only if you wish to use lash)

Please install them with your distribution's package manager. If you're running a debian-based system, you can install the libraries with:

$ apt-get install libqt4-dev g++ libasound2-dev \ libjack-dev liblrdf0-dev libflac++-dev libtar-dev libsndfile1-dev \ liblash-dev libportaudio-dev libportmidi-dev

Build Depending on the branch you are compiling you will need to use Scons or Cmake. Check the INSTALL.txt and the README.txt files for more info (located in the top level dir once you downloaded the sources).

Using scons Decompress the tarball or go to the directory where the subversion copy was checked out:

$ cd hydrogen-* $ scons $ su -c "scons install"

Before compiling, check for additional options with:

$ scons --help

If you want to use features which are not enabled by default (for instance PortAudio), you can enable them with:

$ scons portaudio=1

Namely, if you get some error while running Hydrogen and you want to report it remember to configure hydrogen with:

$ scons debug=1

To clean up compiled code:

$ scons -c

Preferences First of all you should make sure that the audio engine is configured properly. The preferences dialog can be accessed via the tools menu (tools -> preferences).

The General tab On the "General" tab (Figure 1.1, “The General Tab”) you can choose to automatically reopen the last used song and/or playlist. This can save you the trouble of having to reopen the song you are working on every time you open Hydrogen. Auto loading the playlist can come in handy when you are using Hydrogen live.

If you want to use Lash to manage your Jack connections you should enable it here so Hydrogen allows interaction with Lash.

The Beat Counter drift compensation and start offset allow you to compensate for system latency when you are using the Beat Counter function (see the section called “Tap Tempo and BeatCounter”)

The Max number of bars in a song can be set here (currently limited to 800) and if you want to use rubberband for sample time-streching (see the section called “Sample Editor rubberband”) you need to enter the path where rubberband is installed on you system here.

Figure 1.1. The General Tab

The Audio System tab From the "Audio System" tab (Figure 1.2, “The Audio System Tab”) it is possible to modify the audio driver being used (OSS, Jack, ALSA, PortAudio) with its buffer and sampling rate (unless you are using JACK, in this case the audio driver configuration should happen before starting the JACK server).

We can set some features of Hydrogen like "Create per-instrument outputs" this will create 1 output per instrument that you can connect to any other Jack enabled application. This can be useful if you want to add effects to a single instrument with jack-rack for example. "Connect to Default Output Pair" connects the output to the default ports: uncheck this if you want to connect the JACK output to other ports without having to disconnect them first.

Also keep an eye on the value of "Polyphony": depending on your CPU you may want to change the max simultaneous notes in order to prevent hydrogen from overrunning the audio driver.

Figure 1.2. The Audio System Tab

The following drivers are available:

• jackd: The Jack driver is a professional audio server which permits very low lag and exchanges with other audio software. We strongly recommend using this driver to have the best out of Hydrogen. JACK server will start automatically if not already running.

• ALSA: the widely adopted Linux standard audio drivers

• OSS: The Oss audio driver uses /dev/dsp and it's based on the OSS interface which is supported by the vast majority of sound cards available for Linux; this said, the use of this audio driver blocks /dev/dsp until Hydrogen is closed i.e. unusable by any other software. Use it as last resort.

• PortAudio: an open-source multi platform audio driver

• CoreAudio: a driver for Mac OS X (experimental)

The Midi System tab The "Midi System" tab (Figure 1.3, “The MIDI System Tab”) contains all MIDI settings. Here you can choose the MIDI driver, input, and channel(s) that Hydrogen should respond to. You can also define midi bindings: link a midi note/message to an action. To do this simply press the red 'REC' button left of the 'binding' action line. A popup will inform you that Hydrogen is waiting for your input. Press/hit/turn the key/pad/knob on your midi keyboard (or controller) that you want to link to this action. The popup will close and the Event Param value will now show the midi note value of the key you pressed. Once this is done you can select an Action from the action drop-down list. Note that some actions (like SELECT_NEXT_PATTERN) also require an Action Param that references the pattern you want to select with this midi action.

See the section called “Midi actions” for more info on Midi actions.

Figure 1.3. The MIDI System Tab

The Appearance tab The "Appearance" tab (Figure 1.4, “The Appearance Tab”) let's you modify Hydrogen look and feel (font settings and interface style). Also the VU meters fall-off speed of the Mixer Window can be changed here.

Figure 1.4. The Appearance Tab

The Audio Engine tab (debug only) The "Audio Engine" tab (Figure 1.5, “The Audio Engine tab”) is a window that shows various stats about Hydrogen and the audio driver. In case JACK is used, buffer and sampling rate should be set before starting Hydrogen (JACK automatically starts when an application tries to connect).

Note that the Audio Engine tab is only available if Hydrogen was complied with debug support.

Figure 1.5. The Audio Engine tab

Chapter 2. Using Hydrogen Used Filetypes Before working with Hydrogen, please familiarize with these filetypes:

• *.h2pattern: XML file describing a single pattern. Patterns are group of beats and are managed in the pattern editor.

• *.h2song: XML file describing the whole song (or sequence). Songs are group of patterns with their properties and are manager using the song editor

• *.h2playlist: XML file describing a playlist. A Playlist is a (ordered) group of songs.

• *.h2drumkit: a compressed and archived folder containing all sound samples composing a drumkit and a description XML file. Drumkits are basically group of sound samples.

Main menu Projects: this menu offers file related functions.

• New - Create a new song

• Show Info - Set general properties of the song such as name, author, license and generic notes

• Open - Open a song

• Open Demo - Open a demo song (demo songs are stored in$INSTALLPATH/share/hydrogen/data/demo_songs)

• Open recent - Open a menu showing last used songs

• Save - Save changes to current song

• Save as - Save current song specifying a name (default path: $HOME/.hydrogen/data/songs)

• Open pattern - Open a saved pattern belonging to the current drumkit

• Export pattern as - Saves a pattern. It will be stored in $HOME/.hydrogen/data/patterns/drumkit_name

• Export MIDI file - Export current song in MIDI format

• Export song - Export current song in WAV format

• Quit - Quit Hydrogen

Instruments: this menu offers instruments and drumkit (sound libraries) functions.

• Add instrument - Add a new instrument to your current drumkit

• Clear all - Delete all instruments from the current drumkit

• Save library - Saves all instruments settings (and their sound samples) in$HOME/.hydrogen/data/library_name

• Export library - Compress all instruments samples and settings in a drumkit in$HOME/.hydrogen/data/library_name

• Import library - Imports another drumkit from the local filesystem or download it from a remote location through an XML feed. The XML file that should be provided is NOT RSS compliant (see Hydrogen website for an example). To load another drumkit in your current working session of Hydrogen, read the section called “Sound Library (Drumkit/Pattern/Song Manager)”.

Tools: opens the mixer, the director, the playlist editor, the instrument rack and the general preferences window.

• Playlist editor - A tool to manage playlists.

• Director - Open the director window.

• Mixer - Open the mixer window.

• Instrument rack - Open the instrument rack panel.

• Preferences - Open the main preferences window. Read the section called “Preferences” on how to configure Hydrogen.

Debug: tools mainly for debugging and monitoring Hydrogen (only available when compiled with debug support !).

• Show audio engine info - Open a monitor with various stats

• debug action - Insert debug commands.

• Print Objects - Print on stdout current objects map.

Info

• User manual - Open a window with this manual :)

• About - The usual window with license information, acknowledgements, etc.

The main toolbar Before analyzing the two main frames of Hydrogen, let's take a quick look at the main toolbar and its components:

• Pilot the song using the start, stop, pause, etc. buttons

• Choose between "pattern" or "song" mode: in "pattern" mode only the currently selected pattern will play, while in "song" mode all patterns inserted will be played.

• An advanced tap tempo function: choose note length and how many notes to wait before recalculating BPM, thenhit the comma key repeatedly until the 'R' letter appears and then the BPM will be updated.“Tap Tempo and BeatCounter”)

• Manually set BPM

• Manage JACK transport

• Open the mixer and the instrument rack panels

Figure 2.1. The Main Toolbar

o

Main controls to start [Hotkey = Spacebar]

o

Set Pattern/Song Mode. When Song mode is selected Hydrogen will play the complete song. This is thesequence of patterns you have created in the Song Editor (seemode is selected Hydrogen will play the pattern that is currently selected, and thus displayed in the Pattern Editor(see the section called “Pattern Editor”).

o

Set measure type and Beat Counter (see

o

Set speed of playing (range: 30-400 bpm)

o

Shows CPU load and MIDI events. The CPU bargraph gives you an indication olights up every time Hydrogen receives a midi message.

o

Click J. TRANS to enable Jack transport. If the J. MASTER button is pressed Hydrogen will work as 'master', elseit will act as 'slave' to another 'master' program (e.g.selected.

Tap Tempo and BeatCounter It is possible to change the tempo at any time using the tapthis while the song is playing or while the song is stopped. To change the tempo, hit thewant. After the correct number of keystrokes have been detected (see below for details), the tempo wiaverage tempo you tapped the comma key. If you continue to tap, these new taps will become a part of a rolling average.If you tap accidentally, or if you wait too long between taps, the tap tempo counter will start over.

