hydrobiological study of chaphal...
121
94
Transcript of hydrobiological study of chaphal...
94
95
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 MORPHOMETERY.
4.2 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS.
4.2.1 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS.
4.2.1.1 Atmospheric Temperature.
4.2.1.2 Water Temperature.
4.2.1.3 Electrical Conductivity .
4.2.1.4 pH.
4.2.2 CHEMICAL PARAMETERS.
4.2.2.1 Dissolved oxygen.
4.2.2.2 Total Alkalinity.
4.2.2.3 Free Carbon Dioxide.
4.2.2.4 Total hardness.
4.2.2.5 Calcium Hardness.
4.2.2.6 Magnesium Hardness.
4.2.2.7 Total Dissolved Solids.
4.2.2.8 Total Suspended Solids.
4.2.2.9 Total Solids.
4.2.2.10 Calcium.
4.2.2.11 Chlorides.
96
4.2.3 BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS.
4.2.3.1 Planktons.
4.2.3.2 Zooplanktons.
97
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 MORPHOMETRY
Attributes of Lake Morphomerty include surface area and shape, depth and
underwater slope. These work together directly and indirectely to exert a major
impact on lake functioning (Jacob, 2002).
The Morphometric feature of any reservoir depends on its catchment area
and the topography of region. The geology of the particular region is responsible
for availability of the specific nutrients, which ultimately decides the productivity
of the reservoir and the nature of the bottom the reservoir. The human
interference in the catchment area have direct and significant bearings on the
structural and functional attributes in the aquatic habitat and may be responsible
for the alteration of morphmetric characters of the reservoir (Hutchinson, 1957).
In the present investigation the morphometric study of ‘Chaphal Reservoir’
has been undertaken.
4.2 Physicochemical Parameters.
The physicochemical parameters ie atomospheric temperature, water
temperature, electrical conductivity, pH were studied during the study period of
two years. Some of the parameters were studied on the spot at sampling sites,
whereas some parameters were studied in the laboratory by carried the water
samples from the study area.
98
4.2.1.1 Atmospheric Temperature.
The monthly values of atmospheric temperature recorded at Chaphal
Reservoir are depicted in table No.2 and figure No. 1.
Two year average values of atmospheric temperature of the Chaphal
reservoir are recoreded as 30.980c and 32.29
0c during the year 2009-10 of study.
The atmospheric temperature of Chaphal reservoir ranged from 25.830c in month
January to 37.230c in month May during the first year of the study period 2009-
10. During the second year 2010-11 the atmospheric temperature ranged from
25.560c in month December to 37.73
0c in month May.
Sathe et. al. (2001) has recorded the temperature range of 25 to 370c for air
in Ped reservoir from Sangali dist (M. S.). Shinde et. al. (2010) recorded air
temperature ranged between 20.2 to 36.50c with maximum temperature during
summer and minimum air temperature ranged from 35.9 to 36.70c in two man-
made lakes.
Patil and Kulkarni (2008) have recorded air temperature ranges between
290c in November to 35
0c in October in Thodga, Ta. Ahemedpur, Latur Dist.
Sayyed Hussain et. al. (2011) was recorded water temperature lies between 26.0
to 28.00c in Bellur (V). Ta. Dharmabad, Nanded.
Ghantaloo et. al. (2011) has recorded atmospheric temperature 22 to 310c
in Nira left bank canal, Shardanagar, Ta. Baramati, Pune.
99
Bade (2008) recorded atmospheric temperature ranged from 21.35 to 38.7
0c in Sai reservoir, Latur (M. S.). Kumbhar (2006) recorded the atmospheric
temperature ranges from 31.91 0c to 31.48
0c in Ujani reservoir in Solapur dist. (M.
S.).
Temperature was found negatively correlated with DO (Das, 2000),
transparency (Reid and Wood, 1976), & pH and positively correlated with
turbidity (Pradhan et. al., 2003), nitrates, sodium, potassium.
Sachidanandmurthy and Yajurvedi (2008) recorded water temperature
ranged from 25.03 to 26.650c and 25.34 to 27.37
0c in two ponds. Mahboob and
Zahid (2002) recorded range of water temperature 15 to 410c. Basavrajappa et.
al.(2010) was recorded temperature ranged between 24 to 340c.
Sheikh and Mandare (2009) found temperature of water was 21 to 230c in
monsoon and winter whereas increased in summer ie 260c in Khed industrial area.
Kamble et.al (2008) recorded water temperature ranged between 20.08 to
26.220c, with maximum in summer and minimum in winter seasons. Kavita
Upadhyay et. al. (2010) fond water temperature between 18.9 to 31.20c. Bhoyar
et. al. (2011) recorded water temperature ranges between 25 to 300c in Ambona,
Umarkhed of Yavatmal district. Jawale et.al (2009) was recorded water
temperature ranges between 23 to 320c in Terna reservoir Makani of Osmanabad
district.
Gaikwad (2010) was recorded atmospheric temperature ranges between
24.03 to 35.080C in lower region of Seena river of Solapur district (M.S.). Patil and
100
Kulkarni (2008) have recorded air temperature rages between 150c to 27
0c in
Thodga, Ta. Ahmedpur, Latur District (M. S.).
In the present investigations the seasonwise analysis showed that the
average air temperature in the reservoir was maximum during summer,
comparatively less during monsoon and less during winter. This is agriment with
the findinges of Jayabhaye et. al.(2006), Salve and Hiware (2006), Sakhare (2007),
Sing et. al.(2010) and Ugale (2011).
The atmospheric and water temperature depends upon the geographical
location and metrological conditions at a particular place (Jhingran and Singran,
1990).
Temperature is an important factore, which regulates the biochemical
activities in the aquatic environment. Air and water temperature have highly
considerable positive correlation with each other.
101
Table no: - 02. Atmospheric temperature (0c) of Chaphal ReservoirDuring April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 35.3 35.6 35.8 35.56
May 37.2 37.0 37.4 37.23
June 36.7 36.5 36.7 36.63
July 34.8 34.3 34.6 34.90
August 29.9 29.7 29.8 29.80
September 28.5 28.8 28.9 28.73
October 30.6 30.4 30.7 30.56
November 29.4 29.3 28.9 29.20
December 27.8 28.2 27.6 27.86
January 2010 25.9 25.8 25.8 25.83
February 26.7 26.8 27.0 26.83
March 28.5 28.7 28.9 28.63
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 30.98
April 2010 34.6 34.5 34.7 34.60
May 37.4 37.8 38.0 37.73
June 36.3 36.5 36.2 36.33
July 34.5 34.3 34.7 34.5
August 32.3 32.2 32.2 32.23
September 33.4 33.5 33.7 33.53
October 34.1 34.2 34.2 34.16
November 31.3 31.2 31.5 31.33
102
December 25.4 25.7 25.6 25.56
January 2011 26.8 26.7 26.5 26.66
February 27.9 28.1 28.2 28.40
March 32.4 32.5 34.7 32.46
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 32.29
103
4.2.1.2 Water Temperature
Fig
. N
o.1
Mo
nth
ly V
ari
ati
on
in
Atm
os
ph
eri
c T
em
pra
ture
in
Ch
ap
ha
l R
es
erv
oir
20
25
30
35
40
Ap
r-
09
Ma
y-
09
Ju
n-
09
Ju
l-
09
Au
g-
09
Se
p-
09
Oct-
09
No
v-
09
De
c-
09
Ja
n-
10
Fe
b-
10
Ma
r-
10
Ap
r-
10
Ma
y-
10
Ju
n-
10
Jul-
10
Au
g-
10
Se
p-
10
Oct-
10
No
v-
10
De
c-
10
Jan
-
11
Fe
b-
11
Ma
r-
11
Mo
nth
s
Atmospheric Temprature
104
The monthly values of water temperature recorded at Chaphal Reservoir
are depicted in table No. 3 and figure No. 2.
Two years average value of water temperature of the Chaphal reservoir
was recorded as 28.16 and 29.270cduring the year 2009-11 of study period. The
minimum water temperature recorded as 23.360c in month January and
maximum water temperature 34.330c was found in month May during the first
year (2009-10). While in the second year (2010-11) of study period the minimum
water temperature 24.430c was recorded in month January and maximum water
temperature 34.000c was found in month May of the second year of study period.
Basu et. al. (2010) recorded water temperature ranged from a min 200c and
maximum 34.680c in Vadgaon tank, Kolhapur (M. S.).Jitesh Krishnan (2005) has
recorded water temperature ranges from 240c to 29
0c in Periyer Lake, Kerala.
Goel et. al. (1988) recorded water temperature ranges from 23 to 350c and 23.5
to 37.00c for Ambedkar tank.
According to Kaul et. al. (1980) the surface water temperature is usually
remains close to the air temperature. Shinde et. al. (2010) has recorded water
temperature rages between 17 to 32.80c, with minimum temperature in winter
and maximum water temperature during summer.
Goel and Chavan (1991) have recorded 27.2 to 300c of water temperature.
B.J.Ugale (2011) was found the water temperature in the range between 22 to
250c, he fond maxmimum water temperature in the summer and minimum in tne
month of winter seasons.
105
Sharma et. al. (2008) has recorded water temperature minimum of 17.90c
and maximum of 33.50c. Roy et. al. (2010) was found water temperature range
between 250c to 33
0c. Islam (2001) found water temperature minimum18.63
0c to
maximum 31.430c.
According to Singhal et. al. (1986), in Indian subcontinent the temperature
in most of the water bodies ranges between 7.8 to 38.50c. Water temperature
ranging between 13.5 to 320c is reported to be suitable for the development of
the planktonic organisms (Kamal, 2000, Gaikwad et. al. 2008). Sayyed Hussian et.
al. (2011) recorded water temperature lies between 26.0 to 28.00c in Bellur (v) Ta.
Dharmabad, Nanded district.
