HYDROCARBON AND PETROLEUM.ppt

7/27/2019 HYDROCARBON AND PETROLEUM.ppt

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HYDROCARBON AND

PETROLEUM


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DIFFERENCE OF ORGANIC AND

INORGANIC COMPOUND

1. Organic compounds have the boiling and

melting points which low relative, while

inorganic compounds have the boiling

and melting points which high relative.

2. Generally, organic compounds are

soluble less in water or other polar

solvents, but easy to dissolve in nonpolarsolvents.


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3. Generally, organic compounds are flame

able than inorganic compounds, but

organic compounds are less reactive to

other substances.

4. Chemical bond of organic compound is

covalent bonds, while chemical bond of

inorganic compound generally is ionicbond.


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SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF

CARBON ATOM1. Carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds

Carbon has 4 valence electron. Therefore, toreach octet configuration, carbon can form 4covalent bond.

2. The size of Carbon Atom is Small RelativeAccording to number of period, carbon atom hasonly 2 shell so atomic radius of small relative. Itcaused :

Covalent bond which is formed by carbon isrelatively strong.

Carbon can form double bond and triple bond.


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3. Carbon atom can form the carbon chains

Carbon atoms can attach to each other to form thelinier, branched, and circular or cyclic ( form the rings )carbon chains.

Carbon atoms can be distinguished into : Primary carbon : carbon atom attached by one other Catom.

Secondary carbon : carbon atom attached by two otherC atoms.

Tertiary carbon : carbon atom attached by three other Catoms. Quarterly carbon : carbon atom attached by four other

C atoms.


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HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS

Hydrocarbon compounds are organicchemical compounds containing onlyhydrogen and carbon atoms.

1. Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarboncompounds.

a. Saturated hydrocarbon are the

hydrocarbon compounds which all the Catoms in the compounds have a singlebond.


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Examples :a. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3

n butaneb. CH3 CH2 CH CH3

CH

32 methyl butane


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Unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds arethe hydrocarbon compounds which one ormore C atoms in the compounds have

double or triple bond.Examples :

a. CH2 = CH2

ethaneb. CH C - CH3

propyne


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2. Aliphatic, Alicyclic, and aromatic

hydrocarbon compounds

Based on the carbon chains, hydrocarbon

compounds are distinguished into :

a.Aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds :

hydrocarbon compounds forming the

opened ( linear and branched ) carbon

chains.


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Examples :

1. CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3

CH3 C2H5

3,4-dimethyl-heptane

2. CH2 = CH CH2 CH31 - butene


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b.Alicyclic hydrocarbon compounds :

hydrocarbon compounds forming circular

( closed ) carbon chains.

Example : CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2


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c.Aromatic hydrocarbon compounds :

hydrocarbon compounds forming circular

( closed ) carbon chains which have the

conjugation bond ( single bond anddouble or triple bond alternately ).


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Example : CH

CH CH

CH CH

CH

Benzene


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ALKANES

Alkanes is a group of hydrocarboncompounds which all of the carbon

interatomic bonds are single bond and

form the opened carbon chains.

General formula of alkane : CnH2n+2

A homolog : a group of carbon compound

with the same general formula and

character exactly.


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n=1 CH4 methane n=2 C2H6 ethane n=3 C3H8 propane

n=4 C4H10butane n=5 C5H12pentane n=6 C6H14hexane n=7 C7H16heptane

n=8 C8H18octane n=9 C9H20nonane n=10 C10H22 decane


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ALKYL

Alkyl group is the group of alkanes whichlose one of H atom.

General formula : Cn

H2n+1

Naming alkyl : name of matching alkane

with substitute suffix ane to yl.

Example : methane to become methylethane to become ethyl

propane to become propyl


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NOMENCLATURE SYSTEM OF

ALKANES

1. Find the longest chain that numerous contain

branch as mother chain. Branch is chain

that bound at mother chain.