An advanced tap tempo function: choose note length and how many notes to wait before recalculating BPM, thenhit the comma key repeatedly until the 'R' letter appears and then the BPM will be updated. (see

Open the mixer and the instrument rack panels

Spacebar], stop, record, fast forward, rewind, loop a song or a pattern.

Set Pattern/Song Mode. When Song mode is selected Hydrogen will play the complete song. This is thesequence of patterns you have created in the Song Editor (see the section called “Song Editor”). When Patternmode is selected Hydrogen will play the pattern that is currently selected, and thus displayed in the Pattern Editor

Set measure type and Beat Counter (see the section called “Tap Tempo and BeatCounter”).

400 bpm) [Hotkey = mouse wheel] and button to enable/disable metronome

The CPU bargraph gives you an indication of the CPU load. The MIDI ledlights up every time Hydrogen receives a midi message.

Click J. TRANS to enable Jack transport. If the J. MASTER button is pressed Hydrogen will work as 'master', elseit will act as 'slave' to another 'master' program (e.g. Ardour). This applet is only available if Jack Audio Driver is

It is possible to change the tempo at any time using the tap-tempo and BeatCounter features of Hydrogen. You can dothis while the song is playing or while the song is stopped. To change the tempo, hit the , (comma) key in the tempo you

After the correct number of keystrokes have been detected (see below for details), the tempo will change to theaverage tempo you tapped the comma key. If you continue to tap, these new taps will become a part of a rolling average.If you tap accidentally, or if you wait too long between taps, the tap tempo counter will start over.

An advanced tap tempo function: choose note length and how many notes to wait before recalculating BPM, then (see the section called

, stop, record, fast forward, rewind, loop a song or a pattern.

Set Pattern/Song Mode. When Song mode is selected Hydrogen will play the complete song. This is the ). When Pattern

mode is selected Hydrogen will play the pattern that is currently selected, and thus displayed in the Pattern Editor

and button to enable/disable metronome

f the CPU load. The MIDI led

Click J. TRANS to enable Jack transport. If the J. MASTER button is pressed Hydrogen will work as 'master', else This applet is only available if Jack Audio Driver is

features of Hydrogen. You can do (comma) key in the tempo you

ll change to the average tempo you tapped the comma key. If you continue to tap, these new taps will become a part of a rolling average.

The Tap Tempo is a part of the BeatCounter, which is essentially a Tap Tempo on steroids. By default the BeatCounter display is not visible. To see the BeatCounter widget click the upright button (BC) between Song/Pattern mode selector and the BPM-widget, or, simply press the comma key. (,).

The tempo that you tap will be considered even beats of the song's beat type. The beat type can be set to 1/8 (for eight-note beats), 1/4 (for quarter-note beats), 1/2 (for half-note beats), and 1/1 (for whole-note beats). To change the beat type use the left +/- buttons. To change the Countdown Counter value, use the right +/- buttons. The Countdown Counter value can be set between 2 and 16 beats. (I.e. if you set the beat to 6, you will have to tap 6 times before the new tempo is computed and set.) When the display shows an R, it means that the BeatCounter is ready to start from 0. When you tap the comma key, the R will change to 1, and will increment with every keystroke until it reaches the Countdown Counter value (shown just below the 'R').

The button in the bottom right-hand controls the auto-start feature, and it toggles between S and P. When it shows P for (Play), the song will set the new tempo and automatically start to play after you tap the right number of beats (if it's not already playing, of course). This way, if you have the BeatCounter set up for 4/4, you can tap 1-2-3-4, and start playing on the next beat. When it shows S (for Set BPM), the auto-start is disabled.

For example: Suppose you have a live band, Hydrogen, and a softsynth that is controlled by Seq24)... and you want them all to start at the same time. Set the beat type to 1/4 and the number of beats to 4. Enable auto-start (button shows P). Count off the band 1-2-3-4 (while tapping the comma key) — and everyone starts on 1.

Another example: Same situation, but the song doesn't require Hydrogen or synths until some point later. During that time, a human (e.g. guitar player) will be setting the tempo. On the measure before Hydrogen is supposed to play, tap the comma key 1-2-3-4 with the beat... and you're in on the next beat (at the right tempo).

If you are using the JACK Transport, the BeatCounter continues to work. If another program is the JACK Transport Master, Hydrogen will respond to tempo change events from that application. Note that in this situation, Hydrogen is supposed to be a slave, so some of the BeatCounter features will be disabled or will not work properly. If Hydrogen is the JACK Transport Master, tempo changes from Hydrogen will be reflected in those programs (if they support it).

Some of the settings to adjust the BeatCounter's latency compensation, are located on the General tab of the Preferences Dialog (see the section called “The General tab” ). Here you will finde two spinboxes:

• Beat counter drift compensation in 1/10ms — adjust to compensate for latency between the keyboard and the program.

• Beat counter start offset in ms — adjust the time between the BeatCounter's last input stroke and when the song starts playing (if auto-start is activated).

Note that these can be set to positive (+) or negative (-) values. In order to find useful values for these, you will need to take some time to play with it. Also, you may want different values depending on the speed of your hardware, audio devices, drivers, etc. Using the BeatCounter effectively requires practice.

Song Editor The "Song Editor" (Figure 2.2, “The Song Editor”) gives an overview of the whole timeline of the song (e.g. intro, verse, bridge, chorus and so on); each blue colored square on this panel represents a complete bar as shown in the underlying "Pattern Editor" panel. The song editor gives you complete freedom to add/remove patterns to the song and to move or copy any part of your song.

Figure 2.2. The Song Editor

Main controls

o Completely delete all patterns (asks for confirmation!).

o Create a new pattern (and asks for a name).

o Move currently selected pattern up or down.

Note that you can also just drag-and-drop a pattern up/down in the pattern list.

o Enable Select Mode. This mode allows you to select a part of the song and delete/move/copy it.

Once you have selected a part of your song you cansimply dragging your selection to another location, and you can alsonew location.

o Enable Draw Mode. This mode allows you to create a song by drawing blocks o

Clicking a square on the song canvas will add a pattern (the square will turn blue), clicking it again will removethat pattern from the song.

o Switch from "Single pattern mode" to "Stacked pattern mode" and back.

For more info on this see the section called “Midi actions”

Tempo markers and song Tags This section describes how you can define tempo changes and how you can add tags to your song.

The majority of songs consist of several parts (intro, verse, chorus ...) and often these parts will have a different tempo.Hydrogen provides an easy way to let you change the tempo of a song at any given moment in the song. This is done byadding Tempo change Markers to your song.

To add a Tempo change marker to your song you first need to enable the 'BPM' option (the BPM button is located justabove the Song editors main controls). Once this is done the horizontal bar next to the BPM button changes to a rmarks at every bar. Now simply left-click this ruler at the bar you want the tempo to change and a window will pop upwhere you can enter the new tempo.

Completely delete all patterns (asks for confirmation!).

Create a new pattern (and asks for a name).

Move currently selected pattern up or down.

drop a pattern up/down in the pattern list.

Enable Select Mode. This mode allows you to select a part of the song and delete/move/copy it.

Once you have selected a part of your song you can delete it by pressing the Delete button. You cansimply dragging your selection to another location, and you can also copy you selection by Ctrl-

Enable Draw Mode. This mode allows you to create a song by drawing blocks on the song canvas.

Clicking a square on the song canvas will add a pattern (the square will turn blue), clicking it again will remove

Switch from "Single pattern mode" to "Stacked pattern mode" and back.

the section called “Midi actions”.

This section describes how you can define tempo changes and how you can add tags to your song.

he majority of songs consist of several parts (intro, verse, chorus ...) and often these parts will have a different tempo.Hydrogen provides an easy way to let you change the tempo of a song at any given moment in the song. This is done by

To add a Tempo change marker to your song you first need to enable the 'BPM' option (the BPM button is located justabove the Song editors main controls). Once this is done the horizontal bar next to the BPM button changes to a r

click this ruler at the bar you want the tempo to change and a window will pop up

Enable Select Mode. This mode allows you to select a part of the song and delete/move/copy it.

it by pressing the Delete button. You canmove it by -dragging it to a

n the song canvas.

Clicking a square on the song canvas will add a pattern (the square will turn blue), clicking it again will remove

he majority of songs consist of several parts (intro, verse, chorus ...) and often these parts will have a different tempo. Hydrogen provides an easy way to let you change the tempo of a song at any given moment in the song. This is done by

To add a Tempo change marker to your song you first need to enable the 'BPM' option (the BPM button is located just above the Song editors main controls). Once this is done the horizontal bar next to the BPM button changes to a ruler with

click this ruler at the bar you want the tempo to change and a window will pop up

Once you have entered the new tempo and clicked OK, the tempo change will show up on the tempo ruler. If you click the Tempo marker again you can edit the tempo, change the bar or delete the tempo marker.

In addidtion to changing the tempo when the song switches from intro > verse, it is also very handy to have a clear indication of this tempo switch (or any other event in the song). For this purpose you can also ad Tags markers to the song. These Tags are short text messages you can add to your song at any given moment that will be displayed whenever the song playhead passes by that Tag.

To add a Tag to your song simply middle-click on the song ruler (just below the tempo ruler) and a window will pop up where that allows you to add text for any bar.