Pawar et. al. (2009) has recorded 22.5 to 350c with maximum during
summer and minimum during winter season in Panshewadi dam in Kandhar,
Nanded district. Sirsat and Kamble (2009) have recorded water temperature
ranges between 20.0 to 32.00c in Bendsura Project, Beed.
Bade B.B. (2008) has recorded water temperature range between 24.65 0c
to 38.120c in Sai reservoir. Kumbhar et. al. (2005) was recorded water
temperature ranged from 21.720c to 39.02
0c in Ujani reservoir, Solapur (M. S.).
Sivasubramani (1999) reported that water temperature of river Periyar
varies from 23.15 to 25.250c at up stream and 26.6 to 28.50
0c at down stream.
Das et. al. (1992) reported that water temperature between 17.5 to 280c in river
Brahmputra at Tejapur. Pandey et. al. (1993) studied on the physicochemical
quality of water in the river Koshi at Purnia and reported 19.5 to 30.50c. Yogesh
Shastri (2000) studied physicochemical characteristics of river Mosam at
106
Malegaon, Nashik (MS) and found the minimum water temperature of 180c in the
month of December and maximum of 290c in the month of May.
Ramdas et. al. (2005) reported that the water temperature varied between
22 to 270c in Tungabhadra river water. Gaikwad (2010) was recorded water
temperature ranges between 22.5 to 33.50c in lower region of Seena river of
Solapur district (M.S.).
Bhosle et. al. (1994) has recorded the water temperature range of 25.20c to
300c for different water bodies from Sangli district. Kadam (1999) has recorded
water temperature range of 27.20c to 30.0
0c for Rankala Lake in Kolhapure. Sathe
et. al. (2001) has recorded the temperature range of 250c to 37
0c and 24
0c to 31
0c
for air and water respectively in the Ped reservoir from sangli district.
Hujari (2005) has recorded air and water temperature of three water
bodies’ viz. Talsande reservoir, vadgaon reservoir and Attigre reservoir in
kolhapure district. He recorded the air temperature ranges of 22 0
c to 390c.
In the present investigation the season wise analysis showed that the
average water temperature in the reservoir was maximum during summer and
minimum during winter and moderate during monsoon seasons.The water
temperature was consistently lower than the atmospheric temperature. This is
agriment with the findinges of Kumbhar A.C.(2006),Bade B.B. (2008),Pawer et.al
(2009), Shinde et. al.(2010), Gaikwed M.M.(2010) and Ugale (2011).
According to Sharma and Jain (2007) the flucation in water temperature
have relation with the air temperature. The highest temperature recorded in
107
summer month can be attributed to the direct relation between high sunshine, its
duration and air temperature in the tropical countries (Hussain 1977).
According to Mosely (1983) the variation in water temperature at different
time were probably due to surface hitting during the day and cooling during night
the variation in water temperature may be due to different timing of collection
and influence of season (Jayaraman et. al. 2003).
108
Table no: - 03. Water temperature (0c) of Chaphal Reservoir During April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 30.3 30.2 30.2 30.23
May 33.3 33.8 33.9 33.66
June 34.3 34.4 34.4 34.33
July 30.2 30.3 30.1 30.20
August 28.5 28.9 28.7 28.70
September 27.2 27.3 27.5 27.33
October 29.5 29.7 29.8 29.66
November 25.8 25.9 26.0 25.90
December 24.1 24.2 23.8 24.03
January 2010 32.2 23.5 23.4 23.36
February 24.5 24.2 24.3 24.33
March 26.4 26.3 26.2 26.30
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 28.16
April 2010 30.1 30.0 30.2 30.10
May 34.4 33.9 33.7 34.00
June 33.9 33.9 34.00 33.93
July 31.4 31.5 31.5 31.46
August 29.4 29.1 31.5 31.46
September 29.4 29.1 29.6 29.36
October 27.2 27.5 27.3 27.33
November 29.8 29.6 29.4 29.60
December 26.8 26.7 26.4 26.63
January 2011 24.2 24.4 24.7 24.43
109
February 25.4 25.7 25.8 25.63
March 27.3 27.4 27.4 27.36
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 29.27
110
Fig
. No
. 2 M
on
thly
Va
ria
tio
n in
Wa
ter
Te
mp
retu
re in
Ch
ap
ha
l Re
se
rvo
ir
20
25
30
35
40
45
Ap
r-
09
Ma
y-
09
Jun
-
09
Jul-
09
Au
g-
09
Se
p-
09
Oct
-
09
No
v-
09
De
c-
09
Jan
-
10
Fe
b-
10
Ma
r-
10
Ap
r-
10
Ma
y-
10
Jun
-
10
Jul-
10
Au
g-
10
Se
p-
10
Oct
-
10
No
v-
10
De
c-
10
Jan
-
11
Fe
b-
11
Ma
r-
11
Mo
nth
s
Water Temprature
111
4.2.1.3 Electrical counductivity
The monthly values of Electrical counductivity recorded at Chaphal
Reservoir are depicted in table No. 4 and figure No. 3.
Two years average value of Electrical counductivity of the Chaphal reservoir
was recorded as 0.040 mS/cm and 0.054 mS/cm during the year 2009-11 of study
period. The minimum Electrical counductivity recorded as 0.028 mS/cm in month
January and maximum 0.074 mS/cm was found in month May during the first year
2009-10. While in the year 2010-11 of study period the minimum Electrical
counductivity 0.040 mS/cm was recorded in month February and maximum
Electrical counductivity 0.082 mS/cm was found in month May of the second year
of study period.
Patel et. al.(2010) recorded the average conduntance values lies between
0.5662 ms to 1.1582 ms in three year study of ground water around suger
factories of Osmanabad district, with minimum in October and maximum in the
month July. Umadevi et. al. (2010) recorded EC varies between 95 to 1072
umho/cm in Ellor in Ernakulum dist. of Kerala.
The counductivity of polluted water depends on distance of pollution from
the sample sites, depth of water collected and time of collection of sample.
Patil and Patil (2009) recorded EC values in the range 386 micromhos/cm
to 2827 microomhos/cm in ground water samples of Amlner Town in Jalgaon Dis.,
Maharashtra. Kamble et.al (2008) was observed the EC varied between 69.41
µS/cm to 137.93 µS/cm in Khadkawasala reservoir.
112
Sulbha and Prakasam (2006) recorded conductivity ranges between 0.07 to
0.44mmhos in Thirumullavaram temple pond of Kollam, Kerala. T. Rajagopal et.al
(2010) was recorded EC value ranged from 806 to 145 µmhos/cm among the
three perennial ponds of Virudhunager district, T.N.
Garg et. al.(2010) was found EC fluctuate between 108 µS/cm and
246.30µS/cm in Ramsager reservoir, India. Verma and Mahajan (2010) recorded
Conductivity ranged between 0.228 to 0.346 ms/cm in Narmada river at
Maheshwar (M.P.). Preeti Gupta et.al (2009) was recorded the EC value range of
250 to 750 micromho/cm2 in Kerwa dam, Bhophal, India.
Kamal et.al (2007) found EC values ranges between 164 to 275µS/cm in
Mouri river, Khulna, Bangladesh. Khatavkar and Trivedy (1992) studied on water
quality parameter of river Panchaganga near Kolhapur and Ichalkaranji (M.S.) and
observed the average conductivity values were 150 to 52 µs. Harilal et. al. (2004)
studied on hydrogeochemistry of two rivers with special reference to drinking
water quality and observed that the electrical comductivity ranged from 25 to 610
umhos with an average of 96.40 umhos in Karamana river, while Neyyer dam
water, it ranged from 20.7 to 3850 µmhos with an average of 622.19 µmhos.
Verma (2004) observed that the electrical conductivity ranged from 0.418
to 0.566 mho in Yamuna river at Agra (U.P.). Srivastava (2005) worked on
Kalisindh river at Chambal and observed that the counductivity value ranged from
0.13 to 0.69, 0.23 to 0.48, 0.17 to 0.65 and 0.18 to 0.53 ds/ml at four sites
respectively.
113
Senthil et.al (2001) reported that electrical conductivity is mainly a measure
of salinity which greatly affected the taste of water and thus has significant
impact on its use.
Sinha et. al. (2006) worked on seasonsl variation in aquatic environment of
Ramganga river at Moradabad and observed that the electrical conductivity in
premonsoon 0.454, 0.456,0.457,0.549, 1.930, 1.960, 0.592, 2.050, 0.414, 0.402,
0.551 and 0.338 µ/s/cm and after onset monsoon was 0.434, 0.436, 0.447,0.528,
1.960, 0.980, 0.521, 2.110, 0.424, 0.401, 0.562 and 0.339 µ/s/m at 12 different
sites.
Gaikwad (2010) was recorded atmospheric temperature ranges between
0.023 to 0.088 ms/cm in lower region of Seena river of Solapur district (M.S.). He
showed the maximum conductivity in summer months and minimum in the
winter season.
B. G. Ugale (2011) was found electric conductivity values of the Jakekur
Project of Osmanabad ranges between 9.25 to 10.25 mS/cm. maximum value of
conductance was observed in winter and minimum during monsoon.
Soni and Bhatt (2008) was recorded conductivity ranges between 0.7 to
3.07 ms in urban pond near Vadodara, Gujrat, India.Pathani and Upadhyay (2001)
was recorded conductivity in a range of 50.2 to 59.2 µ Scm-l at Gairsen, 54.3 to
65.8 µ Scm-l at Chaukhutia and 54.2 to 79.8 µ Scm-l at Masi rivers of Uttaranchal,
India.
Kumar et. al. (2011) was found electrical conductivity value ranged from
806 to 145 Rmhos/cm among the three ponds of Karwar Dist., Karnataka. High
114
value of EC was recorded during summer whereas low during monsoon.
According to Gaikwad et. al. (2008) the dilution of solid substance in turn reduces
the EC value alkalinity and zooplankton production.
Riddhi Sharma et. al. (2008) was recorded EC value ranged between 0.3 to
0.97 mmhos in Udaipur lake. Olsen (1950) classified water bodies having
conductivity values between 200 to 500 µ/cm as mesotropic.
