Hydrogen and Fuel Cells--Emerging Technology and...

HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues

June5,2017

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Hydrogen and Fuel Cells -Emerging Technology and Safety-Related IssuesNick BariloPNNL Hydrogen Safety Program ManagerNFPA Conference and Expo Boston, MA, June 5, 2017

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WhoarethePacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory(PNNL)andtheHydrogenSafetyPanel(HSP)?

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PNNL’sHydrogenSafetyResources

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▶ IdentifySafety-RelatedTechnicalDataGaps▶ ReviewSafetyPlansandProjectDesigns▶ PerformSafetyEvaluationSiteVisits▶ ProvideTechnicalOversightforOtherProgramAreas

▶ HydrogenLessonsLearned▶ HydrogenBestPractices▶ HydrogenToolsWebPortal(http://h2tools.org)

▶ OnlineAwarenessTraining▶ Operations-LevelClassroom/Hands-OnTraining▶ NationalHydrogenandFuelCellEmergencyResponseTraining

Resource

HYDROGENSafety Panel

HYDROGENTools

HYDROGENEmergency Response Training Resources

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OverviewoftheHydrogenSafetyPanel

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CurrentHydrogenSafetyPanelMembership▶ Formedin2003tosupportU.S.DOEHydrogenandFuelCellsProgram

▶ 400+yearsofexperience,representingmanyhydrogensectorsandtechnicalareasofexpertise

▶ Completedover465safetyreviewscoveringvehiclefuelingstations,auxiliarypower,backuppower,combinedheatandpower,industrialtruckfueling,portablepowerandR&Dactivities

▶ Produceswhitepapersandindustryguides▶ Supportsthedevelopmentand

disseminationofsafetyknowledgethroughtheHydrogenToolsPortal(h2tools.org)

▶ Conducted23HydrogenSafetyPanelmeetingssince2003,engagingabroadcross-sectionofthehydrogenandfuelcellcommunity

Name Affiliation

NickBarilo,Manager PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory

Richard Kallman,Chair

CityofSantaFeSprings, CA

EricBinder SantaMonica FireDepartment

KenBoyce ULLLC

DavidFarese AirProductsandChemicals

DonaldFrikken BechtEngineering

Livio Gambone CSA

AaronHarris Air Liquide

ChrisLaFleur SandiaNationalLaboratories

MiguelMaes NASA-JSCWhiteSandsTestFacility

SteveMathison HondaMotorCompany

Larry Moulthrop Proton OnSite

GlennScheffler GWSSolutionsofTolland

TomWitte WitteEngineeredGases

RobertZalosh Firexplo

Moreinformationisavailableathttp://www.h2tools.org/hspJune 5, 2017

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TheHydrogenSafetyPanelisateamofhighlyexperiencedindividualscreatedtoaddressconcernsabouthydrogenasasafeand sustainableenergycarrier.

PrincipalObjective:Promotethesafeoperation,handling, anduseofhydrogenandhydrogensystemsacrossallinstallationsandapplicationsby:

▶ identifyingandaddressingsafety-relatedtechnicaldatagaps;▶ makingdesign,construction,andoperationspersonnelawareofrelevantissuesand

bestpracticesthataffectsafeoperationandhandlingofhydrogenandrelatedsystems;and

▶ convincingdesign,construction,andoperationspersonneltogivesufficientprioritytosafetyintheirdaily,ongoingwork.

HydrogenSafetyPanelMission

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TheHydrogenSafetyPanelcontributestoitsobjectiveby:

▶ participatinginsafetyreviews;▶ providingsafetyplanning

guidance;▶ reviewingprojectdesigns

andsafetyplans;▶ sharingsafetyknowledge

andbestpractices;▶ presentingandrecognizing

safetyasapriority;and▶ participatinginincident

investigations.

HydrogenSafetyPanelActivities

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HydrogenSafetyPanelmembersattheCaliforniaFuelCellPartnershipinWestSacramento,CA,forthe21stmeeting.



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TopicsforToday’sPresentation

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▶︎FuelCellBasicsandApplications• PropertiesofHydrogen• PrimaryCodesandStandards• FundamentalSafetyConsiderations• HydrogenSafetyResources• ConcludingThoughts

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WhyFuelCells?

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Source:Toyota

VideodownloadURL:https://h2tools.org/sites/default/files/barilo/Intro_GameChanger.mp4

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WhyHydrogen?

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▶ Excellentenergycarrier▶ Nonpolluting▶ Economicallycompetitive▶ Assafeasgasoline▶ Usedsafelyforover80years▶ Producedfromavarietyof

sources

PhotocourtesyoftheCaliforniaFuelCellPartnership

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WhereDoWeGetHydrogenFrom?

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RenewableSources

Solar,wind,geothermal,hydro,biomass,algae

TraditionalSources

Naturalgas,gasoline,nuclear,coal

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PrivateIndustryHasUsedHydrogenSafelyForEightDecades

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▶︎ 9milliontons/yearhydrogenproducedandusedinUSA▶︎ 62milliontons/yearproducedglobally

PetroleumrefiningGlasspurification

AerospaceapplicationsFertilizers

Annealingandheattreatingmetals

Pharmaceuticalproducts

Petrochemicalmanufacturing

SemiconductorindustryHydrogenationofunsaturatedfattyacids

invegetableoilWelding

Coolantinpowergenerators

TheAirProductsandChemicalshydrogenproductionfacilitiesinPortArthur,Texas,isfundedbyDOEthroughthe2009RecoveryAct.|PhotocourtesyofAirProductsandChemicalshydrogenproductionfacilities.

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HowaHydrogenFuelCellWorks

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Source:http://www.toyota-global.com/

Howelectricityisgeneratedfromhydrogenandoxygeninafuelcell:1.Hydrogenissuppliedtotheanodeside(negativeelectrode).2.Hydrogenmoleculesactivatedbytheanodecatalystreleasetheirelectrons.3.Thereleasedelectronstravelfromtheanodetothecathode,creatinganelectricalcurrent.4.Thehydrogenmoleculesthatreleaseelectronsbecomehydrogenionsandmovethroughthepolymerelectrolytemembranetothecathodeside.5.Thehydrogenionsbondwithairborneoxygenandelectronsonthecathodecatalysttoformwater(positiveelectrode).

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FuelCellsHaveaBroadRangeofApplications

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▶︎ Transportation• Lightandmediumduty• Heavydutyandtransit• Auxiliarypower,refrigerationtrailers,trucks• Forklifts• Maritime

▶︎ Stationarypower• Backuppowerforcelltowersites• Combinedheatandpower• Datacenters,etc.