Once you are done you will see a small blue 'T' in the song ruler for every tag you have entered. Middle-click anywhere on the song ruler to edit the tags.

Now all we need is a way to see the tags we have entered. This can be done using the Director window. Open the Director by pressing Alt-D, or Tools- Director :

The Director is your best friend when you need a quick overview of what Hydrogen is currently doing. This comes in veryhandy when you are recording a song, or if you are using Hydrogen live on stage.

The Director shows you the song name, a visual metronome and of course the song Tags. Just below the metronome youcan see the latest tag, and below that the next upcoming tag. This way you have a nice overview of what is going on, andwhat is about to happen in the song

Patterns options Right-clicking the name of a pattern will show you a menu where you can change a number of things :

Figure 2.3. The Pattern Options menu

o Edit : will open the selected pattern in the Pattern Editor.

o Copy : will copy the selected pattern to a new pattern in your song.

Note that patterns with the same name are not allowed.

o Delete : will completely remove the selected pattern from the song.

o Fill/Clear : will open a window that allows you to fill/clear a part of the song with the selectedthe start- and end bar.

o Properties : will open a window where you can change the name of the pattern and also assign it to a certaincategory.

The Director is your best friend when you need a quick overview of what Hydrogen is currently doing. This comes in veryhandy when you are recording a song, or if you are using Hydrogen live on stage.

shows you the song name, a visual metronome and of course the song Tags. Just below the metronome youcan see the latest tag, and below that the next upcoming tag. This way you have a nice overview of what is going on, and

clicking the name of a pattern will show you a menu where you can change a number of things :

Edit : will open the selected pattern in the Pattern Editor.

rn to a new pattern in your song.

Note that patterns with the same name are not allowed.

Delete : will completely remove the selected pattern from the song.

Fill/Clear : will open a window that allows you to fill/clear a part of the song with the selected pattern by entering

Properties : will open a window where you can change the name of the pattern and also assign it to a certain

The Director is your best friend when you need a quick overview of what Hydrogen is currently doing. This comes in very

shows you the song name, a visual metronome and of course the song Tags. Just below the metronome you can see the latest tag, and below that the next upcoming tag. This way you have a nice overview of what is going on, and

pattern by entering

Properties : will open a window where you can change the name of the pattern and also assign it to a certain

o Load Pattern : will open the selected pattern in the Pattern Editor.

o Save Pattern : will open the selected pattern in the Pattern Editor.

o Virtual Pattern : will open the selected pattern in the Pattern Editor.

Virtual patterns are a convenient way of grouping patterns together. For example, say you have a song in which three patterns are always played together at the start of each bar. Previously, the way to do this in the pattern matrix was to explicitly enable the three patterns at each bar.

With virtual patterns we can assign a pattern to be a sort of meta-pattern that implicitly invokes these three patterns together when the new virtual pattern is enabled in the pattern matrix. This way, we only need to set one pattern every bar, instead of three.

Virtual patterns provide a function that's similar to the regular pattern editor, and one could argue that since a virtual pattern is also a regular pattern, we could have just merged the three patterns into this new one. However, the advantage that virtual patterns provide is that if one of the original three patterns changes, the virtual pattern automatically inherits the change. A virtual pattern can also invoke other virtual patterns.

Pattern Editor The "Pattern Editor" lets us create or modify the pattern (bar) which is currently selected. You can add/remove notes, and tune a number of per-note properties like velocity and pan. The Pattern Editor can be used in 2 modes : 'Drum' mode or 'Piano' mode. You can switch between these modes by clicking the Drum/Piano button (located on the top-right of the Pattern Editor)

First let's take a look at the (classic) 'Drum' mode :

Figure 2.4. Pattern Editor in Drum mode

Pattern Editor Controls The top part of the pattern editor contains a number of controls :

Figure 2.5. Pattern Editor Controls

From left to right :

o SIZE : lets you choose the size of the pattern (the number of bars)

o RES : this is the current grid resolution (4 through 64)

Remember this constraint concerning the grid: if you are working with a resolution of 16 you can't go back to 8 and remove a 16th note. On the other hand if you are working with a resolution of 8 and you try to insert a note in the middle of two bars (looking for a 16 bars precision), notes will be placed in the previous or in the following 8th bar. This constraint can be removed if you disable the whole grid resolution (choose "off" from the grid resolution LCD control). Now you'll be able to place notes wherever you prefer.

o HEAR : when enabled Hydrogen will play the sample as it's being added to the pattern.

o QUANT : enables/disables quantization. When enabled the beats inserted will automatically respect the grid resolution currently applied.

o Drumset / Instrument : when set to Drumset the keys on your midi keyboard will map to the instruments in your drumkit as described in the instrument mapping table below. If you set it to Instrument the keys of your midi

keyboard will trigger the instrument that is currently selected. The pitch of the instrument will follow the key you press on your keyboard. This feature is mainly used for non-drum instruments. An example : if you use a sample of a piano for one of your instruments, you will be able to 'play' that piano instrument using your keyboard just like you are playing a piano synth.

o Note Length / Note off : these are 2 different ways to define the duration of a note. See the section called “Pattern Editor Sequence area” for usage.

o Drum/Piano : switch Pattern Editor between Drum and Piano mode. (see below)

Pattern Editor Drumkit The section on the left shows you what drumkit is currently selected (GMkit by default) and below that you can see the instruments that are part of this kit.

Each instrument has its own set of features that are accessible by right-clicking the instrument. From the context menu that pops up you can select

o Clear notes : to remove all notes for this instrument in this pattern.

o Fill notes : this allows you to fill up the pattern with notes for the selected instrument. Depending on the choice you make (fill all, fill 1/2, fill 1/4 ...) notes will be placed at all, 1/2, 1/4, etc of the note positionsthat are allowed by the grid setting. So be careful not to mix up the 'musical' 1/2-note and the 'fill 1/2' note.

o Randomize velocity : automatically apply a pseudo-random velocity to each note of that instrument in the pattern. The more velocity you set on the instrument, the more hydrogen will hit “hard” on that instrument when played.

o Delete Instrument : well, deletes the instrument ;-)

The small red and green buttons right of the instrument names are the “mute” (red) and “solo” (green) buttons.

The order of the instruments can be rearranged by simply dragging an instrument up/down in the list and dropping it on a new position within the drumkit. Doing so will not change anything to the sequence you have created for that instrument, nor will it change anything to the song or pattern you are working on. It willhowever, have an impact on the MIDI note mapping : in the table below you can find the link between the instrument position, the MIDI note and the qwerty keyboard keys.

Important Notes :

The name of the instrument depends on the drumkit that is loaded. This list below refers to the GMkit that is loaded by default.

Keep in mind that it is the position of the instrument (within the loaded drumkit) that is linked to a MIDI-note/keyboard-key and not the name of the instrument.

Here's a quick reference of the above bindings for your convenience.

Pattern Editor Sequence area This is where it all happens, this is where you can make music :

In this area you can see your selected pattern and add notes for any instrument. The simplest way to create a pattern isby adding notes using your mouse (and the 'Fill/Clear notes' function described above). Where you can add notesdepends on the used pattern size and resolution.

If you are using Hydrogen as a pure 'drum' you just want Hydrogen to 'hit' the instrument wherever there's a 'dot' in thepattern. If you are using Hydrogen as an 'instrument', the length of the note becomes very important. There are 2 ways todefine the length of a note : in 'Note Length' mode you can add a note by leftright-click-dragging it. This will change the dot into a rectangle that represents the duration of that note. In 'Note Off' modeyou can also add a note by left-clicking, but a right

Here's a quick reference of the above bindings for your convenience.

This is where it all happens, this is where you can make music :-)

and add notes for any instrument. The simplest way to create a pattern isby adding notes using your mouse (and the 'Fill/Clear notes' function described above). Where you can add notesdepends on the used pattern size and resolution.

ogen as a pure 'drum' you just want Hydrogen to 'hit' the instrument wherever there's a 'dot' in thepattern. If you are using Hydrogen as an 'instrument', the length of the note becomes very important. There are 2 ways to

'Note Length' mode you can add a note by left-cliking, and you can 'stretch' that note bydragging it. This will change the dot into a rectangle that represents the duration of that note. In 'Note Off' mode

ing, but a right-click will now add a blue dot that represents the end of that note.

and add notes for any instrument. The simplest way to create a pattern is by adding notes using your mouse (and the 'Fill/Clear notes' function described above). Where you can add notes

ogen as a pure 'drum' you just want Hydrogen to 'hit' the instrument wherever there's a 'dot' in the pattern. If you are using Hydrogen as an 'instrument', the length of the note becomes very important. There are 2 ways to

cliking, and you can 'stretch' that note by dragging it. This will change the dot into a rectangle that represents the duration of that note. In 'Note Off' mode

click will now add a blue dot that represents the end of that note.