Chaturbhuj et. al. (2004) found the electrical conductivity values of water
sample from Jamwa Ramgarh wetland ranged between 500 to 700
micromhos/cm, with maximum in summer and minimum in monsoon.
Singh et. al. (2010) was found EC values varied from 94 S/cm to 289 S/cm.
the peak values were recorded during summer months and minimum values were
observed during winter months.
Water with EC values between 2.5 and 10.0mScm-1 is not recommended
for human consumption and normally not suitable for irrigation except for very
salt tolerant crops with special management techniques.
Purushottam et. al.(2010) found the values of conductivity in Gorewada
Lake, Nagapur city (M.S.) varied between 424 mhos/cm to 680 mhos/cm in winter
season, 448 mhos/cm to 940 mhos/cm. in rainy season and 690 mhos/cm to 1149
mhos/cm during summer season. The values of conductivity in Futala Lake
fluctuated between 534 mhos/cm to 840 mhos/cm in winter, 586 to 1110
mhos/cm in rainy season whereas it varied from 784 mhos/cm to 1264 mhos/cm
during summer.
115
In the present investigation the maximum electrical conductivity was
recorded during summer season and minimum electrical conductivity was
recorded during winter season. This is agreement with the findings of Srinivasrao
et. al. (2007), Gaikwad M.M.(2010), Sing et. al.(2010)
Sharma et.al (1978) has reported that the high value of conductivity are
mainly due to the entry of sewage, waste water effluents and organic matter from
the nearby residential areas which bring along with them ionized substances.
It was noted that seasonal variation in Electrical Conductivity was due to
factors such as rainfall, biota causing changes in ionic concentration and the
nature of bottom deposit. The high values of conductivity were observed during
the months of February to June. The observed increase could be attributed to the
entry of sewage, waste water effluents and organic matter from near by
residential areas along with ionized substances
116
Table no: - 04. Conductivity of Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 0.060 0.063 0.061 0.061
May 0.070 0.075 0.078 0.074
June 0.040 0.042 0.043 0.042
July 0.053 0.051 0.052 0.052
August 0.047 0.048 0.047 0.047
September 0.045 0.047 0.048 0.046
October 0.038 0.039 0.037 0.038
November 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.036
December 0.30 0.032 0.033 0.032
January 2010 0.029 0.028 0.029 0.028
February 0.036 0.038 0.037 0.037
March 0.037 0.040 0.043 0.040
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 0.044
April 2010 0.060 0.065 0.068 0.064
May 0.080 0.083 0.085 0.082
June 0.050 0.049 0.058 0.058
July 0.053 0.055 0.054 0.054
August 0.060 0.063 0.062 0.061
September 0.056 0.057 0.057 0.056
October 0.053 0.054 0.052 0.053
November 0.050 0.049 0.049 0.049
December 0.048 0.047 0.047 0.048
January 2011 0.044 0.045 0.047 0.045
117
February 0.039 0.040 0.041 0.040
March 0.045 0.047 0.046 0.046
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 0.054
118
Fig.
No.
3 M
onth
ly V
aria
tion
in C
ondu
ctiv
ity in
Cha
phal
Res
ervo
ir
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Apr-
09
May-
09
Jun- 09
Jul-
09
Aug- 09
Sep- 09
Oct-
09
Nov-
09
Dec-
09
Jan- 10
Feb- 10
Mar-
10
Apr-
10
May-
10
Jun- 10
Jul-
10
Aug- 10
Sep- 10
Oct-
10
Nov-
10
Dec-
10
Jan- 11
Feb- 11
Mar-
11
Mon
ths
Coductivity
119
4.2.1.4 pH
The monthly values of pH recorded at Chaphal Reservoir are depicted
in table No. 5 and figure No. 4.
Two years average value of pH of the Chaphal reservoir was recorded as
7.86 and 7.78 during the year 2009-11 of study period. The minimum pH recorded
as 7.36 in month August and maximum 8.83 was found in month May during the
first year 2009-10. While in the year 2010-11 of study period the minimum pH
7.40 was recorded in month September and maximum pH 8.86 was found in
month May of the second year of study period.
Manjare et. al. (2010) recorded alkaline pH values ranges from 7.32 to 8.63.
He found the maximum value of pH in the month August and minimum in the
month April, in Vadgaon tank of Kolhapur (M. S.). Bade (2008) has recorded the
average pH value 7.07 to 8.87 in Sai reservoir, Latur district. Kumbhar et. al (2006)
has recorded an average value of pH 8.33 in Ujani reseravoir solapur district (M.
S.).
The pH range between 6.0 and 8.5 indicates medium productive nature,
more than 8.5 highly productive and less than 6.0 low productive nature of a
reservoir (Kurbatova, 2005, Tanner et. al. 2005). According to the above
statement the pH of present reservoir is in between 7.40 to 8.86, so it belongs to
highly productive in nature.
120
Pailwan et. al. (2008) has recorded alkaline pH from 7.5 to 9.00 in three
ponds near Kolhapur district. Sing et. al.(2010) recorded slightly alkaline to highly
alkaline pH.
According to ICMR (1975) and WHO (1985) safe pH limit is 7 to 8.5, while ISI
(1991) range is 6.5 to 8.5. So the pH recorded in present study is within this limit.
Kamal et. al. (2007) recorded the range pH value of ponds water were 6.7
to 8.9. Shaik and Mandare (2009) have recorded pH range between 7.1 to 8.54 in
drinking water of Khed industrial area. Mane et. al. (2010) recorded pH 7.1 to
7.9, higher during hot period and lower during cold period in Yeoti Lake, Mohol
(M. S.). P. N. Kamble et. al (2008) were recorded pH varying from 6.54 to 8.60 in
Khadakwasla reservoir Pune. Patil and Kulkarni (2008) recorded pH 7.5 to 8 in
Thodga reservoir, Ta. Ahamedpur, Latur district. Pawar et. al. (2009) has recorded
pH 7.2 to 7.8 in Pansewadi dam, Khandar, Nanded Dist. Sirsat and Kamble (2010)
has recorded 7.7 to 8.9 in Bendsura Project Beed.
Rajgopal (2010) recorded alkalin nature of pH of three ponds of T.N. Verma
and Mahajan (2008) recorded pH range between 7.64 to 8.5 in Narmada river at
Mahaeswar (M.P.). Kamal et. al.(2007) recorded alkaline pH average about 7.7 in
Mouri river, Bangladesh. Basu et. al.(2010) recorded alkaline condition of fresh
water resource in west Bengal. They recorded highest pH 7.45 and lowest pH 7.1.
Lashari et. al. (2005) was found low value of pH was 7.3 in months
September & July and high pH 8.9 in Months September & June. The variation in
pH is due to the presence or absence of free CO2 & carbonate and planktonic
121
density during various months. The high pH results in high photosynthetic due to
the abandance of the algal population (Shalo et. al., 2004).
Koshy and Nayar (1999) observed a pH of range 6.1 to 6.9 during post
monsoon in river Pampa, Kerala. Jitesh Krishnan (2005) was recorded pH is
neutral or slightly alkaline in his three year study in Periyar lake of Kerala. He
recorded pH in a range from 7.1 to 8. Bhatt et. al. (2009) recoreded pH ranged
from 6.55 to 7.93 from the ponds of Lucknow, U.P. Angadi (1985) has recorded pH
range of 6.3 to 9.32 for Rajaram tank.
According to Rajshekhar et. al. (2007), the pH values varied from 7.2 to 8.7
are suitable for aquatic organisms. The pH levels were within the limits, safe for
protection of aquatic life (6.5 to 9.0) USEPA (1975), irrigation (505 to 9.0) and
domestic use (7 to 9), ICMR (1975).
Sharma et. al. (2008) found pH values alkaline throughout the study period
ranging from 7.5 in lake Pichhola to 9.2 in lake Swaroopsager at Udaipur. Ayoade
et. al. (2006) were recorded the pH of water ranged between 6.2 to 8.5.
pH is an index for suitability of environment and is one of the most
important factore affecting the productivity of the water body (Kumar and Gupta,
2002).Basavrajappa et. al. (2010) recorded pH range of 7 to 9. Rao et. al. (1993)
was observed the pH of Textile industry effluent varied from 0 to 11. Pathani and
Upadhayay (200) found pH 7.02 to 11.04.
Higher range of pH indicates higher productivity of water ( Shanti et.
al.,2002). Mahanand et. al.(2010) recorded pH 8.2 to 9.4 in three ponds. Kuchekar
et. al. (2009) was recorded 7.0 to 8.5 pH in Pravara area, Ahmednagar district.
122
The pH range of 6.0 to 9.0 is most suitable for pond fish culture (Swing,
1967). According to this statement the water from the present reservoir is
suitable for fish culture techniques.
Rafeeq and Khan (2002) recorded the pH ranges between 7 to 8.5 in
Godavari river near Kandakurthi villege, Nizamabad, Dist. Pandey and Das (1993)
worked on river Koshi at Purnia (Bihar) and found the pH the values ranges
between 7.1 to 8. Baburao (1997) observed the range of pH between 7.2 to 8.0 in
Himayat Sagar reservoir of A.P. Jayraman et. al. (2003) worked on water quality in
Karama river and observed that pH value ranges between 6.23 to 7.83. Das et. al.
(2003) studies on wetlands and water quality of river and drains of Guwahati city
and recorded pH in Bahini, Bharalu, Brahmputra rivers and found pH ranged
between 6.5 to 6.9, 6.7 to 6.9, 6.9 to 7.5 and 6.3 to 6.6 respectively.
Reginaa and Nadi (2004) worked on physico-chemical characteristics of
Caveri and Bhavani river and observed that the pH value of 7.2 and 8.8. Harilal et.
al. (2004) worked on hydrochemistry of two river of Kerala with special reference
to drinking water quality and observed that the pH of Karanana river ranged from
5.91 to 7.10 with an average of 6.60. Singh and Gupta (2004) reported that the pH
ranges from 6.90 to 7.66 in Yamuna river at Mathura. Manna and Das (2002)
studied on impact of the river Moosi and river Krishna and observed that the pH
was 8.8 and 8.4. Ramdas et. al. (2005) studied on Tungabhadra river water at
Mylara and observed that pH ranged from 7.42 to 8.59.
