Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen Alkanes contain only single bonds Alkenes contain at least...
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Transcript of Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen Alkanes contain only single bonds Alkenes contain at least...
Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen•Alkanes contain only single bonds•Alkenes contain at least one double bond•Alkynes contain at least one triple bond
Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen•Alkanes contain only single bonds•Alkenes contain at least one double bond•Alkynes contain at least one triple bond
General Formulas:•Alkanes = CnH2n+2
•Alkenes = CnH2n
•Alkynes = CnH2n-2
Hydrocarbons Nomenclature:Two part names:• Prefix based on the number of carbon atoms in
the chain• Suffix based on alkane, alkene, or alkyne
Hydrocarbons Nomenclature:Two part names:• Prefix based on the number of carbon atoms in
the chain• Suffix based on alkane, alkene, or alkyne
Memorize these prefixes, in order:
1 – Meth2 – Eth3 – Prop4 – But5 – Pent
6 – Hex7 – Hept8 – Oct9 – Non10 – Dec
Functional Groups:• Common groups of elements added to
hydrocarbons that change their chemistry• Can be added on the end or interior•Names are changed to reflect the functional
group(s)
Cyclo-hydrocarbons• Carbons are in a ring• lowers expected C:H ratio by 2 hydrogens
Cyclohexane: Cyclohexene:
1, 3, 5 cyclohexene :Or benzene or phenyl
Alcohols: have a hydroxide functional group•Usually on the end, but doesn’t have to be•Name ends in “ol”
Ethanol:
Amines: contain nitrogen inside or on the end of the carbon chain•N can form up to 3 bonds, so either there is 1
chain and 2 H, 2 chains and 1 H, or 3 chains• The suffix “amine” is added• If there chains, the nitrogen is counted as being
attached to the longest chain, and an italic N is used to show the shorter chains are attached to the nitrogen• If the N is inside a single chain, an infixed
number is used
Carboxylic acids: an end carbon is double bonded to O and to hydroxide• The carbonyl carbon counts as part of the chain• The suffix “ioc acid” is added• Can have one on each end of a chain, but
naming that is beyond the scope of AP (especially if there are several branches)
Ethanioc Acid:(Acetic Acid)