(Figure above, from left>right : a 'normal' note, a note in 'note length' mode, a note in 'note off' mode)

So far we have only used the mouse to create a pattern, but you can also record your beats by clicking the Record button (see the section called “Main menu”) and simply playing your pattern on your MIDI drum or your pc keyboard (see instrument mapping above). This is probably a more musical way of creating a pattern, but it's up to you to decide what works best for you. (Also see Chapter 3, A new song for a basic walk-through of how the pattern editor works)

Pattern Editor Note Properties Clicking on an instrument or adding/removing a note next to it will select this instrument. Once an instrument is selected the note properties for this instrument will be shown in the form of vertical lines in the bottom window. The lines represent the value for the selected property of each note of the selected instrument. You can select another note-property from the note property drop-down list (located bottom-left). There are 4 note properties available :

o Velocity : how hard the note is played (the volume of the note)

Note that the color of the note-dot and the vertical bar will change according to the velocity value you have defined. A light shade of gray means a low velocity (low volume) and the higher you set the velocity the darker the color will be, turning red when you reach the point of clipping.

o Pan : with this parameter you can define the stereo image of the note (how loud it will be in the left/right output)

o Lead/Lag : Lead and Lag allows a slight note lead or lag in respect of the actual beat. The range is ca. 5 ticks which equals around ca. 10 ms at a tempo of 120bpm. Changing the lead/lag can make a huge difference to the way your pattern sounds and feels. It's a groove thing ;-)

o Notekey : if you select this note parameter the area where you can modify the parameter will change into a 'piano keyboard'

The striped black and white area represents a piano keyboard and in the gray area you can choose the octave. By placing a dot on the octave scale and a dot on the 'keyboard' you can choose any note.

Pattern Editor Piano mode Drum mode (see Figure 2.4, “Pattern Editor in Drum mode”) focuses on using Hydrogen as a drum machine. If you are using Hydrogen as an instrument there is a big chance that the Piano mode is for you. It gives you a complete 'piano keyboard' so you can easily put down your tunes.

You can compare the Piano mode to the Note properties Notekey (described above), only here you have a complete piano keyboard, so you dont have to select the octave first.

Figure 2.6. Pattern Editor in Piano mode

Mixer The Mixer window can be opened by pressing Alt+M, by clicking Mixer in the Tools menu, or by clicking the Mixer button on the main toolbar.

The Mixer consists of 3 sections (left>right) : the instrument channel strips, the FX plugin rack and the master fader section. The Hydrogen Mixer works very much like a hardware mixer does : it lets you set the volume, pan, FX and several other things for every instrument.

Figure 2.7. The Mixer

Instrument channel strips From top to bottom : the 2 top elements on the strip are a 'play' button / 'trig' led combination. (you trigger the instrument at maximum velocity (handy for checkinginstrument is triggered (from the song sequence, or by an external midi controller). Right of this button/led you will findanother led that shows you what instrument is currently selected. This is also teditor. As soon as you change one of the settings of a channel strip the instrument will be selected.

Just below you can find the Mute and Solo are also reflected in the Song editor.

Next are 4 pre-fader FX send knobs that determine how much of this instrument will be sent to the effect plugins in the FXrack.

Just below that you can find an LCD peak-value display, and finally the volume f

IMPORTANT NOTE : keep in mind that the volume and pan settings that you find on the Mixer are global settings. Theper-note velocity and pan settings in the Pattern editor are settings that are relative to the setting

FX rack and LADSPA plugins The FX rack has 4 bays where you can load a LADSPA effect plugin, but before you can load any plugins these must beinstalled (surprised ? ;-)

There are dozens of plugins available for download from variou

• SWH-Plugins available at http://plugin.org.uk

(Note : if you want to compile these plugins you need the FFTW tarball from

• CMT available at http://www.ladspa.org.

• TAP available at http://tap-plugins.sf.net.

From top to bottom : the 2 top elements on the strip are a 'play' button / 'trig' led combination. ( ) The play button letsyou trigger the instrument at maximum velocity (handy for checking clipping), and the trig led lights up whenever thisinstrument is triggered (from the song sequence, or by an external midi controller). Right of this button/led you will findanother led that shows you what instrument is currently selected. This is also the instrument that is selected in the patterneditor. As soon as you change one of the settings of a channel strip the instrument will be selected.

buttons and the Pan(orama) knob. Note that the Mute and Solo s

fader FX send knobs that determine how much of this instrument will be sent to the effect plugins in the FX

value display, and finally the volume fader and VU meter for that instrument.

: keep in mind that the volume and pan settings that you find on the Mixer are global settings. Thenote velocity and pan settings in the Pattern editor are settings that are relative to the settings in the Mixer window !

The FX rack has 4 bays where you can load a LADSPA effect plugin, but before you can load any plugins these must be

There are dozens of plugins available for download from various sources :

http://plugin.org.uk.

(Note : if you want to compile these plugins you need the FFTW tarball from http://www.fftw.org)

.

) The play button lets clipping), and the trig led lights up whenever this

instrument is triggered (from the song sequence, or by an external midi controller). Right of this button/led you will find he instrument that is selected in the pattern

buttons and the Pan(orama) knob. Note that the Mute and Solo states

fader FX send knobs that determine how much of this instrument will be sent to the effect plugins in the FX

ader and VU meter for that instrument.

: keep in mind that the volume and pan settings that you find on the Mixer are global settings. The s in the Mixer window !

The FX rack has 4 bays where you can load a LADSPA effect plugin, but before you can load any plugins these must be

)

• Calf plugins http://calf.sourceforge.net/.

• ....

Plugins Kill A LADSPA plugin is compiled, executable code. It is capable of hanging, crashing, freezing, screeching, overflowingbuffers, and even phoning home. If you start having issues with Hydrogen, disable your plugins and seeSome plugins are not designed for real-time use, and some are just plain better than others.

Once you have installed some plugins you can select one by clicking themake sure that the button (in the Master section) is enabled)

Now the FX selector window will pop up :

Figure 2.8. Select an Effect

Once you have selected a plugin you will immediately have access to the parameters of that plugin :

A LADSPA plugin is compiled, executable code. It is capable of hanging, crashing, freezing, screeching, overflowingbuffers, and even phoning home. If you start having issues with Hydrogen, disable your plugins and see

time use, and some are just plain better than others.

Once you have installed some plugins you can select one by clicking the button. (if you do not see the FX rack,(in the Master section) is enabled)

Once you have selected a plugin you will immediately have access to the parameters of that plugin :

A LADSPA plugin is compiled, executable code. It is capable of hanging, crashing, freezing, screeching, overflowing buffers, and even phoning home. If you start having issues with Hydrogen, disable your plugins and see if things improve.

button. (if you do not see the FX rack,

You can select another plugin by clicking the 'Select FX' button, and If you quickly want to enable/disable the effect clickthe 'Deactivate' button (or the Bypass ( ) button in the FX rack). This can be handy for a quick A/B comparison.

After you have selected the FX and tweaked it's parameters youmuch of this FX will be returned to the master output.

Master section The Master section contains the Master volume fader with VU meters, and 3 global Humanize 'effects' (Velocity, Timingand Swing). These are not the type of effects as described in the LADSPA section, instead these effects will alter the waythe notes are played, in order to add a 'human feel' to the song :

• Velocity : this knob will add a certain randomness to the note velocity. The higher you turn this knob, the more thevelocity will be randomized.

• Timing : this knob will add a certain randomness to the nomore the timing will be randomized.

• Swing : this knob will add a certain amount of swing to the song.

Note that Hydrogen can also be switched to 'per instrument output' mode (seeand in this mode all channel strip outputs will be available in Jack (not just the Master output). This allows you toindividual instruments directly into any other Jack enabled application (eg Ardour) and gives you a lot more flexibility.

On the bottom-right of the Master section you can find the' FX' button (show/hide the FX rack), and the 'Peak' button(enable/disable the VU meters). Note that the VU meter fallof speed can be configured in the preferences window(see the section called “The Appearance tab”) each instrument switching thedetailed overview.

Sound Library (Drumkit/Pattern/Song Manager)First of all a little history on the Sound library and Drumkits : 'In the beginning' Hydrogen was a 90% drum machine.Consequently the collection of drum sounds was called 'a drumkit'. Since then a lot has changed and Hydrogen hasbecome much more than a drum machine. It is a versatile sound synthesizer/sequencer that is capable of generating andmanipulating all sorts of sounds. Hence the term Drumkit might be misleading since you can load any sound into aDrumkit and manipulate that sound just like playing a 'regular' synthesizer. (This is also the main reason why the Pianomode was added to the pattern editor : see the section called “Pattern Editor Piano mode”

In this manual (and in other documentation) you will find the terms Drumkit and Soundlibraryreferring to the same thing ... or not. The diagram below shows the actual relation between the Soundlibrary and Drumkits:

'Select FX' button, and If you quickly want to enable/disable the effect click) button in the FX rack). This can be handy for a quick A/B comparison.

After you have selected the FX and tweaked it's parameters you can use the FX return knob to increase/decrease howmuch of this FX will be returned to the master output.

The Master section contains the Master volume fader with VU meters, and 3 global Humanize 'effects' (Velocity, Timingand Swing). These are not the type of effects as described in the LADSPA section, instead these effects will alter the way

layed, in order to add a 'human feel' to the song :

Velocity : this knob will add a certain randomness to the note velocity. The higher you turn this knob, the more the

Timing : this knob will add a certain randomness to the note timing (lead/lag). The higher you turn this knob, the

Swing : this knob will add a certain amount of swing to the song.