123
Gaikwad (2010) was recorded pH ranges between 7.2 to 8.4 in lower region
of Seena river of Solapur district (M.S.). He showed the maximum pH in summer
months and minimum in the rainy season.
Higher pH is normally associated with a high photosynthetic activity in
water (King, 1970 and Goel et. al. 1986). Sathe et. al. (2000) have reported higher
pH values of reservoir from south-western Maharashtra. Acidic pH ranging
between 6 to7 was reported by Goel and Chavan (1991) from Residency tank,
Kolhapur. Sinha and Sinha (1993) have observed lower pH values during
monsoon, high values during winter and moderate values during summer.
In the present study it was observed that pH gradually increase from mid
winter to late summer and then decreases in monsoon. Same type of fluctuations
in pH range was recorded by Kumbhar A.C.(2006), Gaikwad et. al. (2008),
Gaikwad M.M.(2010), B.Vasantkumar et. al. (2011).
The high summer pH observed in present work possibly results from
increased photosynthesis and evaporation of water. Photosynthetic assimilation
of dissolved inorganic carbon can increase pH (King, 1970).
Increased surface pH in water bodies is due to increased metabolic
activities of autotrophs, because in general they utilize the CO2 and liberate O2,
thus reducing H+ ion concentration, while in the bottom of water body’s liberation
of acids from decomposing organic matter under low O2 concentration, result in
low pH (Ojha and Mandloi, 2004).
The reduced rate of photosynthetic activity reduce the assimilation of CO2
and bicarbonates which are ultimately responsible for increase in pH, the low
124
oxygen values coincided with high temperature during the summer months (S. M.
Kamble et. al. 2009). High photosynthetic activity due to increased production of
phytoplankton may support an increased in pH.
able no: - 05. pH of Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011
sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 8.6 8.8 8.8 8.73
May 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.83
June 8.3 8.5 8.3 8.36
July 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.90
August 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.36
September 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.36
October 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.50
November 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.40
December 7.5 7.5 7.3 7.43
January 2010 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.63
February 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.76
March 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.16
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 7.86
April 2010 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.13
May 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.86
125
June 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.33
July 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.83
August 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.53
September 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.40
October 7.6 7.8 7.6 7.66
November 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.76
December 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.63
January 2011 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.26
February 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.53
March 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.53
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 7.78
126
Fig
. No
. 4 M
on
thly
Va
ria
tio
n in
pH
in C
ha
ph
al R
es
erv
oir
789
Ap
r-
09
Ma
y-
09
Jun
-
09
Jul-
09
Au
g-
09
Se
p-
09
Oct
-
09
No
v-
09
De
c-
09
Jan
-
10
Fe
b-
10
Ma
r-
10
Ap
r-
10
Ma
y-
10
Jun
-
10
Jul-
10
Au
g-
10
Se
p-
10
Oct
-
10
No
v-
10
De
c-
10
Jan
-
11
Fe
b-
11
Ma
r-
11
Mo
nth
s
pH
127
4.2.2 CHEMICAL PARAMETERS.
Dissolved oxygen, Total Alkalinity, Free Carbon dioxide, Total Hardness
Calcium Hardness, Magnesium Hardness, Total dissolved solids, Total Suspended
Solids, Total Solids, Calcium, Chlorides were determined in the present
investigation, monthly for the period of two years.
4.2.2.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO).
The monthly values of DO recorded at three sampling sites of free carbon
dioxide, are depicted in table No. 6 and graphical representation in figure No.5.
Two year average values of dissolved oxygen in Chaphal Reservoir are
recorded as 6.60 mg/lit during 2009-2010 and 6.57 mg/lit during year 2010-2011.
The amount of dissolved oxygen varies from 4.83 mg/lit to 7.80 mg/lit during first
year and 4.93 mg/lit. to 7.76 mg/lit during second year.
Manjare et. al. (2009) recorded values of DO fluctuate from 5.09 to
12.78mg/lit. in Wadgaon tank, Kolhapur (M. S.).
The minimum limit to DO required for fresh water as per ICMR (1975) and
the ISI (1991) standards are 5 to 6 mg/lit. Garg (2002) reported DO in range
between 6mg/lit. to 8.12 mg/lit. in river Mandakini, Chitrakoot. Jitesh Krishnan
(2005) has recorded 4.6mg/lit. to 8.3 mg/lit. of DO in Periyar lake Kerala. Goel et.
al.(1988) showed a range of 7.0 mg./lit. to 11.0mg/lit. DO in Kalamba lake
128
Kolhapur. Sathe et. al. (2000) recorded range of DO from 5.51 to 9.85 mg/lit. and
4.6 to 10.67 mg/lit. for Ped and Siddhewadi reservoir, Sangali.
Roy et. al. (2010) found the range of DO 3mg/lit. to 8 mg/lit. Pawar et. al.
(2009) has recorded DO 2.4 to 9.6 mg/lit. of three dam in Nanded Dist. Shaikh and
Mandre (2009) found DO in the range of 3.9 to 7.8 mg/lit. in Khed industrial area.
Bade B.B. (2008) has recorded DO ranges between 4.80 to 7.52 mg/lit. in
Sai reservoir of Latur Dist. Kumbhar et. al. (2005) recorded average value of DO
ranged from 5.53 to 7.74 mg/lit. in Ujani reservoir, Solapur Dist. Patil and Kulkarni
(2008) has recorded DO ranges between 6.8 to 9.1 mg/lit. in Thodga reservoir,
Taluka Ahmedepur, Latur Dist. Pawar et. al. (2011) has recorded 2.8 to 9.7 mg/lit.
of DO with maximum in winter season and minimum in summer season of
Panshewadi dam, Kandhar, Nanded Dist. Sirsat and Kamble (2010) has recoerded
DO in range between 5.0 to 8.6 mg/lit. in Bendsura Project, Beed Dist. Ghantaloo
et. al. (2011) has recorded DO range between 5.6 to 8.3 mg/lit. in Nira left bank
canal Sharadnagar, Taluka Baramati.
According to the APHA (1985) the lowest DO for maintaining fish in healthy
condition is 5.0mg/lit. and critical value is 3.0 mg/lit. Tolerance limit of Dissolved
Oxygen is not less than 6.0 mg/lit. (Kudesia, 1986). So the present investigation
showed that the water of Chaphal Reservoir is suitable for fish culture.
Rajgopal et. al.(2010) was recorded high concentration of DO during June
and July, due to low solubility at high temperature and high degradation of
organic subsentence.
129
Minimum dissolved oxygen concentration has to be at least 5.00 mg/lit for
maintaining aquatic life in healthy condition and dissolved oxygen concentration
less than 5.00 mg/lit are indicative of pollution (Khandaker, 1986).
Bhatt et. al. (2009) recorded DO 3.72 mg/lit. to 6.81 mg/lit. in urban ponds
of Lucknow, UP. Zutshi et. al. (1980) has given the range of Oxygen from 8.96 to
14 mg/lit. Chisthy (2002) has recorded DO between 3.8 to 8.9 mg/lit. in Udiapur
Lake during 1997-98. Basu et. al. (2010) were recorded DO ranged from 9 to 11.9
mg/lit.
The DO content in water is most important parameter in water quality
assessment and reflects the physical and biological process prevailing water
quality. High DO content is an indication of healty system in a water body
(Bilgrami and Datta Munshi, 1979).
Ayoade (2009) has recorded DO ranged from 7.2 ± 0.6 to 12.97 mg/lit. Rita
Kumar et. al. (2011) recorded DO ranged from 4.998 to 7.742 mg/lit. Saify et. al.
(1986) reported the Dissolved Oxygen values ranged from 3.9 to 13.0 mg/lit. in
Motia pond, Bhopal. Kalamba lake in Kolhapur showed a range of 7.0 mg/lit. to
11.0 mg/lit. (Goel et. al.,1988). Singh (1998) has reported the range of Dissolved
Oxygen from 7.68 to 11.20 mg/lit. in Gobindsagar reservoir in Himachal Pradesh.
The persistence DO deficit indicated that the deoxygenation rate due to
biological decomposition of organic matter is higher than reoxygenation from the
atmosphere or probably due to the oxygen demanding industrial wastes into the
water body (Joseph et. al., 2010).
130
Kamble et. al. (2008) found DO 7.26 to 9.44 mg/lit. B. R. Kiran (2010) has
recorded DO ranged between 2 to 8.6 mg/lit., maximum DO observed in post
monsoon months.
Pandey and Das (1993) worked on river Koshi at Purnia and he stated that
increased Dissolved Oxygen was due to photosynthesis while low concentration
of DO was due to high turbid nature of water which reduces the rate of
photosynthesis. Ranthan and Grover (1992) observed higher DO of 9.6 mg/lit.
during winter and low in summer, ranges between 4 to 8 mg/lit.
Shukla and Chaturvedi (1992) studied on river Ganga at Ghazipur and
reported that DO of water fluctuated between 1.2ppm at factory site and 8.4ppm
at control site. The value of DO was found to be lowest during summer due to the
higher temperature and high rate of microbial and organic decomposition. Das et.
al. (2003) studied on wetland of Guwahati water quality of rivers and drains and
observed the range of DO as 6.4 to 6.8 mg/lit.
Mini et. al. (2003) observed the DO value 3.80mg/lit. in June and 8.21
mg/lit. in December. Regina et. al. (2004) studied on physicochemical
characteristics of Cavery and Bhavani river and observed that the concentration
of DO varied from 5.2 to 8.41 mg/lit. Verma (2004) worked on Yamuna river at
Agra and observed that DO ranges from 5.8 to 8.3 mg/lit. Ramdas et. al. (2005)
reported that the DO in Tungabhadra river at Mylarya ranges between 5.54 to
10.72 mg/lit.