▶︎ Portablepower• Auxiliary powerunits• Lighttowers

PhotocourtesyofNuvera

PhotocourtesyofCellcom

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FuelCells- WhereareWeToday?

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▶︎ Thelargestmarketsforfuelcellstodayareinstationarypower,portablepower,auxiliarypowerunits,andforklifts.

▶︎ Morethan60,000fuelcells(300MWcapacity)shippedin2015(~aconsistent30%annualgrowthsince2010).

▶︎ Fuelcellscanbeacost-competitiveoptionforcritical-loadfacilities,backuppower,andforklifts.

FuelCellsforStationaryPower,AuxiliaryPower,andSpecialtyVehicles

Seealso:StateoftheStates:FuelCellsinAmerica2016,7thEditionhttps://tinyurl.com/mrj8spu

Source:TheBusinessCaseforFuelCells:DeliveringSustainableValue(http://www.fchea.org/s/2016-Business-Case-dwcy.pdf)

RecentActivities• HomeDepotnowcountry’slargest

stationaryfuelcellcustomer,withmorethan140sites

• IKEA installingfuelcellsat4morestoresinCaliforniaandoneinConnecticut

• eBay adding3.75MWtoitsUtahdatacenter,bringingitto~10MW

• Morethan15,000 fuelcell-forkliftsinoperationoronorder

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IndustrialTrucks

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▶︎ Forkliftsareequippedwithfuelcellsasareplacementfortraditionalbatterypacks.

▶︎ Atypicalprojectconsistsofarefuelingsystem(tank,compressor,piping,etc.)providinghydrogentoadispenserlocatedinsideawarehouse.

TypicalHydrogenFuelingInfrastructure(CourtesyofAirProductsandChemicals,Inc.)

ForkliftEquippedwithFuelCells

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FuelCellElectricVehicles(FCEV)areHere!

ToyotaMiraiFuelCellElectricVehicle

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HyundaiTucsonFuelCellElectricVehicle

ChevroletColoradoZM2– MilitaryVehicle

HondaClarityFuelCellElectricVehicle

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FCEVSystemLayout

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Source:Toyota

H2 fueltanks

FuelCellStack

Booster HighVoltageBattery

H2 fillingport

Compressor ElectricalMotor

PowerControlUnit

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FCEVOperatingPrincipal

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STEP1. Air(oxygen)takenin

STEP2. Oxygenandhydrogensuppliedtofuelcellstack

STEP3. Electricityandwatergeneratedthroughchemicalreaction

STEP4. Electricitysuppliedtomotor

STEP5. Motorisactivatedandvehiclemoves

STEP6. Wateremittedoutsidevehicle

A. MotorB. FuelcellstackC. BatteryD. High-pressurehydrogentank

Source:http://www.toyota-global.com/June 5, 2017


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FCEVOperatingPrincipal

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Source:Toyota

VideodownloadURL:https://h2tools.org/sites/default/files/barilo/Fuel_Cell_Animation.mp4

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FCEVHydrogenTankExampleofThermalPressureReliefDevice(TPRD)– Toyota

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TPRDopensat110°C

DirectionofH2 dischargeonTPRDactivation

Source:ToyotaJune 5, 2017

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H2 FuelingStations

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ExampleH2 StationConfiguration

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H2 InfrastructureDevelopmentandStatus

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NEstates,CaliforniaandHawaiihaveH2 infrastructureeffortsunderway

(27 already opened)

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TypicalH2 StationConfigurations

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▶︎ Hydrogencanbedeliveredormadeonsite

▶︎ Gaseousdeliveredorpiped® boostercompressedgaseousH2

▶︎ Liquiddelivered® gaseousH2

▶︎ Naturalgas® gaseousH2

▶︎ Water+electricity® gaseousH2

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H2 FuelingStationsGaseousHydrogenStorage

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Gaseoushydrogenis:▶︎ Deliveredtofuelingstation

bytrailer,orgeneratedonsite

▶︎ Compressedandstoredonsiteincylinders

▶︎ Pipedtodispenserforfuelingvehicles

HydrogenStorageCylinders

HydrogenDispenser

GaseousHydrogenDeliverybyTubeTrailer

HydrogenCompressor

GraphiccourtesyofPacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory

GaseousHydrogenbywaterelectrolysis

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Supply/lowpressure storage

Low/mediumpressurebufferstorage

Compressionandhighpressurestorage(classifiedskid)

Ventstack

Nonclassified skid

Coolingwaterunit

Nitrogensupplyandmanifold

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3

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H2 FuelingStationsGaseousH2 StorageSystemLayout

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H2 FuelingStationsGaseousH2 StorageSystemFlowDiagram

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Source:AirLiquideJune 5, 2017


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Liquidhydrogencanbedeliveredtothefuelingstationbytankertruck,asisshownforthishydrogenandgasolinestation.

H2 FuelingStationsLiquidH2 Delivery

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PhotoCourtesyofCaliforniaFuelCellPartnershipandLinde

IC90Compressor LH2 tank

Fuelingdispenser&canopy

Compressedgasstorage

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LiquidH2 is:▶︎ Deliveredtofuelingstationbytankertruck▶︎ Storedasaliquid▶︎ Vaporizedinabove-groundvessel▶︎ Compressedandstoredonsite

incylinders▶︎ Pipedtodispenserforfuelingvehicles

H2 FuelingStationsLiquidH2 Storage

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LiquidHydrogenDeliverybyTankerTruck

HydrogenStorageCylinders

HydrogenDispenser

LiquidHydrogenStorageTank

VaporizerHydrogenCompressor

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▶︎ Onsitehydrogengenerationmaybeperformedbyseveralways,including• Waterelectrolysis– renewableorgridpowertohydrogen• Gasreformation– naturalgasorbiogastohydrogen

▶︎ AdvantagesincludereductioninonsiteH2 storageandtie-intorenewables• OnsiteH2 generatorsaresuppliedpackagedandlisted,orfield-listed• Manufacturersmustidentifyandmanagespecifichazards

H2 Fueling Stations Onsite H2 Generation

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200kgH2/daywaterelectrolyzer

CodesandStandards:NFPA2Chapter13

PhotocourtesyofProtonOnSite

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• FuelCellBasicsandApplications▶PropertiesofHydrogen• PrimaryCodesandStandards• FundamentalSafetyConsiderations• HydrogenSafetyResources• ConcludingThoughts

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HydrogenPropertiesandBehavior

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▶︎ Gas atambientconditions

▶︎ Liquid at-423°F(-253°C)– acryogen• Compressingthegasdoesnotliquefyit• NoliquidphaseinacompressedgaseousH2 storagetanks• LH2 storedatlowpressure(50psi)invacuuminsulatedtanks