Note that Hydrogen can also be switched to 'per instrument output' mode (see the section called “The Audio System tab”and in this mode all channel strip outputs will be available in Jack (not just the Master output). This allows you toindividual instruments directly into any other Jack enabled application (eg Ardour) and gives you a lot more flexibility.

right of the Master section you can find the' FX' button (show/hide the FX rack), and the 'Peak' buttonNote that the VU meter fallof speed can be configured in the preferences window

) each instrument switching the button. See next section for a

Sound Library (Drumkit/Pattern/Song Manager) First of all a little history on the Sound library and Drumkits : 'In the beginning' Hydrogen was a 90% drum machine.

onsequently the collection of drum sounds was called 'a drumkit'. Since then a lot has changed and Hydrogen hasbecome much more than a drum machine. It is a versatile sound synthesizer/sequencer that is capable of generating and

sounds. Hence the term Drumkit might be misleading since you can load any sound into aDrumkit and manipulate that sound just like playing a 'regular' synthesizer. (This is also the main reason why the Piano

the section called “Pattern Editor Piano mode”).

In this manual (and in other documentation) you will find the terms Drumkit and Soundlibrary frequently, and they might bereferring to the same thing ... or not. The diagram below shows the actual relation between the Soundlibrary and Drumkits

'Select FX' button, and If you quickly want to enable/disable the effect click ) button in the FX rack). This can be handy for a quick A/B comparison.

can use the FX return knob to increase/decrease how

The Master section contains the Master volume fader with VU meters, and 3 global Humanize 'effects' (Velocity, Timing and Swing). These are not the type of effects as described in the LADSPA section, instead these effects will alter the way

Velocity : this knob will add a certain randomness to the note velocity. The higher you turn this knob, the more the

te timing (lead/lag). The higher you turn this knob, the

the section called “The Audio System tab”), and in this mode all channel strip outputs will be available in Jack (not just the Master output). This allows you to route the individual instruments directly into any other Jack enabled application (eg Ardour) and gives you a lot more flexibility.

right of the Master section you can find the' FX' button (show/hide the FX rack), and the 'Peak' button Note that the VU meter fallof speed can be configured in the preferences window

button. See next section for a

First of all a little history on the Sound library and Drumkits : 'In the beginning' Hydrogen was a 90% drum machine. onsequently the collection of drum sounds was called 'a drumkit'. Since then a lot has changed and Hydrogen has

become much more than a drum machine. It is a versatile sound synthesizer/sequencer that is capable of generating and sounds. Hence the term Drumkit might be misleading since you can load any sound into a

Drumkit and manipulate that sound just like playing a 'regular' synthesizer. (This is also the main reason why the Piano

frequently, and they might be referring to the same thing ... or not. The diagram below shows the actual relation between the Soundlibrary and Drumkits

Figure 2.9. Soundlibrary/Drumkit hierarchy

As you can see the Soundlibrary contains all DrumkitsSongs. Each Drumkit is a collection of a number of instruments (snare, kick, sampled voice, bass sound ...) and in its turnan instrument can consist of multiple layered samples. Note that evreading for more details).

This said. let's take a look at the Soundlibrary interface and see what it can do for you:

The Sound Library saves you time in managing your drum kits, favorite patterns, and favoritsongs and drum kits, the Sound Library makes it easier for you to reuse and mix the instruments and patterns from otherkits and songs.

Figure 2.10. The Soundlibrary

System Drumkits

As you can see the Soundlibrary contains all Drumkits (System- and User drumkits), your saved Patterns and your savedSongs. Each Drumkit is a collection of a number of instruments (snare, kick, sampled voice, bass sound ...) and in its turnan instrument can consist of multiple layered samples. Note that every block has a number of parameters (continue

This said. let's take a look at the Soundlibrary interface and see what it can do for you:

The Sound Library saves you time in managing your drum kits, favorite patterns, and favorite songs. When making newsongs and drum kits, the Sound Library makes it easier for you to reuse and mix the instruments and patterns from other

and User drumkits), your saved Patterns and your saved Songs. Each Drumkit is a collection of a number of instruments (snare, kick, sampled voice, bass sound ...) and in its turn

ery block has a number of parameters (continue

e songs. When making new songs and drum kits, the Sound Library makes it easier for you to reuse and mix the instruments and patterns from other

This lists the drumkits that were installed by your system administrator. The location of these System Drumkits is determined by the compile-time prefix. On Unix-like operating systems, this is usually/usr/share/hydrogen/data/drumkits, or possibly /usr/local/share/hydrogen/data/drumkits. These kits are available to all users on the system, and users are usually not able to add to them.

To load a drumkit from here, right-click the drumkit and select Load. This will replace your current drumkit with the one that you selected. To load a single instrument from that kit, left-click the plus to the left of the drumkit's name to show all the instruments. With your left mouse button, click and drag the instrument into your current kit. The instrument will be added to the drumkit that you currently have loaded.

(Adding) User Drumkits These are your own drum kits that you can manage yourself. They are usually stored in$HOME/.hydrogen/data/drumkits. When you are creating a new drumkit, you can save it here by selectingInstruments → Save library.

You can import existing drumkits from other users via Instruments → Import library. The Import window will pop up with the Internet tab selected. By default the link to the drumkit list (on hydrogen-music.org) will be filled in, and after pressing the 'Update list' button you will get a complete list of all drumkits that are available for download. In the status column you can see if a kit is installed or not.

Figure 2.11. Import Drumkit

If you select one of the drumkits you will see info about this kit in the right pane of the Import window : name, description, author and also the license type.

Warning If you are using Hydrogen for commercial purposes, (creating songs and selling these on-line or in any other way) you need to pay special attention to the license type of the drumkit(s) you are using.

If the exact license is not available for a drumkit, do _NOT_ assume that it is a CC (or other open and free license type).

Even if the kit is CC licensed you should always check with the author before using the kit in your songs.

DISCLAIMER : hydrogen is not responsible for the drumkits that are made available for download by our users, either via the hydrogen-music.org site or via any other channel.

You can install a drumkit by selecting it and clicking 'Download and Install'.

Once the kit has been downloaded it will be available in the Sound Library under User drumkits.

Songs in the Sound Library To save songs in the Sound Library, put them in your data directory underneath the songs folder (usually$HOME/.hydrogen/data/songs). To remove them, remove the file from that folder.

Patterns in the Sound Library Before you save your favorite patterns to the sound library, be sure to edit it's properties by right-clicking and selecting Properties. There, you can give the pattern a title and a category. You can use one of the categories already provided, or create your own categories by simply typing in a category name. The category name is important, because the patterns will be filed by category in the Sound Library.

You can save your favorite patterns in the sound library by right clicking the title of the pattern in the song editor, and selecting Save Pattern. It will appear in the Sound Library underneath Patterns and the category that you assigned to the pattern.

Drumkits and Instrument Editing Concepts The synthesizer in Hydrogen is a sample-based synthesizer. A sample is a piece of pre-recorded audio (usually between .1 sec and 3 sec). To play a note, the sample is simply played back at the right time. There's a few concepts and terms that you should understand when you are putting together a drumkit. (See Glossaryfor more detailed explanations.)

Sampling Synthesizer Terms Sample

A short recording of a sound, typically between .1 and 3.0 seconds long.

Gain

Volume adjustment.

Velocity

How hard you hit a note.

ADSR Envelope Generator

An Attack/Decay/Sustain/Release envelope generator. After you trigger a note, Hydrogen will attack the note by increasing its volume from 0 to the full velocity of the note. After reaching full velocity, it willdecay the note by lowering the volume until it reaches the sustain level. When the note is released, Hydrogen reduces the volume from the sustain level back down to 0. See ADSR Envelope for more info

Attack

The amount of time to go from 0 to full velocity.

Decay

The amount of time to go from full velocity to the sustain volume.

Sustain

The level (how loud) to hold the note between the sustain and the release. It is a percentage of the velocity. It does not depend on time.

Release

The amount of time to go from the sustain volume back down to 0.

Typical samples that are used in Hydrogen are: the sound of a single drum hit, the sound of a single cymbal hit, the sound of a single cowbell hit. Whenever you put a note in the pattern (or play a note using MIDI), Hydrogen will play whatever sound you have loaded. So, to put together a drum kit you need to gather short recordings of the bass drum, each tom, each cymbal, the high hat open, the high hat closed, the snare drum (snare on), the snare drum (snare off), rim shots, etc.

However, there are no rules about what a sample can be. It's not uncommon to use Hydrogen to trigger non-drum sounds like: audio clips of people talking, a clip from a song, sound effects, audio clips from movies, and famous people speaking. Be creative!

Creating a New Drumkit In the next paragraphs we will show you how to create a complete drumkit. Keeping in mind the 'Soundlibrary hierarchy' (see Figure 2.9, “Soundlibrary/Drumkit hierarchy”) we will use a top-down approach, so we will start at the Drumkit level and work our way down to the samples.

Creating a new drumkit with Hydrogen is done with the Instrument Editor. Using the instrument editor you can load samples, set envelope parameters, set the gain, and a few other advanced features like mute groups, low-pass resonance filter, and pitch randomization.

TIP : Instead of creating your own drumkit, you can also use or download existing drumkits using the the section called “Sound Library (Drumkit/Pattern/Song Manager)”.