Reddy (2007) reported that DO value ranges between 7.3 to7.9 mg/lit. at
unpolluted stations and nill to 4.2mg/lit. at polluted stations in the rivers of A.P.,
131
India. Singh and Gupta (2004) worked on Yamuna river at Mathura and observed
that the value of DO ranges from 3.4 to 4.9 mg/lit. He reported that the DO is
essential for the protection, support of biological life in water and necessary for
the decomposition and decay of organic waste.
Gaikwad (2010) was recorded DO ranges between 6.5 to 8.6 mg/lit. in
lower region of Seena river of Solapur district (M.S.). He showed the maximum
DO in winter season and minimum in the summer season.
The amount of DO in reservoir is varied from season to season. The
maximum DO was recorded during winter and in summer reached the lowest
concentration. Same range of variations in DO is also observed by Rao et. al.
(1981), Kaur et. al.(1997), Mahboob and Zehid (2002), Sakhare and Joshi (2002),
and Kapsikar et. al. (2011).
The low Oxygen retaining capacity of water due to increase in organism
respiratory demand at high temperature may also be the reason for low values of
Dissolved Oxygen (Rao 1986).
The decrease in Oxygen content related to steady increase in temperature
and respiration of organisms. The level of Oxygen concentration in aquatic
ecosystem is dependent on photosynthetic activity, respiration of biotic
communities and organic loading.
Singh et. al. (2010) recorded higher values of Dissolved Oxygen in winter
and monsoon may be due to higher solubility of Oxygen, relatively lower
temperature and circulation and also mixing of water due to surface runoff. The
lower values of Dissolved Oxygen recorded during summer due to rising
132
temperature leads to warming of water and which helps in an increase of
mineralization of non living matter which demands Oxygen and decrase in
solubility of Oxygen at high temperature (Kumar et. al. 2005).
Low Dissolved Oxygen observed during dry season could be attributed to
oxidation of humic compounds available for decomposition and wind velocity that
seemed to be lower thus reducing the moment of the waters by wind action
(Khan et. al., 1984).
Yet high Dissolved Oxygen values in summer and lower values in monsoon
in reservoir serve to emphasize the overriding influence exerted by factors (other
than temperature) such as greater abundance of photosynthesizing organisms.
The amount of Oxygen Dissolved in water depends upon the partial pressure of
the gas in air close to the water surface, rate of photosynthetic activity in the
ecosystem, decomposition and mineralization of organic matter and the Oxygen
holding capacity of water.
The higher values of Dissolved Oxygen in winter season in reservoir can be
attributed to low temperature, which help the water to hold high Oxygen in the
dissolved state. The decrease in the amount of Dissolved Oxygen in summer may
be attributed to high temperature due to which the oxygen holding capacity of
water decreases (Welch, 1952). The opposite happens during the winter and as a
result the Dissolved Oxygen content increases.
133
Table no: - 06. Dissolved oxygen of Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011.
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.86
May 5.9 5.7 5.4 5.66
June 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.83
July 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.76
August 6.3 6.5 6.4 6.40
September 6.7 6.6 6.8 6.70
October 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.20
November 7.4 7.2 7.1 7.23
December 7.9 7.9 7.6 7.80
January 2010 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.6
February 7.9 7.3 7.2 7.46
March 6.5 6.8 6.9 6.73
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 6.60
April 2010 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.20
May 4.9 4.8 5.1 4.93
June 5.8 5.4 5.2 5.46
July 6.3 6.1 5.8 6.06
August 6.5 6.4 6.6 6.50
September 7.2 7.6 7.3 7.36
October 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.36
134
November 7.5 7.2 7.3 7.33
December 7.7 7.8 7.8 7.76
January2011 7.2 7.4 7.3 7.30
February 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.90
March 7.1 6.5 6.7 6.76
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 6.57
135
Fig
. No
. 5
Mo
nth
ly V
ari
ati
on
in
Dis
so
lve
d O
xy
ge
n (m
g/lit
.) in
Ch
ap
ha
l R
es
erv
oir
45678
Ap
r-
09
Ma
y-
09
Ju
n-
09
Ju
l-
09
Au
g-
09
Se
p-
09
Oct-
09
No
v-
09
De
c-
09
Ja
n-
10
Fe
b-
10
Ma
r-
10
Ap
r-
10
Ma
y-
10
Ju
n-
10
Ju
l-
10
Au
g-
10
Se
p-
10
Oct-
10
No
v-
10
De
c-
10
Ja
n-
11
Fe
b-
11
Ma
r-
11
Mo
nth
s
Dissolved Oxygen
136
4.2.2.2. Total Alkalinity
The monthly values of Total Alkalinity recorded at Chaphal Reservoir are
depicted in table No.7 and figure No. 6.
Two year average values of total alkalinity of the Chaphal Reservoir are
recorded a 164.97 mg/lit during the year 2009-2010 and 175.66 mg/lit during the
year 2010-11. During the two year study period of the Chaphal Reservoir Total
Alkalinity ranged from 150 mg/lit. in the month September to 190 mg/lit in the
month May in the first year and 163.33 mg/lit in the month of September to
187.33 mg/lit in the month June in second year.
Bhatt et. al. (1999) reported an alkalinity variation of 156 to 191 mg/lit. in
Taudaha lake, Katmandu. Trivedy (1982) has given the range of total alkalinity as
100 to 800 mg/lit. Goel et. al. (1988) has recorded Total Alkalinity values varied
from 52.5 to 182.5 mg/lit. in Kalamba lake, 115 to 457 mg/lit. in Ambedkar tank
and 100 to 320 mg/lit. in Aundh pond. Shinde et. al. (2010) recorded alkalinity
ranged between 161 to 237.5 mg/lit. with maximum in summer and minimum
during monsoon. Same observation was found in the present investigation of
Chaphal Reservoir seasonally. Bade B.B.(2008) has reported the alkalinity ranged
from 142.5 to 187.2 mg/lit. in Sai reservoir of Latur dist.
According to Jackson (1961) alkalinity below 50 mg/lit. indicates low
photosynthetic rate. While the Total Alkalinity found in this reservoir is above 50
mg/lit.
137
Manjare et. al. (2009) recorded Total Alkalinity ranges from 148.33 to 210
mg/lit. Chaturbhuj (2004) recorded Total Alkalinity from 102.6 to 215 mg/lit.
Alkalinity was high during the summer season followed by step fall in the
monsoon periods. The low alkalinity during the monsoon may be due to dilution.
Pawar and Kanavate (2009) recorded minimum Total Alkalinity in rainy season
and maximum in non-rainy season. Wagh (1998) found alkalinity range between
105.240 mg/lit. in Harsul dam. Jadhav et. al. (2006) found the alkalinity values
varied from 94-212mg/lit.
According to Raheman (1992) Alkalinity water is more productive than
acidic water as essential nutrients are found higher quantities in alkalinity waters.
Kumbhar A.C. (2006) was recorded lower alkalinity in monsoon and higher
alkalinity in summer in Ujani reservoir, Solapur Dist. Sirsat and Kamble (2009)
recorded alkalinity ranges from 88 to 220 mg/lit. in Bendsura Project, Beed.
Sheikh and Mandare (2009) found alkalinity in range 120 to 360 mg/lit. in drinking
water of Khed industrial area. Gaikwad et. al. (2010) recorded Total Alkalinity
value varied from 136 to 215 mg/lit. in Wardha dist. (M. S.). and Dande et. al.
(2009) were found Total Alkalinity 132 to 167 mg/lit. in Bhandarwadi dam of Latur
dist. Lashari (2005) noted maximum Alkalinity values was 240 mgl-1 and minimum
value was noted 160 mgl-1.
Rashmi and Chaturbhuj (2006) were observed alkalinity values fluctuated
between 98 to 276 mg/lit. Manjare et. al. (2010) recorded Total Alkalinity ranges
from 121.25 to 200 mg/lit. the maximum value recorded in summer and minimum
values in winter season. Sarwar and Rafat (1991) worked on Doodganga river of
138
Kashmir and observed the average alkalinity as 177.8 mg/lit. Sing (1992) worked
on the water quality index of some major rivers of Pune district and observer that
tha total alkalinity in Mula river was 77 mg/lit, in Mutha river 168 mg/lit, in Bhima
river 23 mg/lit, in Shinganga 308 mg/lit and in Nira river 97 mg/lit.
Bhatt and Pathak (1992) studied on the water quality of Gomti river and
found an average alkalinity about 50.7 mg/lit. Pandey et. al.(1993) worked on
chemical quality of river Purnia, Bihar and observed that the concentration of
total alkalianity in the range of 42.1 to 92.5 mg/lit. Shaikh et .al. (1997) worked on
hydrobiological studies of Sina river at Ahmednagar and observed that the range
of total alkalinity between 84.91 to 108.15 mg/lit. Das et. al. (2003) worked on
water quality of rivers and drains of Guwahati city and observed that the alkalinity
ranges from 33 to 46.8 mg/lit at Bahini river, 31.2 to 46.6 mg/lit at Bharaw river,
13 to 19 mg/lit at Brahamputra river and 27 to 44 mg/lit at majour drains.
Harilal et. al. (2004) worked on hydrochemistry of two rivers of Kerala with
special reference to drinking water and observed the total alkalinity of Karamana
river ranged from 20 to 55 mg/lit and 46.67 to 123.33 mg/lit for Neyyar river. Das
(2004) worked on impact of the river Moosi on river Krishna and observed that
the total alkalinity in an average of 20 mg/lit. Gaikwad (2010) was recorded total
alkalinity ranges between 110 to 190 mg/lit. in lower region of Seena river of
Solapur district (M.S.). He showed the maximum total alkalinity in rainy season
and minimum in the winter season.
