Hydrogen Fuel Cells April 5, 2004

Gary Flomenhoft,BSME, MAPP, CEEResearch AssociateGund Institute, SNR

Owner: InnEVations.com

ENERGY STORAGE

Performance of Energy Storage Systems

Fuel Specific Energy

Wh/kg

Gasoline 12,300

Natural gas 9,300

Hydrogen 33,000

Lead-acid battery 30

Advanced Lead Acid 48

Gasoline:C8H18

ENERGY STORAGE

Performance of Advanced EV Battery SystemsEnergy Density

Wh/kg

Power Density

W/kgLife

Cycles

Lead-acid battery 30 150 300Advanced Lead Acid 48 150 800 GM Ovonic nickel metal hydride

70 220 >600

SAFT nickel metal hydride 70 150 1,500 SAFT lithium ion 120 230 600 Lithium polymer 150 350 <600 Evercel Nickel-zinc 60 255 500Zinc-Air 160-220 low ?Composite Flywheels 120Supercapacitors

Source:

USABC

and others

SOURCE:

ELECTRIC

STORAGE ASSOC.

LITHIUM-ION BATTERY

COMPOSITE FLYWHEELS

SOURCE:

ELECTRIC

STORAGE ASSOC.

SUPERCAPACITORS

SOURCE:

ELECTRIC

STORAGE ASSOC.

ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL

SOURCE:

ELECTRIC

STORAGE ASSOC.

SOURCE:

METALLIC POWER.COM

MECHANICAL RECHARGE

ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL

SOURCE:

ELECTRIC

STORAGE ASSOC.

ENERGY DENSITY BY WEIGHT AND VOLUME

Passenger car emissions reduction HC CO NOxTLEV- Transitional Low-Emission Vehicle

50% NR NR

LEV- Low-Emission Vehicle 70% NR 50%

ULEV- Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (50% cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle. )

85% 50% 50%

SULEV- Super-Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (90% cleaner than 2003 average)

96% 70% 95%

PZEV-Partial Zero-Emission-Vehicle

96% 70% 95%SULEV & 15 year/150K mile warranty and 0 evaporative emissions.

AT PZEV-Advanced Technology PZEV (CNG, hybrid-electric, methanol, fuel cell)

96% 70% 95%PZEV & and include advanced technology components.

ZEV-Zero-Emission Vehicles (98%

cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle.)

100% 100% 100%

CARB DEFINITIONS

CLEANER

What is a Fuel Cell Vehicle?

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2004 FORD

The Ford Focus FCV fuel cell system is efficient, quiet, and produces zero emissions. Ford has announced plans to have a three year demonstration program of 5-10 fleet vehicles in Vancouver, Canada in 2004.

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 Honda

Honda is delivering a family of new FCX fuel-cell vehicles to its first customer, the city of Los Angeles. Honda plans to lease approximately 30 fuel-cell cars in California and Japan during the next several years. The fuel-cell itself is propelled by electricity generated by a hydrogen-oxygen chemical reaction—and its only emission, remarkably, is water vapor.

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 TOYOTA

Its only exhaust is water vapor. Its secret? A hydrogen fuel cell that harnesses the electricity of separated atoms and molecules as they strive to be electrically balanced. Developed entirely in-house, FCHV-4 shows Toyota on the leading edge of fuel-cell technology.

(NOT AVAILABLE)

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-NISSAN

X-TRAIL FCVNissan is actively developing fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) that have low environmental impact and save energy. Commercialization is scheduled for 2003.(?????)

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-GM

The Hy-wire has no internal combustion engine, instrument panel, brake or accelerator pedals – but it does have ample power supplied by a GM fuel cell that runs on hydrogen.

PROTOTYPE

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-HYUNDAI

HYDROGEN FUEL CELL OPERATION

SOURCE:

Schatz Energy Lab

Humboldt State U.

PEM HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

SOURCE:

Schatz Energy Lab

Humboldt State U.

PEM= Proton Exchange Membrane (“Nafion”tm)

SOME SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT HYDROGEN

A) HYDROGEN STORES & TRANSPORTS ENERGY. A CARRIER NOT A SOURCE.

A) BATTERIES

Where does hydrogen come from?Fossil: nat gas, propane, gasoline, methanol

Renewable: electric wind, solar, etc. electrolyze waterMethane (CH4), methanol(CH3OH), ammonia(NH3?)

Q1) IS HYDROGEN A revolutionary NEW ENERGY SOURCE?

Q2) WHICH IS MORE EFFICIENT, FUEL CELL OR BATTERIES?

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

oil (gasoline) -> IC engine 15%

H2 Fuel Cell Efficiency

BATTERY POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLEOil-> power plant -> electricity ~=45%transmission~=80%battery charging ~=80%electric drive system ~=80%

.45 x .8 x .8 x .8 = 23%

FUEL CELL POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLEOil-> power plant-> electricity~=45%electricity transmission ~=80%H2 electrolyzer max efficiency ~=70%H2 fuel cell max efficiency ~=50%Electric drive system ~=80%

.45 x .8 x .7 x .5 x .8 = 10%

SOLAR FUEL CELLS ?

SOURCE:

Schatz Energy Lab

Humboldt State U.

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