Lets make a brand new drum kit :

• select Instruments → Clear All . This will give you a bank of 32 blank instruments. To delete instruments, right-click on on each instrument and select Delete Instrument. To add more instruments, select Instruments → Add instrument .

• Select an instrument to start editing it. This is done by left-clicking on the name of the instrument in the instrument list (at the left). You will notice that the name of the instrument in the Instrument Editor matches the one that you clicked.

• After you have your drum kit working the way you want, select Instruments → Save library . It will ask you for the name of the kit to save. If you wish to overwrite an existing kit, you will need to type in the same name as the kit that you want to replace.

• Drumkits are automatically stored in the data directory (i.e. $HOME/.hydrogen/data/drumkits).

• To export a drumkit (for sharing with others), it must first be loaded into your Sound Library. Then, selectInstruments → Export library from the menu. Select the drum kit that you wish to export, and give it a file name to save it to.

Instrument Parameters In the instrument editor, click on the General button. Here you can adjust several parameters that are apply to the whole instrument (not for each layer).

Figure 2.12. The Instrument editor General view

The parameters that you can adjust are:

• Envelope parameters: Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release. (See Envelope Generator)

• Gain: The overall volume of the instrument.

• Mute Group: Which mute group this instrument is a member of (see Mute Group).

• Filter Parameters: Bypass, Cutoff, Resonance.

• Random Pitch

It's important that you understand the section called “Concepts” in order to continue on.

Envelope Parameters

When the instrument is triggered, its volume is run through an ADSR Envelope. The parameters operate as follows:

• Attack — the amount of time that the volume of the sample goes from 0 to the full velocity of the note. If the value is 0, the sample will play immediately at full velocity. If the value is 1.0, the sample volume will use the maximum time available for the attack parameter. [1]

• Decay — the amount of time for the volume of the sample to go from full velocity down to the sustain volume. If the value is 0, the sample will immediately skip from the attack volume to the sustain volume. If the value is 1.0, the sample volume will use the maximum time available for the decay parameter.[1]

• Sustain — the volume to play the note after the decay phase is over, and until the note is released. If set to 0, the note will be silent. If set to 1.0, the note will play at full velocity.

• Release — the time to fade out the note from the sustain volume back down to 0 (silent). If set to 0, the note will fade out in the minimum amount of time (about 5 ms). If set to 1, it will fade out for the maximum time available.[1]

If the sample is shorter than the times that you specify, the sample will end, regardless of which phase of the ADSR it is in. If the note is sustained, it does not draw out the note while you are holding it. It only holds the gain (volume) parameter during that time.

Gain and Mute Group

The gain sets the overall volume for the sample. This gain is applied after the gain that you set for the layer, and before the gain that is set for the mixer. If the Gain is 0, the instrument will be silent. If the gain is 1.0 the volume of the samples will not be adjusted (i.e. 0 dB). If the gain is set higher, the samples will be amplified.

Warning It is very easy to set the Gain too high, causing your sample to clip. Remember to test the gain with full-velocity notes. If you clip your signal here, it will only get worse as Hydrogen processes it.

Hydrogen provides more mute groups than you know what to do with (over 256). A mute group is a grouping of instruments that are mutually exclusive — only one instrument may be playing at any time. If one is playing and another instrument in the group is triggered, it will immediately silence (mute) and start playing the other instrument. This is useful, especially, for instruments like hi-hats where the open sound and the closed sound are different instruments.

If the mute group is set to Off, then the instrument is not part of any mute grouping. If the mute group is set to any number, then that is the group that the instrument is a part of. To set other instruments into the same grouping, set their mute group parameter to the same number. (For example, to group all the high-hat instruments, you can set all their mute group parameters to 1. To have a snare drum mute group, set their mute group parameters to 2.)

Filter and Random Pitch

The filter is a low-pass resonance filter. If you don't wish to use is, click the BYPass button so that it's red. If it's not red, then the filter is active. The cutoff parameter adjusts the cutoff frequency for the filter. The resonance parameter adjusts how much to resonate the cutoff frequency. If the resonance is set to 0, then the filter is just a simple low-pass filter.

Note The cutoff frequency of the filter varies with the sample rate of your audio card. The range of the knob (0 to 1.0) is optimized for a 48,000 kHz sample rate.

The random pitch parameter allows you to randomly vary the pitch of the sample every time it is triggered. The value is set between 0 and 1.0. The pitch change is fairly small: ±2 half-steps × value. Using this sparingly can help your sequences to sound more like a real drummer.

Creating an Instrument and Layers For each instrument in a drum kit, you can load several samples and set different synthesizer parameters. This section will step you through how to create a new instrument and load the samples.

To begin creating an instrument, select Instruments → Add instrument. This will give you a blank instrument to start from.

Now, you need two samples. Any .WAV or .FLAC file will do. Hydrogen provides several in the data/drumkitsdirectory.

In the instrument editor, click on Layers. You can layer several samples into the instrument. Which one is played depends on the velocity of the incoming note. Click Load Layer and point the Audio File Browser to your sample. Note that the Audio File Browser will allow you to preview the sample before you load it. It will also allow you to load more than one sample at a time. But for now, only load one.

After you load the sample, you'll see that there is now a 1 at the top, and the topmost rectangle has turned light blue. To load a second sample, click the slot just below it, and then click Load Layer to bring in another sample.

After bringing in both samples, you'll probably notice that only the first sample is being played whenever you trigger the instrument. This is because you need to set the velocity ranges for the layers. Move your mouse to the sides of the light blue rectangles and you see that you get a left-right drag cursor. Now drag the sample to the left or right (like a curtain). You will now see Layer 2 appear.

Figure 2.13. The Instrument editor Layers view

The velocity setting for the layer is 0-velocity on the left, and full velocity on the right. Set up Layer 1 to sound for soft notes, and Layer 2 to sound for hard notes. (I.e. Layer 1 on the left and Layer 2 on the right.)

Now, in the pattern area, set up a simple pattern that plays this instrument. Adjust the velocity settings on each note so that you can get the different samples to sound. Now set the pattern to loop and notice how your different samples are getting triggered. (To learn about editing a pattern, see the section called “Pattern Editor”)

For each layer, you can set the Gain and the Pitch. The pitch also has a Fine adjustment.

Use the Gain adjustment to control how loud the sample will play. This is necessary because it's extremely difficult to get a set of samples that all sound at about the same volume. By adjusting here, the samples that were recorded too quietly can be turned up to match your loud samples (that had to be turned down).

Warning It is very easy to set the Gain too high, causing your sample to clip. Remember to test the gain with full-velocity notes. If you clip your signal here, it will only get worse as Hydrogen processes it.

The pitch of the sample can be modified with the pitch controls. The Pitch knob adjust the pitch in musical half-steps. (So, -12 is down 1 octave). The pitch on the right adjusts the pitch ±50 cents. (One half-step is 100 cents.)

Note The pitch is adjusted by playing the sample back faster or slower. This is called the Doppler Effect. So, if you have a 1-second sample that you turn down -12 (1 octave), your sample will only last for .5-seconds. If you do not want this to happen you should use rubberband instead (see the section called “Sample Editor rubberband”)

You can hear the sample in a layer by clicking the layer id (just below the 'General' and 'Layers' buttons) and the 'Delete Layer' button will delete the currently selected layer.

Sample Editor So far we have created a multilayered Drumkit, set a number of instrument parameters, played with velocity settings and so on. Now it's time to go one step deeper and edit the samples using one of the newest Hydrogen features : the Sample Editor.

The Sample Editor allows you to tweak and manipulate your samples. This is a function that will really speed up the creation of a drumkit since you can do the fine-tunning of the sample within Hydrogen. In pre-0.9.5 builds the typical workflow would be to prepare your sample in an external sound editor, import the sample in Hydrogen, test it, go back to the audio editor, import again, test ... The sample editor allows you to do most of the sample manipulation within Hydrogen. This mean less switching between Hydrogen and your audio editor and more time to make music !

NOTE : the changes you make to your samples in the Sample Editor are non-destructive and are saved per song. So the original sample will not be changed, and you can reuse the same sample in multiple songs with different Sample Editor settings.

Figure 2.14. The Sample Editor

The Sample Editor consists of 3 sections (as indicated in the figure above):

Sample Editor in/out points

In this section you can set the start, stop and loop points for the sample by dragging the the 3 markers :

• S-marker (green) : indicates the Start-point (in-point) of the sample.

• E-marker (red) : indicates the End-point (out-point) of the sample.

• L-marker (blue) : determines the loop-in point of your sample

You can easily move one of the markers by grabbing them close to the letter that marks them. Whenever you grab one of the markers you will see a detail view of the position of that marker on the second (smaller) window on the right, making it

easy to find the zero-crossings in the sample. This detail window also has a slider next to it that allows you to zoom in and out on the vertical axis. Think of it as a sort of volume 'zoom'.

Underneath these 2 windows you can find (from left>right) : the position of the Start marker, the position of the Loop marker, the Loop mode, the number of loops and the position of the End marker. The position of the markers is expressed in number of samples from the very beginning of the sample. These values will change if you drag the markers, but you can also fine-tune the marker position by using the up/down arrows of the spinboxes, the up/down keys on your keyboard, or by using your mouse scroll wheel while hovering above the spinboxes.