▶︎ Volumetricratioliquidtogasis1:848• Comparewatertosteam(1:1700)

▶︎ Energycontent:1kgofH2 ~1gallongasoline• 33.3kWh/kgH2 vs32.8kWh/galgasoline

MolecularHydrogen

CodesandStandards:IFGCChapter7,ASMEB31.12,CGAG5.5June 5, 2017

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▶︎ Flammablerange4-75%inair▶︎ Canriseanddisperserapidly(14x

lighterthanair)▶︎ Diffusesthroughmaterialsnot

normallyconsideredporous▶︎ Minimalignitionenergy

(0.02mJ atoptimalconcentrations)▶︎ Burnswithpaleblue,almost

invisibleflame▶︎ Canembrittlesomemetals

GaseousHydrogen

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HydrogenProperties:AComparison

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Hydrogen NaturalGas Gasoline

Color No No Yes

Toxicity None Some High

Odor Odorless Mercaptan Yes

BuoyancyRelativetoAir

14XLighter

2XLighter

3.75XHeavier

EnergybyWeight

2.8X>Gasoline

~1.2X>Gasoline 43MJ/kg

EnergybyVolume

4X<Gasoline

1.5X<Gasoline 120MJ/Gallon

Source:CaliforniaFuelCellPartnershipJune 5, 2017

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StoringHydrogen

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LH2 Storage▶︎ Gas atambientconditions▶︎ Volumetricratioliquidtogasisatrelativelylow

pressure(50psi)▶︎ Doublewalled,vacuuminsulatedtankswithburst

disks,vents,andPRDs

GH2 Storage▶︎ Atrelativelyhighpressure(upto15,000psi)▶︎ Thickwalledmetallicorreinforcedplastictanks

withPRDs(TypeIIIorTypeIV)

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Source:Toyota

VideodownloadURL:https://h2tools.org/sites/default/files/barilo/BurnDemo.mp4

DemonstrationofHydrogenFlames

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• FuelCellBasicsandApplications• PropertiesofHydrogen▶︎PrimaryCodesandStandards• FundamentalSafetyConsiderations• HydrogenSafetyResources• ConcludingThoughts

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CodesandStandardsMapforFCEVs

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FuelCellVehicleSystemGTR(harmonizedwithISOandSAEJ2978)FMVSSSAEJ2615– SystemPerformanceSAEJ2572– FuelConsumptionMeasurementSAEJ2574– GeneralVehicleSafetySAEJ2617– StackPerformanceSAEJ2574– DesignforRecyclingPEMstacks

StationRefueling Guidelines

SAEJ2601

Vehicle

DispenserComponentStandardsCSAHGV4.1- DispenserCSAHGV4.2- HoseCSAHGV4.4- BreakawayCSAHGV4.5- PriorityandSequencingCSAHGV4.6- ManualValvesCSAHGV4.7- AutomatedValves

InstallationNFPA2andLocalCodesNECASME31.12CSAHGV4.9- StationsISO19880-1

Compression&StorageNFPA2andLocalCodesASMEBPVC- StorageCSAHGV4.8– Compressors

InterfaceStandardsHGV4.3– TemperatureComp.

SAEJ2719OIMLandNISTHandbook44

Source:AirLiquideJune 5, 2017

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FocusonCriticalCodes&Standards

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CriticalH2 infrastructuredocuments:▶︎ NFPA2HydrogenTechnologies

Code▶︎ InternationalFireCode(IFC)

Manyorganizationsworkingcodes,standards,andguides.Trackover300documentsat

https://h2tools.org/fuelcellstandards-view

2016

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ImportantICC2015CodeReferences

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▶︎ IFCSection2309– HydrogenMotorFuel-DispensingandGenerationFacilities

▶︎ IFCChapter50– HazardousMaterials- GeneralProvisions▶︎ IFCChapter53– CompressedGases▶︎ IFCChapter58– FlammableGasesandFlammable

CryogenicFluids▶︎ InternationalFuelGasCode(IFGC)Chapter7– Gaseous

HydrogenSystems

Note:Significantchangesinthe2015IFC“Compressedhydrogen(CH2)foruseasavehicularfuelshallalsocomplywithChapters23and58ofthiscode,theInternationalFuelGasCodeandNFPA2.”(IFC5301.1)“Hydrogenmotorfuel-dispensingstationsandrepairgaragesandtheirassociatedabove-groundhydrogenstoragesystemsshallalsobedesigned,constructedandmaintainedinaccordancewithChapter23andNFPA2.”(IFC5801.1)

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TheNeedforaNationalHydrogenCode:NFPA2

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Inthecourseofthispresentation,anycommentastothe“meaning” ofanypartofanyNFPAcodeorstandardisonlytheopinionofthepresenterandisNOTtoberelieduponaseitheraccurateorofficial.OnlytheNFPAmayissueaformalinterpretationofitscodesandstandards.

AddressesallaspectsofH2 storage,use,andhandling▶︎ Technicalcommitteeformedin2006

• 2011,2016versions– nextis2020• DrawsfromNFPA52,55and853• Newspecificapplicationrequirements

▶︎ Identifies,fillstechnicalgapsforcompletefunctionalrequirementset

▶︎ Developedforcodeusersandenforcers▶︎ Structuredsothatitworksseamlesslywith

buildingandfirecodes

2016

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NFPA2Scope

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▶︎ Appliestogaseousandliquidhydrogenstorage,transfer,production,anduse

▶︎ Stationary,portable,andvehicularinfrastructureapplications

▶︎ Fundamentalrequirementsforstorage,piping,installation,handling,andgeneration

TheCodedoesnot cover:

• Onboardvehicleormobileequipmentcomponentsorsystems• Mixturesofgaseoushydrogenandothergaseswithahydrogenconcentration

<95%byvolume

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Chapter1,AdministrationChapter2,ReferencedPublicationsChapter3,DefinitionsChapter4,GeneralFireSafetyRequirementsChapter5,Performance-BasedOptionChapter6,GeneralHydrogenRequirementsChapter7,GaseousHydrogenChapter8,LiquefiedHydrogenChapter9,ReservedChapter10,GH2Vehicle FuelingFacilitiesChapter11,LH2FuelingFacilitiesChapter12,HydrogenFuelCellPowerSystemsChapter13,HydrogenGenerationSystemsChapter14,CombustionApplicationsChapter15,SpecialAtmosphereApplicationsChapter16,LaboratoryOperationsChapter17,ParkingGaragesChapter18,RoadTunnelsChapter19,Repair GaragesAnnexesA- M

NFPA2,HydrogenTechnologiesCode,2016Ed.