2. Mother chain is named alkane depend on longof chain, branch is named alkyl.

3. Position of branch is stated with prefix of

number. Mother chain must get the smallest

number. For numbering, branch must get the

smallest number.


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4. If there are 2 or more similar branches,therefore it is stated with prefix di if 2, tri if 3,tetra if 4, penta if 5, etc.

5. The different branches are composed according

to alphabet sequence. Prefix normal,secondary, tertiary is disregarded, howeverprefix iso isnt disregarded.

6. If numbering equivalent in both end, must be

chosen so that the biggest branch get thesmallest number.

Writing of name, starting with name of branchesand closing with name of mother chain.


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Example :

CH3

1. CH3 CH2 CH2 C CH2 CH3

C2H53-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane


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CH3

2. CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH3CH CH3CH3

3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-hexane


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ISOMER

Compounds that have the same molecularformula but have different structures.

1. The kinds of isomers

a. Structural isomers are molecules that havethe same chemical formula and have the sameatoms in each molecule, but the order of atomsin which the molecules are different.

Isomer structure consist of :

Constructive isomer : it happens because by thedifference of atoms on the compound having thesame molecule formula.


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Position isomer : it happens becauseby the position difference of a certain

group on compounds having thesame molecular formula.

Function group isomer : caused by

difference of functional group.


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b. Spatial isomers are caused bydifference configuration.

1. Geometric isomer : it happens because

the existence of the difference of certain

group direction on the compounds having

the same molecular formula.

2. Optic isomer


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Alkane isomers :

Example :

Isomers of C4H10 :

1. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3n-butane

2. CH3 CH CH3

CH32-methyl-propane


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1. The following are the specialities of

carbon atom, except A. has 6 valence electrons

B. can form 4 covalent bonds

C. can form the double bond

D. the bonds formed are strong relativeE. can form the carbon chains


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2. Following are the true statements about

organic compounds, except A. are carbon compounds

B. have low boiling point

C. less soluble in water

D. have high melting pointE. their atoms form the covalent bond


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3. Which is a group of alkane is A. C2H2 D. C7H8

B. C2H4 E. C7H14C. C2H6


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4. The next highest homologue from C6H14

is A. C

6

H14

D. C7

H16

B. C7H12 E. C8H18

C. C7H12


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5. Among of the following names which

appropriate to the IUPAC nomenclature

system for organic compounds is A. 3 methyl 3 ethyl hexaneB. 3 ethyl 4 methylhexaneC. 2

methyl butane

3

D. 2 ethyl 3 methyl hexaneE. 2 methyl 3 isobutyl hexane


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6. IUPAC name for the compound withstructural formula of

CH3 CH3

CH3 CH2 C CH CH3

CH3

is


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a. 1 methyl 2,2 dimethyl butaneB. 1,1 dimethyl 2,2 dimethyl butane

C. Tetramethyl butaneD. 3,3 dimethyl isohexaneE. 2,3,3 trimethyl pentane


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7. Hydrocarbon compound that only consist

of C and H atoms having triple bond, then

the general formula of the compound is A. CnH2n-2 D. CnH2n

B. CnH2n +2 E. CnH2n-1

C. CnH

2n+1


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8. The following name of hydrocarbon

compound which wrong is A. 2 methyl propaneB. 2 methyl butaneC. 3 methyl pentane

D. 3 methyl butaneE. 3 methyl hexane


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9. The correct name of compound of

(CH3)3CCH(C2H5)CH2CH3is A. 2,2 dimethyl 3 ethyl pentane

B. 3 ethyl 2,2 dimethyl pentane

C. 4,4 dimethyl 3 ethylpentane

D. 3 ethyl 2 methyl hexaneE. 3 ethyl 2,2 dimethyl butane


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10. The following compound which has 5 C

atoms is A. 2 methyl butane

B. 2,2 dimethyl butaneC. 2 methyl pentane

D. 3 ethyl pentaneE. 2 ethyl butane

HYDROCARBON AND PETROLEUM.ppt

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