Apart from the marker positions there are 2 settings that apply to the Sample Editor's loop function : loop mode and loop number. With the loop function you can repeat the part of your sample that is in between the Loop- and the End-marker.. The way it is looped is determined by the Loop mode (forward, revers or ping-pong) and the number of times it is looped is determined by the Loop number.

If you want to hear a preview of the tweaking you have done so far, you first need to press the 'Apply Changes' button (@ the bottom of section 3) and then the Play button to hear the result.

Sample Editor rubberband

This section of the Sample Editor allows you to control the Rubberband settings. Rubberband is a tool that can change the tempo of a sample without changing the sample's pitch (and vice versa).

If you are using Ubuntu you can install rubberband from the Software Center (rubberband-cli). For other linux distros check your package manager. For other platforms please check the rubberband site . After installing rubberband you should check if the path to the rubberband cli is configured correctly (see the section called “The General tab”).

If rubberband is installed correctly you will have access to the rubberband settings, and an extra button named 'RUB' will be available in the Main Toolbar, right of the BPM LCD display :

Back to the rubberband settings :

o Sample length to beat : when set to 'off' rubberband functionality is disabled. Normally this parameter should be set to the length of the part of the sample between the Start and End marker, expressed in number of beats.

o Pitch : this setting allows you to change the pitch of the sample, expressed in semitones,cent.

o Crispness : this setting does not affect tempo or pitch, but changes the way the sample sounds.

Note : If you want Hydrogen to recalculate the sample length on the fly (using rubberband) you must enable the 'RUB' button (see figure above).

Sample Editor volume/pan

In the bottom section of the Sample Editor you can see the end result of the tweaks you have made by pressing the Apply Changes button. You can also change the the Volume and Panorama (Pan) of your sample here. This is done by creating 'envelopes' like the ones you find in numerous DAW's for (parameter) automation. To edit an envelope you first need to select 'Volume' or 'Panorama'in the upper right corner of section 3. The Volume envelope is blue, the pan envelope is yellow. Left clicking in the bottom window will ad a node to an envelope, and also allows you to drag an existing node. Right-clicking a node will delete it. Don't forget to Apply Changes before you play your tweaked sample.

Tips on Editing Instruments With all of the different parameters available to tweak, it can be difficult to set up something that sounds nice when you're done. Here's a few tips on setting up an instrument:

Turn down the gain. Every time you have a gain knob (i.e. an amplifier), this is called a gain stage. With every gain stage you have, it's easy to overdrive your signal — which means the signal gets distorted by clipping. In addition, if you have two samples that, by themselves, peg your meters — what do you think happens when you combine them? That's right, you overdrive the signal again.

If things sound bad and distorted, start by turning down the gain setting on the layer... especially if it's larger than 1.0. Then turn down the instrument gain. Then any gain on a LADSPA effect. Then the fader on the mixer. Then the master output fader.

Test samples at full velocity. Your sample will be played louder if the velocity is higher. So, if you set everything to sound nice and full with velocity at 0.7, what will happen when you get a full velocity of 1.0? (Hint: clipping.)

Try to use samples that are -6 dB max. Visually, this means samples that peak at only 1/2 of full scale. Otherwise, turn your layer gain to about .5.

Remove all DC offsets from the sample. In a sample editor, there is usually a line down the center of your sample's waveform. This is the zero-line. The beginning of your sample should be on this line. The end of your sample should also be on this line. However, if your signal is a little above or a little below this line, you will hear a click at the beginning and the end of your sample whenever it is played. If your sample editor doesn't provide any tools to fix a DC Offset problem, you can eliminate the noise by putting a slight fade-in/out at the ends of your sample.

The ADSR will not be longer than your sample. If you have a short sample, it doesn't matter how long you set the attack and delay — the sample will stop playing at the end.

Things change with the sample rate. If you have a really nice setup with all your parameters painstakenly tweaked... things will change if you change the sample rate of your audio card. Many of Hydrogens internal settings and parameters are done based on how many samples go by, and not on how many seconds go by. The sort of things that change are: anything time-base (like attack and release) and anything frequency based (like the cutoff frequency).

Midi actions In this section you can find more info about defining MIDI actions and how these can be useful for you. Before you can work with midi actions you should have your Midi devices, drivers and connections configured correctly (see the section called “The Midi System tab”)

Lets take a look at the available actions :

An Event is an incoming Midi message, and the Action describes what Hydrogen should do whenever that Event is detected.

If you take a look at the Events list you will see that there are 3 types of Events available (as described in the Midi standard):

o NOTE : input coming from a regular black/white key of a keyboard or a drumpad

o CC : controller commands coming from faders or rotary controllers

o MMC_x : machine control events coming from play/stop... buttons on a controller

The Param. (parameter) value right of the Event is the identifier of the note/button/controller that is linked to this Action. This parameter can be entered manually, or automatically by using the Midi learn function (see the section called “The Midi System tab”).

Note You can also activate the Midi learn function by Shift-clicking most of the gui elements. A 'Waiting for Midi input...' popup informs you that Hydrogen is now waiting for you to press a key or turn/move a controller.

If you Shift-click on a gui element that does not support Midi automation a popup will inform you about this.

Next is a list if the available Actions :

o PLAY : start playback

o PLAY/STOP_TOGGLE : toggles between PLAY and STOP. Execute this action will start playback, execute it again and playback will stop + the playhead will return to the start op the song.

o PLAY/PAUSE_TOGGLE : toggles between PLAY and PAUSE. (the playhead will not return to the start of the song, but will stay at its current position)

o STOP : stop playback and return to the start of the song

o PAUSE : pause the song

o MUTE : mutes the the Master output

o UNMUTE : unmutes the Master output

o MUTE_TOGGLE : toggles between MUTE and UNMUTE

o NEXT_BAR : jumps to the next bar in the song

o PREVIOUS_BAR : jumps to the previous bar in the song

o BPM_INCR : increments the tempo of the song

o BPM_DECR : decrements the tempo of the song

o BPM_CC_RELATIVE : change the tempo relative to the current tempo, using a controller

o MASTER_VOLUME_RELATIVE : changes the Master output volume, relative to the current setting (if you are using rotary encoders)

o MASTER_VOLUME_ABSOLUTE : changes the Master output volume to the absolute value of the midi control (use with midi fader)

o STRIP_VOLUME_RELATIVE : see MASTER_VOLUME_RELATIVE, but applies to the channel strip defined in the Action Parameter.

o STRIP_VOLUME_ABSOLUTE : see MASTER_VOLUME_ABSOLUTE, but applies to the channel strip defined in the Action Parameter.

o EFFECTx_LEVEL_RELATIVE : changes the volume level of an effect

o SELECT_NEXT_PATTERN : will select the pattern that is defined in the Action Parameter.

Note that the reference to the pattern is zero-based : pattern1=0, pattern2=1 ...

o SELECT_AND_PLAY_NEXT_PATTERN : combines the SELECT_NEXT_PATTERN with PLAY

o PAN_RELATIVE : will change the panorama setting, relative to the current value

o PAN_ABSOLUTE : will change the panorama setting to the absolute value that the linked controller sends to Hydrogen

o BEATCOUNTER : allows you to set the tempo (see the section called “Tap Tempo and BeatCounter”

o TAP_TEMPO : allows you to set the tempo (see the section called “Tap Tempo and BeatCounter”

o SELECT_INSTRUMENT : selects one of the instruments in the drumkit

[1] The attack, decay, and release parameters are all set by the number of audio samples. This means that the time changes depending on the sample rate of your sound card. The max time for each of them is 100,000 audio samples (typ. 2.27 sec at 44.1 kHz).

Chapter 3. A new song "Song" mode and "Pattern" mode This is just a quick-and-dirty walkthrough to Hydrogen. Refer to the tutorial for a more detailed overview.

Hydrogen has 2 main modes: "Pattern" mode and "Song" mode (refer to the section called “The main toolbar”for the buttons to activate). When "Pattern" mode is activated the current pattern is continuously repeated. This mode is very well suited to tweak your pattern untill it's just right, since the pattern you are working on is constantly repeated. This way you can immediately hear the changes you have made. In "Song" mode the whole song is played. This is useful when putting together the patterns, to create the structure of the song.

A new pattern We'll start from an empty song with an empty pattern, as created by default: "pattern" mode should be selected now. It is also possible to change name of the pattern. Now let's click on the “Play” button and while the pattern is playing let's add notes in the grid of the Song Editor (Figure 3.1, “The Pattern Editor”) simply left_mouse_clicking on it: adjust grid resolution and BPM speed if needed. Remember some constraints of the grid: if you are working with a resolution of 16 you can't go back to 8 and remove a 16th note; same thing happens if you are working with a resolution of 8 and you try to insert a note in the middle of two bars (looking for a 16 bars precision): they will be placed on the previous or on the following 8th bar (unless you choose “off”from the Grid Resolution LCD, in this case you're free to place notes wherever you prefer). Be sure to select the correct pattern in the Song Editor before adding notes in the Pattern Editor!

Figure 3.1. The Pattern Editor

A new sequence

Once patterns are created (Figure 3.2, “Inserting Notes in a Pattern”with the mouse (activate the select mode for the Song Editor and keep pressed left mouse button to select those you wantto move or copy).