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Fundamental Chapters

Use-specific Chapters

2016

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NFPA2- 2016hasprescriptiverequirementsforHydrogenEquipmentEnclosures1(HEE),including:

▶ Ventilation▶ Isolation(gasandfirebarrier)▶ Electricalrequirements▶ Bonding/grounding▶ Explosioncontrol▶ Detection

NewRequirementsforNFPA2-2016

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1 Aprefabricatedareaconfinedbyatleastthreewallsandaroof,notroutinelyoccupiedorusedinalaboratory,withatotalarealessthan450ft2 designedtoprotecthydrogen.

CodeandStandards:NFPA2-7.1.23(2016Edition)June 5, 2017

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CompartmentsoftheGreenenergy BoxTM

Hydrogen-based Energy Storage Systems

Source:EuropeanUnionHyResponseProject,May,2016June 5, 2017


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• FuelCellBasicsandApplications• PropertiesofHydrogen• PrimaryCodesandStandards▶︎FundamentalSafetyConsiderations• HydrogenSafetyResources• ConcludingThoughts

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Hydrogensafety,likeallflammablegassafety,reliesonfivekeyconsiderations:

▶ Recognizehazardsandeithereliminateordefinemitigationmeasures

▶ Ensuresystemintegrity▶ Provideproperventilationto

preventaccumulation(managedischarges)

▶ Ensurethatleaksaredetectedandisolated

▶ Trainpersonnel

TheBasics…

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Fuelcellbackuppowerconnectedtoadatacenter

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AhazardanalysisisrequiredbyNFPA2forfuelingstations,butshouldbeconductedoneverysignificanthydrogenandfuelcellprojectbyaqualifiedpersonwithprovenexpertiseinhydrogenfuelingsystems,installations,andhazardanalysistechniques.

HazardAnalysisandRiskAssessmentSteps1. Definethescopeofwork2. Identifyhazards3. Evaluatetheimpactofthehazardson

a) theenvironmentandpublicb) thefacilityandinstitutionc) theequipmentandpersonnel

4. Assessthelikelihoodandseverityofeachhazard5. Resolvehazards6. Followupactivelywithperiodicreviewofwork

scopeandhazards

AnalyzingtheHazards

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Seehttps://h2tools.org/bestpractices/safety_planning/hazard_and_risk,andhttps://h2tools.org/sites/default/files/h2_snapshot_v2i2.pdf June 5, 2017


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GeneralConsiderations– OutdoorStorage

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CodeandStandards:IFC,IBC,IFGC,NFPA2,NFPA70

Storehydrogencylindersandstoragetanksoutsideatsafedistancesfrom:▶︎ structures▶︎ ventilationintakes▶︎ vehicleroutes▶︎ evenwhileinuse

Bestpracticesforcompressedhydrogencontainerssupplyingamanifold:▶︎ locateoutside▶︎ useweldedlinestoconnecttoindoor

equipment▶︎ beprovidedwithanexteriorshutoff

valveandflowrestrictororexcessflowvalve

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Safetyconsiderationsforindoorstorageoruseofbulkgaseoushydrogeninclude:▶ Buildingsshouldbeconstructedofnoncombustiblematerials.

▶ MechanicalorpassiveventilationsystemsHydrogensensorsshouldbeinstalledattheexhaustwithintheenclosure.

▶ Installautomaticshutoffthatactivatesifaleakorfireisdetectedinthefacilitythatisbeingsuppliedwithhydrogen.

▶ Avoidignitionsourcesinstorageareas.

▶ Classifiedelectricalequipmentshouldbebeincloseproximitytostoragesystems.

▶ Electricalbondingandgrounding.Gaseoushydrogensystemcomponentsshouldbeelectricallybondedandgrounded.

IndoorStorage- SafetyConsiderations

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CodeandStandards:IFC,IBC,IFGC,NFPA2,NFPA70June 5, 2017

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▶︎ ReducelikelihoodofflammableH2-airmixincaseofreleaseorleakwithairdilution

• Ventilation(passiveoractive)shallbenotlessthan1scf/min/ft2 (0.3048Nm3/min/m2)offloorareaovertheareaofstorageoruse

• MinimumairratesdiluteapotentialH2 leakto<25%oflowerflammabilitylimit(LFL)foralloperationsandcredibleaccidentscenarios.[25%LFL=1%H2 inair]

VentilationReducesChanceofFlammableMix

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Isthereaproblemhere?

CodeandStandards:IFC2311.7.1/5808.3.1,IFGC703.1.1,NFPA2-6.17

Exhaustairintake

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▶︎ PassiveventilationwithrooforeaveventscanpreventH2 buildupifaleakordischargeoccurs

• Evaluatepassiveventilationthoroughlytoensurethatahydrogenleakwilldissipatesafelybothnormalconditionsandemergencysituations.

• LocateInletopeningsatfloorlevelinroomexteriorwalls.• Locateoutletopeningsathighestpointinroomexteriorwallsortherooftoavoidpockets

ofH2.

▶︎ Passive/naturalventilationeasilyappliedoutdoors• Avoidpocketsunderweatherawnings.• Ensureatleast75%openonsides.

Passive Ventilation, Indoors and Outdoors

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CodeandStandards:IFC2311.7.1/5808.3.1,IFGC703.1.1,NFPA2-6.17June 5, 2017

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▶︎ Whenpassiveventilationisinsufficient,activeventilationcanbeusedtopreventtheaccumulationofflammablemixtures.

• Usefanmotors,actuatorsforventsandvalveswithapplicableelectricalclassification,approvalforH2 use.

• EnsureactiveventilationisoperationalatalltimeswhenH2 ispresentorcouldbeaccidentallyreleased.

• AutomaticallyshutdownH2 equipmentand/orisolateH2 sourceifactiveventilationsystemfails.

• InstallH2 sensorsattheexhaustwithintheenclosure.

Active (Mechanical or Forced) Ventilation

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Beawarethatnopracticalindoorventilationfeaturescanquicklydispersehydrogenfromamassivereleasebyapressurizedvessel,piperupture,orblowdown.