Moyle (1949) have classified waters into nutrient status based on alkalinity
namely 1 to 15 mg/lit. as nutrient poor, 16 to 60 mg/lit. as moderately rich and
139
more than 60 mg/lit. as nutrient rich. Based on these criteria the water from the
same reservoir is rich in nutrient values. Datta et. al. (1987) has recorded a range
of fluctuation varied from 220 to 380 mg/lit. in perennial pond at Calcutta.
Pandey and Tripathi (1988) has recorded the average alkalinity as 177.50 mg/lit,
varied from 111.67 to 230.00 mg/lit. in Chandari pond at Kanpur. Residency lake
water of Kolhapur district showed annual range of total alkalinity to be 15.0 to
95.0 mg/lit. (Goel and Chauhan, 1991). Bath and Kaur (1998) have given the range
of total alkalinity as 105 to 250 mg/lit. for Harike reservoir in Punjab. The
monsoon minimum and winter maximum of alkalinity was reported by Kumar et.
al. (1997).
The amount of Total Alkalinity in reservoir is varied from season to season.
The maximum Total Alkalinity was recorded during summer and in rainy season
reached the lowest concentration. Same range of variations in Total Alkalinity is
also observed by Shaikh et. al.(1997), Kumbhar (2006), Manjare et. al.(2009),
Pawer and Kanavate (2009) and Shinde et. al. (2010).
Higher values of alkalinity registered during summer might be due to the
presence of excess of free CO2 product as a result of decomposition process
coupled with mixing of sewage and domestic waste.
The Total Alkalinity recorded higher in winter can be due to biological
activity in water and lower Alkalinity in monsoon may be due to effect of rainfall
in decreasing it as suggested by Mookherjee and Battacharya (1949).
140
Table no: - 7. Total Alkalinity (mg/lit.) Of Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 188 189 190 189.00
May 191 192 187 190.00
June 157 151 160 156.00
July 152 139 135 142.00
August 151 141 125 139.00
September 142 157 150 150.00
October 158 158 160 158.66
November 160 163 161 161.33
December 162 161 165 162.66
January 2010 180 175 173 176.00
February 179 172 167 172.66
March 182 185 183 182.33
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 164.97
April 2010 181 183 187 183.66
May 185 186 185 185.33
June 188 189 185 187.33
July 178 180 181 179.66
August 169 171 167 169.00
September 164 165 161 163.33
October 165 167 168 166.66
141
November 170 171 173 171.33
December 173 172 171 172.00
January 2011 175 169 176 173.33
February 176 171 178 175.00
March 179 182 183 181.33
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 175.66
142
Fig
. No
. 6 M
on
thly
Va
ria
tio
n in
To
tal A
lka
linit
y(m
g/lt
r.)
in C
ha
ph
al R
es
erv
oir
13
0
14
0
15
0
16
0
17
0
18
0
19
0
20
0
Ap
r-
09
Ma
y-
09
Jun
-
09
Jul-
09
Au
g-
09
Se
p-
09
Oct
-
09
No
v-
09
De
c-
09
Jan
-
10
Fe
b-
10
Ma
r-
10
Ap
r-
10
Ma
y-
10
Jun
-
10
Jul-
10
Au
g-
10
Se
p-
10
Oct
-
10
No
v-
10
De
c-
10
Jan
-
11
Fe
b-
11
Ma
r-
11
Mo
nth
s
Total Alkalinity
143
4.2.2.3 Free Carbon dioxide
The value of free CO2 recorded at Chaphal reservoir depicted in the Table
No. 8 and Graphical representation shows in figure No. 7.
Two year average values of free carbon dioxide of Chaphal Reservoir was
recorded as 2.71 mg/lit and 2.96 mg/lit in two years of study period. During the
year 2009-10, the monthly variations of free CO2 showed minimum value 1.5
mg/lit in the month April and maximum value 3.7 mg/lit in the month October.
While during the year 2010-11 the monthly variations of free CO2 showed
minimum value 1.9 mg/lit in the month April and maximum free CO2 value 4.4
mg/lit recorded in the month September.
Kumar (1995) has recorded 0.0 to 5.5 mg/lit. free CO2 in fresh water body
of Bihar. Sharmeen et. al. (2008) recorded free CO2 from 2.75 to 7.5 mg/lit. in
pond-I and 3.7 to 17.22 mg/lit. in pond-II.
Goel and Chauhan (1991) have recorded the free CO2 concentration in
residency tank, Kolhapur, the values recorded from 4.4 to 24.2 mg/lit. Bilgrami et.
al. (1985) studied the physicochemical parameters of Ganga River and found free
CO2 at 2.34 mg/lit. Jitesh Krishanan (2005) has recorded CO2 content varied from
1.6 to 3.4 mg/lit. Goel et. al. (1988) has recorded free CO2 values varied from 0 to
23.1 mg/lit. in Kalamba lake, Kolhapur Dist.
Respiration by zooplankton and other organisms may be one of the
probable cause of very high concentration of free CO2. S. A. Manjare et. al. (2010)
recorded free CO2 range from 0.0 to 28.6mg/lit. Patil and Kulkarni (2008)
144
recorded free CO2 ranges between 0.2 to 0.7 mg/lit. in Thodga reservoir, Taluka,
Ahemadepur, Dist. Latur. Kumbhar et. al. (2009) recorded free CO2 in the range of
0.79 to 6.97 mg/lit. Sirsat and Kamble (2009) has recorded minimum 0.79 to
maximum 3.55 mg/lit. of free CO2 in Bendsura Project, Beed Dist.
CO2 is very essential for the respiratory metabolism of aquatic vegetation.
The increased CO2 level may be due to the sequence of processes like uptake
from autotrophs, assimilation by alge and aerobic bacteria add CO2. The total CO2
concentration in the water depends on the pH, which is due to the buffering
effect of Carbonic acid, Carbonate and Bicarbonate (Hutchinson, 1957).
Datta et. al. (1987) has observed the values of free CO2 varied from 0 to 17
mg/lit. Kapsikar et. al. (2011) has found free CO2 9.60 mg/lit. that is maximum
value in the month October and minimum value 0.98 mg/lit. during February.
Paulose and Maheshwari (2008) were recorded CO2 varied from 0 to 9.6 mg/lit.
Pathani and Updhyay (2002) were recorded free CO2 ranges between 0.93 to 4.15
mg/lit. Singh et. al. (2010) in Kharungpat lake, Thoubal, Manipur free CO2
recorded between 7.2 to 37 mg/lit.-1. Sharma et. al. (2009) in Budha pushkar lake,
Rajasthan was recorded 4.40 to 47.40 mg/lit.-1.
Dwivedi and Pande (2002) reported that the main source of free CO2 was
mainly greater decomposition of organic matter and respiration of plants and
animals. Venkateshwarulu et. al. (1990) studied on physicochemical parameters
of river Mossi, hydrabad and found the concentration of free CO2 was in between
14.7 to 12.5 mg/lit. Pandey et. al. (1993) worked on physicochemical quality of
145
water of the river Koshi at Purnia, Bihar and observed that tha concentration of
free CO2 level was in the range of 0.60 to 1.9 mg/lit.
Sheikh and Yeragi (2003) observed free CO2 in the range of 2.42 to 5.28
mg/lit in summer season, 1.76 to 5.28 mg/lit in monsoon and 1.76 to 2.86 mg/lit
during winter. Das et. al. (2003) studied on wetlands of Guwahati for water
quality of river and drains and observed that the free CO2 ranges between 2.2 to
3.2mg/lit, 7.5 to 9.5mg/lit, 3.0 to 4.5mg/lit and 3.5 to 4.5mg/lit at Bahini river,
Bharalu river, Brahmputra river and major drains respectivitly. Pathak and Mudgal
(2005) was found free CO2 values ranges between 3.86 to 4.55 mg/lit. Ramdas
et.al (2005) studied on Tungabhadra river at Mylara and reported that the CO2
ramge from 0.0 to 54 mg/lit.
Gaikwad (2010) was recorded free CO2 ranges between 1.1 to 7.6 mg/lit. in
lower region of Seena river of Solapur district (M.S.). He showed the maximum
free CO2 in winter season and minimum in the summer season. Chatarjee (1992)
has given the range of free CO2 to be 7.3 to 23.6 mg/lit. for Banjara lake water.
In the reservoir presence of free carbondioxide during rainy months may
not be considered favorable condition for fishes, free CO2 in water form carbonic
acid, which after dissociation gives H+
ions thus decreasing pH values. But so far
fish production in concerned pH of reservoir is favorable and therefore free CO2
may not be considered otherwise as it is essential for photosynthesis. The
concentration of CO2 is crucial for the growth of the fish. Well-aerated waters
with little pollution usually have no or very little free CO2 (Goel and Chauhan,
1991).
146
In the present investigation the seasonal variation in free CO2 shows the
maximum CO2 in the winter season and minimum value is recorded in summer
season. This observation is agreements with the findings of Bade B.B. (2008),
Kumbhar (2006) and Kapsikar et. al. (2011).
The intense sunlight during winter and summers seem to accelerate
photosynthsis by phytoplankton, there by utilizing CO2 and releasing oxygen.
During monsoon, dilution effect reduces the phytoplankton population
remarkably more over diffused sunlight due to cloudy atmosphere and the rater
of photosynthetic seem to decreases (Ahamed and Krishnamurthy, 1990).
Free CO2 is essential for photosynthesis and its concentration affects the
phytoplankton and its production. Excess of it gets dissolved into carbonic acid.
The limit of free CO2 as per acceptable standards is 10 mg/lit. of surface water.
Increase in CO2 indicates increase in pollution (Koshy and Nayar, 1999).
The fluctuations in free CO2 values correspond directly with standing crop
of phytoplankton. As the number of phytoplankton increase through winter and
summer months the free carbon dioxide disappears because of greater utilization
of free CO2 for photosynthetic activity (Kant and Raina, 1990).