Figure 3.2. Inserting Notes in a Pattern

Adjust from the mixer Of course we can always use the mixer window, either when creating or playing patterns.

The Mixer frame (Figure 3.3, “The Mixer”) is made of 32 independent tracks, each ofplus a "Master Output" line to adjust general output volume and a "FX" button to set effects. Every line features 3 buttons( ), pan adjust ( ), current maximum peak, volume fader and name of the track. Clicking onthe selected instrument, cutting the others. The "Mute" buttonindicates the maximum volume reached from the instrument; the peak must be in a range of 0.0 and 1.0 (in“The Mixer” you can see a few volumes too loud), otherwise it will get distorted producing a weird sound (especially withOSS audio driver), in this case it's better to set volume down; keep an eye on each vu

Figure 3.3. The Mixer

Chapter 4. Shortcut lists o [CTRL + N] = New Project

o [CTRL + O] = Open File

o [CTRL + D] = Open Demo

Figure 3.2, “Inserting Notes in a Pattern”), we can copy/paste/delete them simply draggingwith the mouse (activate the select mode for the Song Editor and keep pressed left mouse button to select those you want

can always use the mixer window, either when creating or playing patterns.

) is made of 32 independent tracks, each of these is binded to an instrument,plus a "Master Output" line to adjust general output volume and a "FX" button to set effects. Every line features 3 buttons

), current maximum peak, volume fader and name of the track. Clicking onthe selected instrument, cutting the others. The "Mute" button , simply mute that instrument. The maximum peakindicates the maximum volume reached from the instrument; the peak must be in a range of 0.0 and 1.0 (in

you can see a few volumes too loud), otherwise it will get distorted producing a weird sound (especially withvolume down; keep an eye on each vu-meter.

copy/paste/delete them simply dragging with the mouse (activate the select mode for the Song Editor and keep pressed left mouse button to select those you want

these is binded to an instrument, plus a "Master Output" line to adjust general output volume and a "FX" button to set effects. Every line features 3 buttons

), current maximum peak, volume fader and name of the track. Clicking on will play instrument. The maximum peak

indicates the maximum volume reached from the instrument; the peak must be in a range of 0.0 and 1.0 (in Figure 3.3, you can see a few volumes too loud), otherwise it will get distorted producing a weird sound (especially with

o [CTRL + S] = Save File

o [CTRL + SHIFT + S] = Save File as

o [CTRL + P] = Export Pattern as

o [CTRL + M] = Export MIDI file

o [CTRL + E] = Export Song

o [CTRL + Q] = Quit Hydrogen

o [ALT + D] = Show Director window

o [ALT + M] = Show Mixer window

o [ALT + I] = Show Instrument rack

o [ALT + P] = Show Preferences window

o [CTRL + ?] = Show manual

o [Backspace] = Restart song or pattern from the beginning

o [spacebar] = Play / Pause

o [,] (comma key) = Tap tempo (beatcounter)

Glossary This is a glossary of general terms encountered when using Hydrogen, synthesizers, drums, or samplers. The definitions in the text are simplified, but the definitions here are more general and have more explanation. For example, the text of the manual would have you believe that an ADSR is the only kind of envelope generator, and could only ever control the volume. While it's simple for new users, it's not quite right.

ADSR

A type of envelope generator that allows you to control the Attack, Decay, Sustain, and Releaseparameters. Generally, the parameters are proportional to the velocity.

In Hydrogen, the ADSR envelope generator only controls the volume (attenuation).

Read more about this in the Wikipedia Article ADSR Envelope

See Also Envelope Generator, Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release.

Attack

This is the first phase of an ADSR envelope, and is the amount of time to turn the parameter up from 0 to full velocity after triggering the note.

See Also ADSR.

Attenuation

In filters and mixers, this the amount that a signal is reduced (volume).

See Also Roll-off.

Band-Pass Filter

A filter that preserves a certain band of frequencies, and attenuates (silences) all others. This is often done by combining a high-pass and a low-pass filter.

See Also Filter, High-Pass Filter, Low-Pass Filter.

Clipping

A phenomenon that happens to a signal when the signal is too large for whatever is receiving it. The peaks of the signal (which are normally smooth curves) get cut off straight at the max volume (clipped). This distorts the sound and is usually undesirable.

An example of clipping is when you play music louder than your speaker can handle. Parts of the music sound harsh and fuzzy.

Cutoff Frequency

On high-pass and low-pass filters, this is the frequency that divides between those that pass, and those that are attenuated (silenced). In a high-pass resonance filter, or a low-pass resonance filter, the cutoff is also the frequency zone that gets boosted.

For example, if you have a low-pass filter and you set the cutoff frequency high (i.e. 20kHz)... the filter will not affect the sound. All the audible frequencies will pass through undisturbed. As you lower the cutoff frequency to something like 40 Hz (the low string on a bass guitar), it sounds like someone is putting a blanket over the speaker. The higher frequencies are being attenuated above 30 Hz.

See Also Filter, High-Pass Filter, Low-Pass Filter, Resonance Filter.

Decay

After reaching full velocity from the attack, this is the amount of time to turn the parameter down from full velocity to the sustain level.

See Also ADSR.

Envelope Generator

A way to control (change) a parameter over time as a response to triggering, holding, and releasing a note.

Did your eyes just glaze over? Let's try again:

Imagine that you're playing a note on the keyboard and you have your other hand on a knob (volume, filter cutoff, etc.). As you play the note, you twist the knob (often up, then down... or down, then up). You do the same thing on each note. That's what an envelope generator does. See also ADSR

Fader

A slider control used to adjust the attenuation (volume) in a mixer. Faders always have an "audio" taper, which means that the attenuation amount changes on an exponential scale.

Filter

A device that changes a sound by attenuating specific frequencies. A tone knob is an example of a simple, low-pass filter.

See Also Band-Pass Filter, High-Pass Filter, Low-Pass Filter, Resonance Filter.

Gain

In an amplifier, this adjust how much (or how little) a signal is amplified (volume). A higher gain value is a louder signal.

High-Pass Filter

A filter that attenuates (silences) low frequencies, but allows high frequencies to pass through.

See Also Filter, Cutoff Frequency.

Instrument

In Hydrogen, an instrument is a single noise-maker (like a bass drum kick, or a tom).

Layer

In an instrument you can load several different samples (each one called a layer), and have a different sample play depending on the velocity of the note. Only one sample at a time will play.

Suppose you have a sample of a floor tom being struck softly. If you simply play the sample louder — it will not sound the same as a real tom that has been struck very hard. If you wish to mimic this in your instrument, you can load one sample for soft playing, and a different sample for loud playing.

See Also Instrument.

Low-Pass Filter

A filter that attenuates (silences) high frequencies, but allows low frequencies to pass through.

See Also Filter, Cutoff Frequency.

Mute

To make no noise. A setting on an instrument that prevents any audio output.

Mute Group

A group of instruments (samples) that should mute (stop playing) immediately after another instrument in the group is triggered.

This is typically used in hi-hats, where there's a different instrument (sample) for when the hi-hat is open or closed. With a real hi-hat, the sound of the open hi-hat will stop as soon as you close it. However, if you use two samples — the open sound will continue even after you have triggered the closed sound. By placing both instruments in the same mute group (group #1, for example)... triggering closed sound will immediately stop the open sound (and vice versa).

Octave

A span of frequencies where the top-most frequency is exactly twice the frequency of the bottom frequency.

For example, the range 20 Hz to 40 Hz is an octave. So is 120 Hz to 240 Hz, and 575 Hz to 1150 Hz. While the frequency differences are very different (20 Hz, 120 Hz, and 575 Hz, respectively), to the human ear they sound like the same distance.

Release

After the note is released, this is the amount of time to reduce the parameter from the sustain level to 0.

See Also ADSR.

Resonance

When referring to a resonance filter, this is the parameter that determines how much of a boost (gain) to give the frequencies at the cutoff.

See Also Resonance Filter.

Resonance Filter

A filter that gives a large boost to a very narrow range of frequencies. Typically it will be part of a high-pass or a low-pass filter, where the boosted frequencies are centered on the cut-off frequency.

See Also Filter, Cutoff Frequency, Resonance.

Roll-off

This is the amount that frequencies are attenuated (suppressed) as the frequency changes (typically measured in dB/octave).

For example, in a low-pass filter the frequencies below the cutoff frequency are not attenuated (they pass-through with the same volume). Same with the cutoff frequency. As you go above the cutoff frequency, the frequencies that are near the cutoff frequency are not attenuated very much at all. However, the frequencies that are much higher than the cutoff are attenuated (suppressed) a lot. This is usually approximated by a straight line (on a log scale) and measured in in dB of attenuation per octave of frequency.

See Also Attenuation, Filter.

Sample

A short recording of a sound, typically between .1 and 3.0 seconds long.

Sustain

The level to hold the parameter after finishing the decay time. This level will be maintained until the not is released.

See Also ADSR.

Velocity

How hard you hit a note.

MIDI devices are required to send this information along with the note. Synthesizers use this information to adjust several parameters on the sample (typically the volume). In Hydrogen, it is only used to adjust how loud the sample is played back.