CodeandStandards:IFC2311.7.1/5808.3.1,IFGC703.1.2,NFPA2-6.17

CompressorHEEwithmechanicalventilation

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▶︎ DetectionmayberequiredbyAHJ▶︎ Detectionenhancessafetyofoperation

Provideleakdetectionby:▶︎ Hydrogen(orflammablegas)detectorsinaroomor

enclosure,or▶︎ Monitoringinternalpipingpressuresand/orflowrates

forchangesthatsuggestaleak

Othermethods:▶ H2 detectorsincloseproximitytoexteriorpiping▶ locatehydrogenpipingwithinanotherpipeandmonitor

annulusforleaks

HydrogenLeakDetection

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CodeandStandards:IFC5003.2.2,NFPA2-7.1.22June 5, 2017


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▶︎ Provideforautomaticshut-offandisolationofhydrogensources

▶︎ Shutdownprocessequipmenttoasafemode

▶︎ Controlactiveventilation

▶︎ Activateaudibleandvisualalarms

H2 LeakDetectionGoals

55CodeandStandards:IFC5003.2.2,NFPA2-7.1.22

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H2 Leak Detection Performance

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CodeandStandards:IFC5003.2.2,NFPA2:2016-7.1.22,7.1.23,103.1.18

▶︎ Detectionsensitivityof+/-0.25%byvolumeofH2inair

▶︎ Responsetimeof<1secondat1%H2 inair▶︎ EnsureanyleakinghydrogenwouldpassbyH2

detector.▶︎ Considerdetectorsensitivitytoothergases,vapors

• Explainsuchinterferencetopersonnel▶︎ Recommendalarmat1%H2 /air[25%LFL]▶︎ Requiremanualresettorestartautomatic

shutdownsystems▶︎ Performroutinemaintenance/recalibrationper

manufacturer’sinstruction,typicallyevery3-6months

• Recordeventsinfacilityrecords

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CheckingforH2 LeaksBestPractices

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HydrogenandpropaneflamesindaylightPhotocourtesyofHAMMER

BurningH2 haspaleblueflame,nearlyinvisibleindaylightH2 flamesemitlowradiantheat- maynotfeelheatuntilveryclosetoflame

▶︎ Useportableflamedetector(e.g.,thermalimagingcamera)ifpossible

▶︎ Otherwise,listenforventinggas,watchforthermalwavesthatsignalheatandflame

▶︎ Useacombustibleprobe(e.g.,broom)

▶︎ Allowenoughtimetotroubleshoot/debugmonitoringsystembeforeplacingitinservice

▶︎ Wheremultiplegasesareco-located,investigateandmitigatemosthazardous

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▶︎ Powderedmetalsfacilityoperatorsheardhissingnoisenearfurnaces;determineditwasgasleakintrenchcarryingH2,nitrogen,coolingwaterpipes,andfurnaceventpipe.

▶︎ Maintenancepresumedleakwasnonflammablenitrogen;duetorecentN2 pipingleakelsewhere.

▶︎ Broughtinforkliftwithchaintoremovetrenchcoverinleakarea;eyewitnesseslaterstatedthatascoverwaswrenchedup,friction-createdsparkswerefollowedimmediatelybypowerfulexplosion.

▶︎ Severaldaysafterexplosion,ChemicalSafetyBoardinvestigatorsobservedlargehole(~3x7in)incorrodedsectionofH2 ventpipingintrench

▶︎ WhenH2/airmixinthepartiallyopentrenchexploded,resultingoverpressuredispersedquantitiesofirondustfromtheraftersandothersurfaces;somedustsubsequentlyignited.

▶︎ Eyewitnessesreportedemberswererainingdownandignitingirondustflashfiresinthearea.Visibilitywassopoorduetodustandsmokethatevenwithaflashlight,itwasimpossibletoseemorethan3or4feet.

▶︎ Threeplantemployeeseventuallydiedfromburninjuriesdespitewearingflash-fire-resistantgarments.Twootherssufferedsmoke-inhalation.DuetoextensivenatureofinjuriesandabundanceofbothH2 andcombustibledustpresentatthetime,itisdifficulttospecificallydeterminewhichfuel,ifnotboth,causedthefatalinjuriestothevictims.

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H2 Explosion/IronDustFlashFiresinPowderedMetalsPlant

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Hydrogenflamesarealmostinvisible- thermalandopticalsensorsused▶ Tocoverlargeareaorvolume,manythermaldetectorsareneededandshouldbe

locatedatornearthesiteofapotentialfire▶ OpticalsensorsfordetectingH2 flamesoperateinthe

ultravioletorinfraredspectralregion• H2 specificTripleIRdetectorsaretheleastlikelyto

besusceptibletotofalsetrips

FlameDetection/ThermalDetectors

59

CodeandStandards:NFPA2-10.3.1./11.3.3

FlamedetectorsarerequiredinapplicationssuchasH2fuelingstationdispensers.Detectorsystemsshould:▶ Providerapidandreliableflameindication.▶ ProvideforH2 sourceautomaticshut-off/isolation▶ Shutdownthesystemtoasafemode▶ Controlactiveventilation▶ Activateaudibleandvisualalarms

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ElectricalEquipmentConsiderations

60

▶︎ VentFansshouldbenon-sparking(typical:aluminumorplastic)

▶︎ Equipment designedforuseinH2 service▶︎ H2 systemsshouldbeelectricallybonded

andgrounded▶︎ EquipmentnotconformingtoNEC(NFPA

70)requirementsshouldbelocatedoutsidetheareaclassifiedashazardous

CodeandStandards:IFC2309.2.3,NFPA2-10.3.1.16June 5, 2017


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ElectricalEquipmentRequirementsforBulkH2 Systems

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Location Classification* DistanceAreacontaininggaseoushydrogenstorage,compressionorancillary

equipmentClass1,Division2 Upto15ft fromstorage/equipment

Areacontainingliquefiedhydrogenstorage

Class1,Division1

Class1,Division2

Within3ft frompointswhereconnectionsareregularlymadeanddisconnected

Upto25ft fromthestorageequipment,excludingthepipingsystem,downstreamofthesourcevalve

Interiorofdispensingequipment Class1,Division2Uptothesupportmechanism(anchoringthedispenser)orconnectiontothegroundlevel

Exteriorofoutdoordispensingequipment Class1,Division2 Upto5ft fromdispenser

Exteriorofindoordispensingequipment Class1,Division2 Upto15ft fromthepointoftransferfromfloortoceiling

OutdoordischargefromreliefventsClass1,Division1

Class1,Division2

Upto5ft fromthesource

5-15ft fromthesourceDischargefromreliefventswithin15

degreesofthelineofdischarge Class1,Division1 Within15ft fromsource

*AllequipmentmustberatedforGroupBapplications(NFPA70-500.6)

CodeandStandards:IFC2309.2.3,NFPA2-10.3.1.16June 5, 2017

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AddressingtheCertificationChallenge

62

BenefitsProvided▶︎ Enablescodeuserstobetterapplytherequirementswheretheuseof

listed,labeled,certified,or approved equipmentormethodsisrequired,andtoincreaseawarenessandunderstandingofwhattheequipmentisexpectedtodo

▶︎ Increasedconsistencyintheapplicationofrequirementswiththeexpectationofanexpeditedpermittingprocess

AHydrogenEquipmentCertificationGuide hasbeenreleasedtoassistcodeofficials,designers,owners,evaluators,andotherswiththeapplicationofthelistingandapprovalrequirementspertinenttothedesignand/orinstallationofhydrogenequipmentasregulatedbythemodelcodes.GapsAddressed▶︎ Intheearlymarket,theavailabilityofsystemsorequipmentthatare

listed,labeled,orcertifiedislimited.

