Hydrogen Alternate Energy Systems

ACS Committee on Science

Hydrogen Alternate Energy Systems - General

What performance is required?

• U. S. Department of Energy, et. al, Renewable Energy Technology Characterizations, pp. 6-1 through 6-6, Dec. 1997, US DOE and EPRI.

• Barbir, F. Review of Hydrogen Conversion Technologies. 1999, Clean Energy Research Institute, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124.

• Baxter, J., et al., Energy and Environmental Science, 2009, 2(6), 559-588; NREL/JA-5A0-46279.

What affects performance?

• National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Advanced Vehicles & Fuels Research: Vehicles Systems Analysis; http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/vsa/publications.html

• Treffinger, P., et al., Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Vehicles - State of the Art and Challenges for Improved Materials. Materials Science Forum, 2007, 539-543(2), 1321-1326.

• Pesaran A. A., et al., PEM Fuel Cell Freeze and Rapid Startup Investigation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/MP-540-38760.

• Markel, T., et al., Fuel Cell Vehicle Systems Analysis. National Renewable Energy Laboratory: www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/use/pubs_hevs.html

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

• US DOE: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy - Fuel Cell Technologies Program, Hydrogen Technical Publications: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/hydrogen_publications.html

Hydrogen Alternate Energy Systems - Generation

What performance is required?

Biomass• Spath, P. L., et al., Update of Hydrogen from Biomass - Determination of the

Delivered Cost of Hydrogen, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2003, NREL/MP-510-33112.

• Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-ton Annual Supply, US DOE, USDA, 2005, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final_billionton_vision_report2.pdf

• Logan, B. E., Extracting Hydrogen and Electricity from Renewable Resources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 160A-167A.

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

Nuclear• Hong, G. T., Spritzer, M. H. Nuclear Energy-assisted Plasma Technology for

Producing Hydrogen, Proceedings of the 2002 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review, NREL/CP-610-32405.

Biomass• Holzman, D. C., Microbe Power, Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005,

113(11), A754-A757.• Parry et al., Bioenergy Conversion of Cow Manure, Water Environment

Federation - Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, 2005, DOI:10.2175/193864707787976452.

• Reed, T. B., Das, A., Handbook of Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems, Ch. 2: History, Current Developments, and Future Directions, Solar Energy Research Institute, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1988, SERI/SP-271-3022, pp. 6-8.

• Boyapati, K. R., et al. (General Electric Co.), Co-Producing Hydrogen and Power by Biomass Gasification, U. S. Pat. Appl. 2004/0265158 A1, 12/30/2004.

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

Ocean Energy• Ocean Energy Technology Overview: Federal Energy Management

Program (FEMP), 2009, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/BR-7A2-44200, DOE/GO-102009-2823.

Plasma• Kumar, S., Kumar, D. (BTU International, Inc.), Plasma-assisted Gas

Production, U. S. Pat. 7,497,922 B2, 3/3/2009.

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

Water electrolysis• Barbir, F., PEM electrolysis for production of hydrogen from renewable

energy sources, Solar Energy, 2005, 78(5), 661-669. • Zeng, K., Zhang, D., Recent progress in alkaline water electrolysis for

hydrogen production and applications, Progress in energy and combustion science, 2010, 36(3), 307-326 .

Hydrogen Alternate Energy Systems - Storage

What performance is required?

• Schlapbach, L, Züttel, A., Hydrogen-storage materials for mobile applications, Nature, 2001, 414, 353-358.

• Wang, J. Hydrogen Storage for Transportation Applications, Presentation at Energy and Nanotechnology: Strategy for the Future, 2003, http://www.rice.edu/energy/publications/presentations/Nano2003/Wang%202003.ppt.pdf

• Amos, W. A., Costs of Storing and Transporting Hydrogen, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1998, NREL/TP-570-25106.

• Carlson, E. J. et al., Cost Analysis of PEM Fuel Cell Systems for Transportation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2005, NREL/SR-560-39104.