147
Table no: - 08. Free carbondioxide of Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.5
May 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.6
June 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.2
July 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.7
August 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.2
September 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.4
October 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.7
November 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.3
December 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.9
January 2010 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.6
February 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.6
March 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.9
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 2.71
April 2010 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9
May 1.9 2.0 2.7 2.2
June 2.1 1.8 2.1 2.0
July 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.9
August 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.4
September 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.4
October 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.1
November 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.7
148
December 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.3
January 2011 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.03
February 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5
March 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 2.96
149
Fig
. No
. 7 M
on
thly
Va
ria
tio
n in
Ca
rbo
n D
iox
ide
(m
g/li
t.)
in C
ha
ph
al R
es
erv
oir
12345
Ap
r-
09
Ma
y-
09
Jun
-
09
Jul-
09
Au
g-
09
Se
p-
09
Oct
-
09
No
v-
09
De
c-
09
Jan
-
10
Fe
b-
10
Ma
r-
10
Ap
r-
10
Ma
y-
10
Jun
-
10
Jul-
10
Au
g-
10
Se
p-
10
Oct
-
10
No
v-
10
De
c-
10
Jan
-
11
Fe
b-
11
Ma
r-
11
Mo
nth
s
CO2
150
4.2.2.4 Total Hardness.
The monthly values of Total Hardness recorded at Chaphal Reservoir are
depicted in Table No. 9 and the graphical representation of the same is
represented in the fig. No. 8.
Two year average values of total hardness of Chaphal Reservoir are
recorded as 132.88 mg/lit during 2009-2010 and 130.55 mg/lit during 2010-2011.
The total hardness of water of reservoir ranges between 116.33 mg/lit in the
month December to 143 mg/lit in the month May, in first year and ranged
between 115 mg/lit in the December to 143 mg/lit in the month July, in second
year of study period.
Sathe et. al. (2000) has reported 134 to 148 mg/lit. and 134 to 1500 mg/lit.
of hardness for Siddhewadi and Ped reservoir of Sangali Dist. Shinde et. al. (2010)
recorded total hardness ranged between 350 to 554 mg/lit.
Total hardness of water is mainly governed by the content of calcium and
magnesium which largely combine with bicarbonates and carbonates (Temporary
hardness) and with Sulphate, Chlorides and other anions of minerals (permanent
hardness).
According to Kaur et. al. (1996) the high values of hardness are probable
due to the regular addition of large quantities of sewage and detergents in the
water body from nearby residential localities.
151
Pawar and Kanvate (2010) recorded total hardness ranged from 126.6 to
178 mg/lit. of three dams in Nanded Dist. Shaikh and Mandare (2009) found
hardness ranges from 100 to 750 mg/lit. in drinking water of Khed industrial area.
Sowyer (1996) classified water on the basis of hardness into three
categories that is soft (0.75 mg/lit.), moderately hard (75 to 150 mg/lit.) and hard
(151 to 300mg/lit.). By these criteria the water of Chaphal reservoir can be
termed as moderately hard.
Bade B.B. (2008) has reported total hardness ranges from 103.24 to 117.71
mg/lit. in Sai reservoir, Latur Dist. Jadhav et. al. (2006) found hardness ranged
from 135 to 172 mg/lit. RitaKumar et. al. (2011) recorded total hardness varied
from 119.53+
- 27.8 to 122+
- 29.19 mg/lit. Koliyar and Rokade (2008) recorded total
hardness in the range of 128 to 166 mg/lit. in Powai lake, Mumbai.
Optimum hardness for fish culture has been observed to be around 75 to
150 mg/lit. (Das, 1996). In the present investigation the hardness is beneath the
given limit, so the hardness is suitable for fish culture.
Sayyed Hussian et. al. (2011) has recorded total hardness range of 310 to
436 mg/lit. in ground water of Bellur (V.) Taluka Dharmabad, Nanded. Wagh
(1998) recorded that total hardness ranges from 83.8 to 178 mg/lit. at Harsal
dam. Kumbhar A. C. (2009) has recorded total hardness 72.04 to 131.30 mg/lit. in
Ujani reservoir, Solapur Dist. Pawar et. al. (2009) found total hardness 130 to 172
mg/lit. in Pansewadi dam, Khandhar, Nanded dist.
Prescribed values for total hardness is 300 mg/lit. (WHO) and 500 mg/lit.
(BIS). In the present study the hardness is in the limit of prescribed values. The
152
hardness of water is not a healthy hazard but its value should remain below
permissible limit to restore the test of water (WHO, 1984).
Sathe et. al. (2000) has reported 134 to 148 mg/lit. and 134 to 150 mg/lit.
hardness for Siddhewadi and Ped reservoirs of Sangli Dist. Manjre et. al. (2010)
has recorded value of hardness fluctuates from 70 to 179 mg/lit. Bhosale et. al.
(1994) has reported 83 to 101 mg/lit.hardness from few water bodies of Sangli
district.
As per test characteristics for drinking water IS 10500: 1991(clause 3.1) the
desirable maximum limit of hardness is 300 mg/lit. The hardness beyond this limit
causes construction in water supply structure and adversely affects on domestic
use (Raghvendran, 1992). Saify et. al. (1986) and Rao and Mahmood (1995) have
also recorded higher hardness in summer and lower in winter.
Water containing calcium carbonate at concentrations below 60 mg/l is
generally considered as soft; 60 - 120 mg/l, moderately hard; 120 -180 mg/l, hard;
and more than 180 mg/l, very hard (McGowan, 2000).
Chandrashekhar (1996) observed the Total Hardness varied from 400 to
720 mg/lit. in Saroornagar lake, Hydrabad. Swarnlatha and Narsinghrao (1998)
were observed positive relationship in between Hardness, Calcium, and
Bicarbonate and is due to the conversion of soluble calcium carbonate to
insoluble calcium bicarbonate in the presence of carbondioxide. Ghose and
Sharma (1988) reported the Total Hardness ranging from 80 to 180 mg/lit. in
Ganga river at Patna. Bhatt and Pathak (1992) studied on river Gomti and found
that the Total Hardness ranges between 50.7 to 410.4 mg/lit. Singh (1992) studied
153
on water quality index of major rivers at Pune and found the Total Hardness as
109 mg/lit., 100 mg/lit, 248 mg/lit. in Mula river at three different stations; 44
mg/lit, 140 mg/lit in Mulamutha river at two stations; 110 mg/lit. at Shivganga
river; 130 mg/lit. at Bhima river and 125 mg/lit. at Nira river.
Shukla et. al. (1992) studied on river Ganga at Ghazipur and observed the
Hardness ranged from 46 mg/lit. in raniy season to 340 mg/lit. in summer. Kataria
(1994) observed the Total Hardness recorded from 204 to 218 mg/lit.
Krishnamurthy and Bharti (1995) worked on evolution of water pollution in river
Kalikarna district of Karnataka and observed the Total Hardness varied from
16.83, 19.33, 211.16 and 72.73 mg/lit. at four stations respectively. Dubey (1997)
worked on physicochemical characteristics of river Narmada and observed the
concentration of Total Hardness ranges from 72 to 160mg/lit, 80 to 210mg/lit, 42
to 130mg/lit and 30 to 160mg/lit at Jamtara, Hashangabad, Mandleshwar and
Barwha respectively. Mini et. al. (2003) worked on Hydrobiological study on
Vamanapuram river, Kerala and observed that the Total Hardness ranges from
2mgL -1 to 7006.3 mgL -1. Dass et. al. (2003) woked on wetlands of Guwahati city
water quality of rivers and drains and observed that the concentration of
Hardness ranges from 52 to 72 mg/lit. at Bahini river, 55 to 73 mg/lit. at Bharalu
river, 13.3 to 35 mg/lit. at Bhramaputra river and 28 to 44 mg/lit. at major drains
respectively. Reginna and Nabi (2004) studied on Cauvery and Bhawani rivers and
observed the Total Hardness varied from 90 to 290 mg/lit.
Harilal (2004) worked on Hydrochemistry of two rivers of Kerala with
special reference to drinking water quality and observed the Total Hardness from
Karmana river ranged from 3.6 to 71.4 mg/lit, in Nayyar river in between 9.32 to
154
480 mg/lit. Manana and Das (2004) worked on the impact of the river Mosi of
river Krishna and observed Total Hardness as an average 224 mg/lit. Ramdas et.
al. (2005) studied on Tungabhadra river and observed the Total Hardness ranges
from 122 to 190 mg/lit. Jayraman et. al. (2003) worked on Karmana river and
recorded minimum Total Hardness as 4 mg/lit. Gaikwad (2010) was recorded
Total Hardness ranges between 103 to 161 mg/lit. in lower region of Seena river
of Solapur district (M.S.).
In the present study the seasonal variation in total hardness shows the
minimum in winter season and maximum range of hardness is found in summer
and monsoon seasons. This observation is agreement with the findings of Shulka
et. al. (1992), Gaikwad (2010).
According to Kaur and Sharma (2001), the increasing hardness can be
attributed to the decreasing water volume and increasing rate of evaporation at
high temperature. Minimum hardness in the month of December may be due to
untimely heavy rainfall.
155
Table no: - 9. Total Hardness of Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 140 138 138 138.66
May 143 139 135 140.00
June 136 135 134 135.00
July 145 143 139 138.00
August 143 145 141 143.00
September 139 137 137 137.66
October 136 134 133 133.33
November 125 126 127 126.00
December 118 116 115 116.33
January 2010 122 119 117 119.33
February 130 131 132 131.00
March 137 136 136 136.33
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 132.88
April 2010 138 137 138 134.66
May 141 139 142 140.66
June 139 138 135 137.33
July 142 143 144 143.00
August 141 135 134 136.66
September 132 129 126 129.00
October 120 123 119 120.66
156
November 124 122 123 123.00
December 116 114 115 115.00
January 2011 120 123 122 121.66
February 129 132 133 130.66
March 131 134 136 134.33
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 130.55
157
4.2.2.5 Calcium Hardness
Fig
. No
. 8 M
on
thly
Va
ria
tio
n in
To
tal H
ard
ne
ss
(mg
/lit.