▶︎ Whenequipmentisnotlistedoravailable,“approval”bythecodeofficialisrequiredbeforeinstallationoccurs.

CodeandStandards:IFC2309.2.2,NFPA2-7.1.3DownloadURL:https://h2tools.org/hsp/hecg

▶ Consistentapplicationofrequirementsamongproviders,regardlessofhydrogenexperience,resultsinalevelplayingfieldasthetechnologyemerges

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GeneralESSConsiderations▶︎ ESSshouldoperateon:

• Detectionalarms• Firealarms• Lossofventilation• Activationofmanualemergencyshutdown

devices(ESD)

▶︎ Whenactivated,theESSshould:• De-energizeunclassifiedelectrical• Closeallautomaticshutoffcontrolvalves

▶︎ ESDsshouldbelocated:• OnHEEs• Nearfueldispensers• HavearemoteESDlocated25to100feetfrom

theequipmentitisserving

EmergencyShutdownSystem(ESS)

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ESSShutdownMatrix

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▶︎ Usedtoidentifysafetycriticalequipmentandfunctions

▶︎ Enablesdesignersandreviewerstoensurethatcriticalactionsarealignedwithappropriateequipment

▶︎ Canaidinequipmentapproval

Exampleofasimpleshutdowntable

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▶︎ Hydrogencylindersandstoragetanksshouldbestoredoutsideatasafedistancefromstructures,ventilationintakes,andvehicleroutes

▶︎ Separationdistancerequirementsbasedonquantityofhydrogen

▶︎ Abulkhydrogencompressedgassystemhasacapacityofmorethan5,000scfandconsistsof:

• storagecontainers• pressureregulators• pressurereliefdevices• compressors• manifoldsandpiping

Notethatthestoragesystemterminatesatthesourcevalve

GaseousH2 OutdoorStorage

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CodeandStandards:NFPA2-7.3.2.3

PhotocourtesyofShellHydrogen

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OutdoorSeparationDistances– NFPA2/55

66CodeandStandards:NFPA2-7.3.2.3

Currentseparationdistancegroups

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Pressure(psig) >15to≤250

>250to≤3000

>3000to≤7500

>7500to≤15000

ExposureGroup1a) Lotlinesb) Airintakes(HVAC,compressors,Other)c) OperableopeningsinbuildingsandStructuresd) Ignitionsourcessuchasopenflamesandwelding

0.231d 0.738d 1.105d 1.448d

ExposureGroup 2a) Exposedpersonsotherthanthoseservicingthesystemb) parkedcars

0.12584d−0.47126

0.43616d−0.91791

0.68311d−1.3123

0.92909d−1.6813

ExposureGroup 3a) Buildingsofnon-combustiblenon-fire-ratedconstructionb) Buildingsofcombustibleconstructionc) Flammablegasstoragesystemsaboveorbelowgroundd) Hazardousmaterialsstoragesystemsaboveorbelowgrounde) Heavytimber,coal,orotherslow-burningcombustiblesolidsf) Ordinarycombustibles,includingfast-burningsolidssuchas

ordinarylumber,excelsior,paper,orcombustiblewasteandvegetationotherthanthatfoundinmaintainedlandscapedareas

g) Unopenableopeningsinbuildingandstructuresh) Utilitiesoverheadincludingelectricpower,buildingservicesor

hazardousmaterialspipingsystems

0.096d 0.307d 0.459d 0.602d

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Source:NFPA2

d=Diameter(mm)

CodeandStandards:NFPA2-7.3.2.3.1.1

CalculationsforOutdoorBulkH2 SeparationDistances

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▶︎ MaterialsusedinH2 piping,valves,tanksandsealsmustbecarefullyselectedtoaccountfordeteriorationwhenexposedtoH2 atmaximumoperatingconditions

▶︎ ExposureofsomemetalstoH2 canleadto:• embrittlement• crackingand/orsignificantlossintensilestrength• ductility• fracturetoughnessThesecanresultinprematurefailureinload-carryingcomponents

▶︎ Additionally,hydrogendiffusesthroughmanymaterials,particularlynonmetals,duetoitssmallmolecularsize

68

CodesandStandards:IFGC5003.2.2.1,IFGC704.1.2.3,NFPA2-10.3.1.3

Seehttp://www.h2tools.org/tech-ref/technical-reference-for-hydrogen-compatibility-of-materials

Preferred• austeniticstainlesssteels,

aluminumalloys,copper,andcopperalloys.

Avoid• Nickelandmostnickelalloys

- subjecttoseverehydrogenembrittlement

• Gray,ductile,andmalleablecastirons

SelectionofMaterials

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Apressurereliefdevice(PRD)valvefailedonahigh-pressurestoragetubeatahydrogenfuelingstation,causingthereleaseofapproximately300kilogramsofhydrogengas.Thegasignitedattheexitoftheventpipeandburnedfor2-1/2hoursuntiltechnicianswerepermittedbythelocalfiredepartmenttoenterthestationandstoptheflowofgas.

ALessonLearnedonMaterialSelection

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▶ Therootcauseoftheincidentwasafailedpressurereliefvalve;and

▶ Anextensivemetallurgicalanalysisofthefailedvalveconcludedthatimpropermaterialselectionanddeviationsfromvalveproductionprocessesledtothevalvefailure.

Thegoodnews…Therewerenoinjuriesandverylittlepropertydamage.Thecorrugatedroofonanadjacentcanopyoverafuelingdispenserwasslightlysingedbytheescapinghydrogenflame,causinglessthan$300indamage.