• Satyapal, S. et al., The U.S. Department of Energy's National Hydrogen Storage Project: Progress towards meeting hydrogen-powered vehicle requirements, Catalysis Today 2007, 120, 246-256

What affects performance?

• Li Zhou, Progress and Problems in Hydrogen Storage Methods, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2005, 5(4), 395-408.

• Niedzwiecki, A., Hydrogen Storage, Hydrogen Vision Meeting, Quantum Technologies Worldwide, Inc., 2001.

• Arnold, G., Advanced Hydrogen Storage Technologies, Global Alternative Propulsion Center, GM, 2002.

• Billings, R. E., Hydrogen Stored as Metal Hydride: The Safest Fuel on Earth, Hydrogen Worldview, International Academy of Science, ISBN 096316340X

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

Mechanical Systems - Cassette• Redmond, S. D. (FuelSell Technologies, Inc.), Hydrogen Storage,

Distribution, and Recovery System, U. S. Pat. 7,169,489 B2, 1/30/2007.• Redmond, S. D. (FuelSell Technologies, Inc.), Method and Apparatus for a

Hydrogen Fuel Cassette Distribution and Recovery System, U. S. Pat. 7,399,325 B1, 7/15/2008.

Mechanical Systems - Wind Turbine• Fingersh, L. J. (Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC), Wind Turbine

Tower for Storing Hydrogen and Energy, U. S. Pat. 7,471,010 B1, 12/30/2008.

• Chang, L. (The University of New Brunswick (CA)), Stand-Alone Wind Turbine System, Apparatus, and Method Suitable for Operating the Same, U. S. Pat. 7,476,987 B2, 1/13/2009.

Novel Materials• Vasiliev, L. L., et al., New Sorbent Materials for the Hydrogen Storage and

Transportation, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2007, 32(18), 5015-5025.

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

Metal Hydrides• Piccardo, P. et al., Interconnect Materials for next-generation solid

oxide fuel cells, J. Appl. Electrochem., 2009, 39, 545–551.• Andersen, E. J., Renewable Energy Carrier System and Method, U. S.

Pat. 7,144,567 B2, 12/5/2006.• Sakintuna, B. et al., Metal hydride materials for solid hydrogen storage,

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32, 1121-1140.Complex Metal Hydrides• Jensen, C. M., Redmond, S. D. (FuelSell Techologies, Inc.), Methods

for Hydrogen Storage Using Doped Alanate Compositions, U. S. Pat. 7,011,768, 3/14/2006.

• Pretterebner, J., Process for Supplying a Fuel Cell with Hydrogen by Means of Silanes or Polysilanes, U. S. Pat. Appl. 2009/0136800 A1, 5/28/2009.

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

Complex Metal Hydrides (cont’d)• Sandrock, G. et al., Accelerated thermal decomposition of AlH3 for

hydrogen-fueled vehicles, J. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 2005, A80, 687-690.

• Vajo, J. J.; Olson, G. L. Hydrogen storage in destabilized chemical systems, Scripta Materialia 2007, 56, 829-834.

• Soloveichik, G. L. Metal borohydrides as hydrogen storage materials, Material Matters 2007, 2, 11-14.

Chemical Hydrides• Pez, G. P. et al., Hydrogen storage by reversible hydrogenation of

pi-conjugated substrates, U. S. Pat. 7,101,530, 9/5/2006.• Peng, B.; Chen, J. Ammonia borane as an efficient and lightweight

hydrogen storage medium, Energy Environ. Sci. 2008, 1, 479-483.