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▶︎ Designinaccordancewithapplicablecodesandstandards▶︎ Minimizeleaks- useofweldedjointswherepossible▶︎ Totheextentpossible,donotconcealH2 piping- arrangeforeasyjoint/fittings

access(tocheckforleaks)▶︎ Minimizechanceofpersonalinjury(i.e.,contactwithcoldsurfaces,headimpact,

trippinghazards,etc.)▶︎ Minimizestresses(structuralandthermal)inpipingcomponentsandconnected

equipment▶︎ Providepropersizesandsettingsofpressurereliefdevices▶︎ Includeproperlylabeledshutoffvalvesatsafelocations▶︎ Labelpipingtoindicatecontent,flowdirection,anddesignandtestpressures

Flowrestrictors,suchasorificemeters,insupplylinesareeffectivemeansoflimitingsupplyflowrateandcontrollingleakagerate.

HydrogenPipingSystemLayoutandDesign

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CodesandStandards:IFGC704.1.2.3,ASMEB31.12,CGAG-5.5June 5, 2017

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Hydrogen Vent Lines

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CodesandStandards:CGAG-5.5

H2 ventlines(includingpressurerelieflinesandcryogenicboil-off)shouldbeventedtosafeoutsidelocationsVentsshouldbedesignedto:▶ beunobstructedandprotectedfromthe

weather• moistureoricecanaccumulateandrestrictflow

▶ carrytheexcessflowoftheventinggasorliquid▶ beleaktightanduseweldedornon-fusiblejoints▶ avoidairintrusionorbedesignedtohandlepossibleH2 ‘pop’

deflagrationinside(~145psig/1000kPa)▶ safelyreleasetheunusedhydrogenataheightabovethe

facilityroof,overhangs,personnel,equipment,andexposures.

SeeCGAG-5.5foradditionaldesigncriteria

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GoodandBadVentStackDesigns

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Source:CGAG-5.5

Bestconfigurations

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Aliquidhydrogenreleasewilllooksimilartothisliquidnitrogenrelease.

PhotocourtesyofS.Stookey

CodesandStandards:IFCChapter58,NFPA2Chapter8

▶︎ Coldburnsoccurfromcontactwithfrostedlines,liquidairdripfromcoldlines,orventstacks,vaporizers,andvaporleaks.

▶︎ OxygenenrichmentoccurswhenaircondensesatLH2 temperaturesandbecomesoxygen-enrichedduetothevaporizationofnitrogen.Oxygen-enrichedairincreasescombustionrateofflammable/combustiblematerials,includingclothing.

Presentsadditionalhazardsdueto-423.2°F (-252.9°C)temperatures

CryogenicLiquidH2 Storage/SupplySystems

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SafetyConsiderationsforLiquidHydrogen(LH2)

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▶︎ Continuousevaporationgeneratesgaseoushydrogenandanincreaseinpressureinsidealiquidhydrogenstoragevesselifnotproperlyreleased.

▶︎ Ifaliquidhydrogenleakorspilloccurs,ahydrogencloudcouldflowhorizontallyforsomedistanceorevendownward,dependingontheterrainandweatherconditions.

▶︎ Icefouling- Externallyicedvents/valvescanmalfunction;airleakageintoLH2storage(e.g.inadequatepurging)introducesmoisture,willformicetopluglinesorfailinstruments.

IceandvaporonLH2 lines

CodesandStandards:IFCChapter58,NFPA2Chapter8June 5, 2017

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75

• FuelCellBasicsandApplications• PropertiesofHydrogen• PrimaryCodesandStandards• FundamentalSafetyConsiderations▶︎HydrogenSafetyResources• ConcludingThoughts

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ThePanelisauniqueresourceandcanbeavaluableassetforsupportingthesafecommercialrolloutoffuelcellvehicles,stationaryapplicationsandthesupportinginfrastructure.

CanProvideSupportto:▶ Otherfederalagencies▶ Stateagencies,codeofficials,and

permittingauthorities▶ Privateindustryandcommercial

installers

TypesofActivities:▶ Designanddocumentreviews▶ Participationinorreviewofriskassessments▶ Sitereviews

HydrogenSafetyPanel

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Moreinformationisavailableathttp://www.h2tools.org/hsp

Safetyisparamount- itsthefirstquestionwegetaskedinCaliforniawhenwegointolocalcommunities.Ifanything,weneedtofigureouthowtoexpandtheSafetyPanel'sreach.ThereviewsfromthePanelhavealreadyshownbenefittothestate- itsacrucial,trusted3rdpartyresource. – 2015DOEAMRReviewerComment

PhotocourtesyoftheCaliforniaFuelCellPartnership

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A Transformative Step Towards Hydrogen Adoption

HydrogenTools

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▶ IntroductiontoHydrogen• Soyouwanttoknowsomethingabout

hydrogen?▶ HydrogenProperties

• Hydrogencomparedwithotherfuels▶ SafetyPractices

• Safetyculture• Safetyplanning• Incidentprocedures• Communications

▶ DesignandOperations• Facilitydesignconsiderations• Storageandpiping• Operatingprocedures• Equipmentmaintenance• Laboratorysafety• Indoorrefuelingofforklifts

H2tools.org/bestpractices…SharingExperience,ApplyingBestPractices

Safetyeventsfrom“H2incidents.org”illustratewhatcangowrongifbestpractices

arenotfollowed.

78

URL:http://h2tools.org/bestpracticesJune 5, 2017


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Eachsafetyeventrecordcontains:▶ Description▶ Severity(Washydrogenreleased?

Wasthereignition?)▶ Setting▶ Equipment▶ Characteristics(Highpressure?Low

temperature?)▶ DamageandInjuries▶ ProbableCause(s)▶ ContributingFactors▶ LessonsLearned/Suggestionsfor

Avoidance/MitigationStepsTaken

H2tools.org/lessons…CapturingtheEvent,FocusingonLessonsLearned

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Tubetrailerrollover

URL:http://h2tools.org/lessonsJune 5, 2017

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▶︎ OriginallydevelopedbytheHSPfortheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyin2005

▶︎ Thedocumentprovidesinformationonsafetypracticesforhydrogenandfuelcellprojects

▶︎ Theprojectsafetyplanningprocessismeanttohelpidentifyrisksandavoidpotentialhydrogenandrelatedincidents.

▶︎ Thisdocumentcanaidingeneratingagoodsafetyplanthatwillserveasaguideforthesafeconductofallworkrelatedtothedevelopmentandoperationofhydrogenandfuelcellequipment.

GuidanceforSafetyPlanningofH2 Projects

80

URL:https://h2tools.org/hsp/reviews

SafetyplanningshouldbeanintegralpartofthedesignandoperationofanH2 system.

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▶︎ Intendedusers• Thosedevelopingdesignsfor

hydrogensystems• Thoseinvolvedwiththerisk

assessmentofhydrogensystems.

▶︎ Whilefairlyinclusive,itisnotpossibletoincludeallvariablesthatneedtobeconsidered

▶︎ Ahazardanalysisprocessshouldinclude

• Personnelwhoarefamiliarwithapplicablecodesandstandards

• Teammemberswithexpertiseinthetechnicalaspectsofthespecificproject

HydrogenSafetyConsiderationsChecklist

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URL:https://h2tools.org/sites/default/files/HydrogenSafetyChecklist.pdfJune 5, 2017


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QuantitativeRiskAssessment

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▶︎ Developedtoolkittoenableintegratedprobabilisticanddeterministicmodeling

• RelevantH2 hazards(thermal,mechanical)• Probabilisticmodels(traditionalQRA

models)&H2-specificcomponentdata• H2 phenomena(gasrelease,heatflux,

overpressure)▶︎ VariableUsers

• Highlevel,genericinsights(e.g.,forC&Sdevelopers,regulators)

• Detailed,site-specificinsights(e.g.,forAHJs,stationdesigners)

▶︎ Currently,twointerfaces(views):• “QRAmode”and“Physicsmode”• Planned“performance-baseddesign”

modefortargetedanalyses

First-of-its-kindsoftwaretoolforintegratingH2consequencemodelsw/QRAmodels

Includesbehaviormodels&datadevelopedthroughFY12

URL:http://hyram.sandia.govJune 5, 2017

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Introduction to Hydrogen for Code Officials

Providesanoverviewofhydrogenandfuelcelltechnologies,discusseshowthesetechnologiesareusedinreal-worldapplicationsanddiscussesthecodesandstandardsrequiredforpermittingthem.

▶ Hydrogenandfuelcellbasics▶ Hydrogenandfuelcell

applications▶ Hydrogenfuelingstations▶ Fuelcellfacilities

83

DevelopedbytheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory

URL:http://h2tools.org/content/training-materialsJune 5, 2017

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▶︎ GivesAHJs,ProjectDevelopers,andotherinterestedpartiesaquickorientationinpermittinghydrogenfuelingstations.

▶︎ Providesbasicbackgroundinformationonhydrogentechnologiesfollowedbyadescriptionofthepermittingprocessincludinganoverviewofkeycodesandstandards.

▶︎ Containsinterviewswithcodeofficials,emergencyresponders,andtechnicalexpertsaswellasfootageofhydrogenstations.

H2 FuelingStationPermittingVideos

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Videosavailableathttps://h2tools.org/videosJune 5, 2017


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Consistsofmaterialspecificchapters(asindividualPDFfiles)summarizingmechanical-propertydatafromjournalpublicationsandtechnicalreports

TechnicalReferenceforHydrogenCompatibilityofMaterials

▶ PlainCarbonFerriticSteels

▶ Low-AlloyFerriticSteels

▶ High-AlloyFerriticSteels

▶ AusteniticSteels

▶ AluminumAlloys

▶ CopperAlloys

▶ NickelAlloys

▶ Nonmetals

85

URL:http://h2tools.org/tech-ref/technical-reference-for-hydrogen-compatibility-of-materials June 5, 2017

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H2USAPublic-PrivatePartnershipAddressingH2 InfrastructureChallenges

86

ThemissionofH2USAistopromotethecommercialintroductionandwidespreadadoptionofFCEVsacrossAmericathroughcreationofapublic-privatecollaborationtoovercomethehurdleofestablishinghydrogeninfrastructure.

URL:http://h2usa.orgJune 5, 2017

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WorkingwithFirstResponders

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Volpentest HAMMERFederalTrainingCenter

CodeandStandards:IFC5003.9.1

Preplanning▶ Facilityownersandfirstrespondersshould

worktogethertoperformpreplanningactivities.Thisshouldincludeatourofthehydrogenfacilitieswithfocusedattentiononsafetyfeaturesandemergencyshutoffs.

Training▶ Trainingofemergencyresponsepersonnel

shouldbeahighprioritytoensurethatthesepersonnelunderstandhowtoproperlyrespondtoahydrogenincident.

▶ Avarietyofresourcesareavailabletoassistwiththistraining(anddiscussedinlaterslides).

Equipment▶ Ahydrogenfireisoftendifficulttodetect

withoutathermalimagingcameraorflamedetector.Firstrespondershaveoneavailablefortheiruse.

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FirstResponderHydrogenSafetyTraining

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▶ NationalGoal• Supportthesuccessfulimplementationofhydrogenandfuelcell

technologiesbyprovidingtechnicallyaccuratehydrogensafetyandemergencyresponseinformationtofirstresponders

▶ IntegratedActivities• Online,awareness-leveltraining

(http://hydrogen.pnl.gov/FirstResponders/)• Classroomandhands-onoperations-leveltraining• Nationaltrainingresource(enablingtrainers)

(http://h2tools.org/fr/nt)

Aproperlytrainedfirstrespondercommunityiscriticaltothesuccessfulintroductionofhydrogenfuelcellapplicationsandtheirtransformationinhowweuseenergy.

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• FuelCellBasicsandApplications• PropertiesofHydrogen• PrimaryCodesandStandards• FundamentalSafetyConsiderations• HydrogenSafetyResources▶︎ConcludingThoughts

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▶︎ Thefuturewilllikelyseeanincreaseintheuseofhydrogenandfuelcelltechnologies

▶︎ Safepracticesforproduction,storage,distribution,anduseofhydrogenareessentialfordeploymentofhydrogenandfuelcelltechnologies.

▶︎ Becausehydrogenasafuelisstillrelativelynew,bestmethodsofhandling,storage,transport,andusemaynotbewellunderstoodbyparticipants.

▶︎ TheIFC,IFGC,andNFPA2codesprovidefundamentalrequirementsfortheuseofhydrogenandfuelcells.

▶︎ Onlineresources(http://h2tools.org)areavailabletohelpcodeofficialsandprojectproponentsunderstandandapplysafepracticesforsuccessfuluse.

Concluding Thoughts – H2 Can Be Used Safely

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ThankYouforYourAttention!

TheauthorwishestothanktheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sFuelCellTechnologiesOffice(SunitaSatyapal,Director,WillJames,Safety,CodesandStandardsLeadandLauraHill),andtheCaliforniaFuelCellPartnershipfortheirsupportofthiswork.

MyContactInformation:

NickBarilo,P.E.HydrogenSafetyProgramManagerPacificNorthwestNationalLaboratoryP.O.Box999,MSINK7-76Richland,WA 99352USATel:[email protected]://h2tools.org

April 27, 2017 91June 5, 2017

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells--Emerging Technology and...

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