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

Activated Carbon• Noh, J. S. et al., Hydrogen Storage Systems Using Activated Carbon,

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1987, 12(10), 693-700.• Vix-Guterl, C. et al., Electrochemical Energy Storage in Ordered Porous

Carbon Materials, Carbon, 2005, 43(6), 1293-1302.• Hynek, et al., Hydrogen Storage by Carbon Sorption, Int. J. Hydrogen

Energy, 1997, 22(6), 601-610.• Chaterjee, A. K., Wolff, A. M. Activated Graphitic Carbon and Metal

Hybrids Thereof, U. S. Pat. Appl. 2005/0196336 A1, 9/8/2005.

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

Nanomaterials• Los Alamos National Laboratory, Fact Sheet, Renewable Energy Innovations,

2008, LALP-08-030.Metals, Carbides and Oxides

• Zhao, Y. et al., Self-catalyzed Hydrogenation and Dihydrogen Adsorption on Titanium Carbide Nanoparticles, Chem. Phys. Lett., 2006, 425, 273-277; NREL/JA-590-38239.

• Shimizu, T., Jung, J. H., Metal Oxide Nanotube and Process for Production Thereof, U. S. Pat. 7,172,747 B2, 2/6/2007.

• Hearley, A. K., Redmond, S. D., Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Systems, U. S. Pat. 7,279,222 B2, 10/9/2007.

• Jhi, S.-H. et al., Hydrogen Storage by Physisorption - Beyond Carbon, Solid State Comm., 2004, 129(12), 769-773.

• Alexander, Jr., M.D. et al., Electrically Conductive Polymer Nanocomposite Materials, AFRL Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Nonmetallic Materials Division; http://www.afrlhorizons.com/Briefs/Sept02/ML0206.html

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

Nanomaterials, cont’d.Carbon

• Dillon, A. C., et al., Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Single-Wall Nanotubes, Proceedings of the 2002 US DOE Hydrogen Program Review, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/CP-610-32405.

• Lueking, A., Tang, R. T., Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Nanotubes: Residual Metal Content and Pretreatment Temperature, AIChE Journal, 2003, 49(6), 1556-1568.

• Volpe, M., Cleri, F., Role of surface chemistry in hydrogen adsorption in single-wall carbon nanotubes, Chem. Phys. Lett., 2003, 371(3-4), 476-482.

• Colibaba-Evulet, A. (General Electric Co.), Appliance Having a Container Including a Nanostructured Material for Hydrogen Storage, U. S. Pat. 7,416,583 B2, 8.26.2008.

• Dillon, A. C. et al., Metal-Doped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Production Thereof, U. S. Pat. 7,160,530 B2, 1/9/2007.

• Bekkedahl et al., Advanced Materials for Hydrogen Storage: Carbon Nanotubes, Proceedings of the 1994 DOE/NREL Hydrogen Program Review, 1994, 149-163.

• Heben et al., Carbon Nanotubes for Hydrogen Storage, Proceedings of the 1993 US DOE Hydrogen Program Review, 1993, Vol. II, 79-87.

• Bockrath, et al., Hydrogen Storage on Carbon Nanotubes, Fuels and Process Chemistry Division, National Energy Technology Laboratory, http://www.netl.gov/technologies/hydrogen_clean_fuels/refshelf/papers/hydrogen/Hydrogen%20Storage%20on%20Carbon%20Nanotubes.pdf

Hydrogen Separations Membranes

What performance is required?

• DOE/H2 Multi-Year Research, Development and Demostration Plan, available electronically at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells

• Carlson, E. J. et al., Cost Analysis of PEM Fuel Cell Systems for Transportation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2005, NREL/SR-560-39104.

• Wheeler, D., Sverdrup, G., Status of Manufacturing Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2007, NREL/TP-560-41655.

What affects performance?

• Report from the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee (Feb 2003); available electronically at http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/besac/Basic_Research_Needs_to_Assure_A_Secure_Energy_Future_FEB2003.pdf

• Report from the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Use (Feb 2004); available electronically at http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/hydrogen.pdf

• U. S. Department of Energy, Small Business Innovation Research Program and Small Business Technology Transfer Program FY 2005 Soliciations, Technical Topic Descriptions, 15. Materials Research, Office of Fossil Energy, 2005. www.science.doe.gov/sbir/solicitations/fy%202005/15_FE3.htm

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

• Metal and Alloy Membranes– Ockwig, N. W.; Nenoff, T. M. Chem. Rev., 2007, 107, 4078-4110.

• Silica and Zeolite Membranes– Verweij, H.;Lin, Y. S., Dong, J. H. MRS Bull. 2006, 31, 756.– Lin, Y. S., Kumakiri, I.; Nair, B. N.; Alsyouri, H. Sep. Purif. Methods 2002,

31, 229.– Nenoff, T. M., Spontak, R. J., Aberg, C. M. MRS Bull. 2006, 31, 735.

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

• Carbon and Carbon-Nanotube Membranes– FutureGen Colation Formed. Power Eng. 2005, 109, 16.– Holt, J. K., et al., Science 2006, 312, 1034.

• Polymer Membranes– Freeman, B. D. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 375.– Kazama, S., et al. 7th International Conference on Greenhoue Gas Control

Technologies, Vancouver, Canada, 2004.– Colinart, T., Büchi, F. N. Sub-Millimeter Current Density Distribution in

PEFC at Sub-zero Temperatures, www.electrochem.org/meetings/scheduler/abstracts/216/1015.pdf

– Santurri, P. R., et al., ChemSultants International Inc., Final DOE Technical Report, 2008, DOE/GO/86043-Final.

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

• Ionic Liquid Membranes– Luebke, D. R., et al., Development of Practical Supported Ionic

Liquid Membranes: A Systematic Approach. DOE.NETL-IR-2008-036.

– Scovazzo, P., et al., J. Membrane Sci, 2004, 238(1-2), 57-63.– Salminen, J., et al., Ionic Liquids for Rechargeable Lithium

Batteries, LBNL 58901.

Hydrogen Alternate Energy Systems - Fuel Cells

What performance is required?

• Smithsonian Institution, A Basic Overview of Fuel Cell Technology, 2008; http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm

• Fuel Cells for Backup Power in Telecommunications Facilities, Fact Sheet, 2009, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Report No. NREL/FS-560-44520.

• Davis, C. et al. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Study, American Physical Society, 2003, www.aps.org/policy/reports/occasional/upload/fuelcell.pdf.

• Jensen, J., The Need for Batter and Fuel Cell R&D, Energy Conservation by Energy Storage: Advanced Batteries and Fuel Cells - Proceedings of the Third Contractors Meeting, Comm. European Communities, Luxembourg, 1983, 166-172.

What affects performance?

• Pesaran, A. A. et al., PEM Fuel Cell Freeze and Startup Investigation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2005, NREL/MP-54-38760.

• Billings, R. E., The Hydrogen Fuel Cell - Efficiency is the Key, Hydrogen Worldview, International Academy of Science, 1991, p. 1-10; ISBN 096316340X.

• Bernay, C., et al., Prospects for Different Fuel Cell Technologies for Vehicle Applications, J. Power Sources, 2002, 108, 139-152.

Where can I learn about the chemistry?

General• US DOE: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy - Fuel Cell Technologies

Program, Hydrogen Technical Publications: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/hydrogen_publications.html

Systems• Calhoun, J. C. (Microsoft Corporation), Apparatus and Method for Heating Fuel

Cells, U. S. Pat. 7,192,666 B2, 3/20/2007.• Pearson, M. T. (Ballard Power Systems, Inc.), Method and Apparatus for Fuel

Cell Systems, U. S. Pat. 7,419,734 B2, 9/2/2008.• Kottenstette, R., Cotrell, J., Hydrogen Storage in Wind Turbine Towers: Design

Considerations, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2003, NREL/CP-500-34759.

• Agbossou, K., et al., (Ogilvy Renault) Control System for a Renewable Energy System, U. S. Pat. Appl. 2003/0227276 A1, 12/11/2003.