) in
Ch
ap
ha
l Re
se
rvo
ir
11
0
11
5
12
0
12
5
13
0
13
5
14
0
14
5
Apr-
09
May
-
09
Jun-
09
Jul-
09
Aug-
09
Sep-
09
Oct-
09
Nov
-
09
De
c-
09
Jan-
10
Feb-
10
Mar-
10
Apr-
10
Ma
y-
10
Jun-
10
Jul-
10
Aug-
10
Sep
-
10
Oct-
10
Nov-
10
Dec-
10
Jan-
11
Feb
-
11
Mar-
11
Mo
nth
s
Total Hardness
158
The monthly values of Calcium Hardness recorded at Chaphal Reservoir are
depicted in Table No. 10 and the graphical representation of the same is
represented in the fig. No. 9.
Two year average values of Calcium hardness of Chaphal Reservoir are
recorded as 76.88 mg/lit during 2009-2010 and 76.83 mg/lit during 2010-2011.
The total hardness of water of reservoir ranges between 69 mg/lit in the month
August to 92.66 mg/lit in the month November, in first year and ranged between
62.33 mg/lit in the month August to 98.33 mg/lit in the month December, in
second year of study period.
Mahor (2010) recored Ca++ Hardness ranges between 30 to 82 mg/lit in the
Tighra fresh water reservoir of Gwalior (M.P.). Kamble et. al.(2008) recorde the
calcium hardness ranged between 4.29mg/lit to 18.66mg/lit in Khadakawasala
reservoir. Sulbha and Prakasam (2006) recorded Ca hadrness ranges between
18.64 to 20.38mg/lit in Thirumullavaram temple pond of Kollam, Kerala.
Sheikh et. al. (2010) fond calcium hardness ranges between 29.7 to 45.93
mg/lit in water of Vishav stream in Kashmir Valley, J&K, and India. Lohar (2008)
was recorded Calcium Hardness renged between 18. 54 to 22.83 mg/lit in
Mehroon lake, 15.60 to 21.64 mg/lit in Nakane lake and 18.32 to 24.32 mg/ lit in
Yashwant lake in his study of physico chemical parameters of lakes present in
North West Maharashtra.
Lohar (2010) was fond Calcium Hardness ranging from 103.75 to 142.8
mg/lit in Lonar lake. Sarwar and Rifat (1991) studied on physicochemical features
of Doodhganga river at Kashmir and observed the amount of Calcium hardness
159
varied from 32.4, 53.2 and 40.7 mg/lit. at three stations. Singh (1992) studied on
water quality of five rivers of Pune and observed the concentration of Calcium
Hardness 20.86 at Mula, 40 at Mula-Mutha, 18 at Bhima, 48 at Shivganga and 44
at Nira rivers respectively. Anil Chauhan (1997) studied on impact on distillery
effluent on the river Wainganga and observed the Calcium Hardness was 64.67,
142.50, 73.13 and 98 mg/lit. at four different stations. Kataria (1994) worked on
Kalisot river and observed Calcium Hardness varied 27.3 to 39 mg/lit. Manna and
Das (2004) worked on the impact of river Moosi of river Krishna and observed the
Calcium Hardness was 24.04 mg/lit. Sinha et. al. (2004) studied on water quality
of Ramnagar river at Moradabad and observed concentration of Calcium
Hardness was ranged from 46.699 to 123.446 mg/lit.
Ragunathan et. al. (2000) was studied water quality of Otteri lake and Palar
river, Vellore (Tamil Nadu) and observed Calcium Hardness in a range 200 mg/lit.
Gaikwad (2010) was recorded Calcium Hardness ranges between 35 to 95 mg/lit.
in lower region of Seena river of Solapur district (M.S.).
In the present study the seasonal variation in Calcium hardness shows the
minimum in monsoon season and maximum range of alcium hardness is found in
winter season. This observation is agreement with the findings of Gaikwad (2010).
160
Table no: - 10. Calcium Hardness (mg/lit) of Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 68 69 75 70.66
May 74 78 80 77.33
June 87 68 60 71.66
July 80 65 61 68.66
August 73 71 63 69.00
September 68 70 70 69.33
October 78 82 87 82.33
November 90 93 95 92.66
December 95 92 90 92.33
January 2010 87 83 78 82.66
February 76 75 77 76.00
March 67 70 73 70.00
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 76.88
April 2010 69 75 62 68.66
May 73 72 65 71.00
June 72 69 68 69.66
July 65 67 63 65.00
August 60 65 62 62.33
September 75 79 67 73.66
October 78 80 83 80.33
November 89 93 95 92.33
December 100 98 97 98.33
January 2011 95 93 91 93.00
February 78 76 75 76.33
161
March 70 71 73 71.33
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 76.83
Fig
. No.
9 M
on
thly
Var
iatio
n in
Cal
ciu
m H
ardn
ess
(mg
/lit.)
in C
hap
hal
Res
ervo
ir
60708090100
Apr-
09
May
-
09
Jun-
09
Jul-
09
Aug-
09
Sep
-
09
Oct
-
09
Nov
-
09
Dec
-
09
Jan-
10
Feb-
10
Mar
-
10
Apr-
10
May
-
10
Jun-
10
Jul-
10
Aug-
10
Sep
-
10
Oct
-
10
Nov
-
10
Dec
-
10
Jan-
11
Feb-
11
Mar
-
11
Mon
ths
Calcium Hardness
162
4.2.2.6 Magnesium Hardness
The monthly values of Magnessium Hardness recorded at Chaphal
Reservoir are depicted in Table No. 11 and the graphical representation of the
same is represented in the fig. No. 10.
Two year average values of Magnesium hardness of Chaphal Reservoir are
recorded as 14.22 mg/lit during 2009-2010 and 14.84 mg/lit during 2010-2011.
The Magnesium hardness of water of reservoir ranges between 10.26 mg/lit in
the month June to 17.87mg/lit in the month January, in first year and ranged
between 10.71 mg/lit in the April to 20.16 mg/lit in the month November, in
second year of study period.
Mahor (2010) recored Magnesium Hardness ranges between 29 to 58
mg/lit in the Tighra fresh water reservoir of Gwalior (M.P.). Sulbha and Prakasam
(2006) recorded Mg hadrness ranges between 13.74 to 14.75 mg/lit in
Thirumullavaram temple pond of Kollam, Kerala.
Sheikh et. al. (2010) fond magnesium hardness ranges between 15.94 to 27
mg/lit in water of Vishav stream in Kashmir Valley, J&K, India. Lohar (2008) was
recorded Magnesium Hardness renged between 12.49 to 19.55 mg/lit in Mehroon
Lake, 12.33 to 17.45 mg/lit in Nakane lake and 13.57 to 19.54 mg/ lit in Yashwant
lake in his study of physico chemical parameters of lakes present in North West
Maharashtra. Lohar (2010) was fond Magnesium Hardness ranging from 259 to
477.75 mg/lit in Lonar lake.
163
Kulkarni et. al. (2002) was found the Magnesium Hardness ranged in
between 6.21 to 24.30 mg/lit. in Khushavati river at Quepem, Goa. Sarwar and
Rifat (1991) worked on physicochemical features of Doodhganga river at Kashmir
and observed the Magnesium Hardness in the range of 15.9, 20.4 and 11.8 mg/lit.
at three stations. Singh (1992) studied on water quality index of major rivers of
Pune and observed at eight different station ranges from 21.41, 20, 40, 6.21,
22.33, 20 and 19.6 mg/lit. respectively. Anil Chauhan (1997) studied on impact on
distillery effluents on the river Wainganga and observed the concentration of
Magnesium Hardness 53.92, 63, 73.17 and 73.97mg/lit at four different stations.
Yogesh Shastri (1999) worked on river Mosam, Malegaon, M. S. and
observed that the concentration of Magnesium Hardness ranges between 6.41 to
40.08 mg/lit, 8.8 to 40.88 mg/lit. and 8.16 to 82.15 mg/lit. at three stations
respectively. Sinha et. al. (2004) studied on water quality index for Ramnagar river
at Moradabad and observed the concentration of Magnesium Hardness ranges
from 127 to 1122 mg/lit.
Gaikwad (2010) was recorded Magnesium Hardness ranges between 6.344
to 22.692 mg/lit. in lower region of Seena river of Solapur district (M.S.). He
showed the maximum Magnesium Hardness in winter season and minimum in the
summer season.
In the present study the seasonal variation in Magnesium hardness shows
the minimum in summer season and maximum range of alcium hardness is found
in winter season. This observation is agreement with the findings of Gaikwad
(2010).
164
Table no: - 11. Magnesium Hardness of Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 12.15 13.08 10.05 11.76
May 10.88 11.10 9.51 10.49
June 8.86 9.27 12.65 10.26
July 12.24 17.00 16.12 15.12
August 15.30 18.52 17.34 17.05
September 13.32 16.05 11.71 13.69
October 10.58 14.38 10.68 11.88
November 14.25 15.61 16.24 15.36
December 15.23 16.23 17.15 16.20
January 2010 17.21 18.19 18.21 17.87
February 16.20 17.11 17.19 16.83
March 13.18 15.10 14.18 14.15
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 14.22
April 2010 9.10 12.25 10.80 10.71
May 10.25 10.98 11.57 10.93
June 12.17 13.02 10.16 11.78
July 15.18 18.58 13.68 15.81
August 16.37 18.50 18.45 17.77
September 16.35 14.88 15.81 15.68
October 15.68 16.20 17.20 16.36
November 18.98 21.69 19.81 20.16
165
December 17.20 19.13 15.06 17.13
January 2011 16.23 17.19 16.08 16.49
February 10.25 16.55 16.38 13.12
March 9.28 14.31 12.17 11.92
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 14.84
166
4.2.2.7 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Fig.
No.
10
Mon
thly
Var
iatio
n in
Mgn
esiu
m H
ardn
ess(
mg/
ltr.)
in C
haph
al R
eser
voir
810121416182022
Apr-
09
May
-
09
Jun-
09
Jul-
09
Aug-
09
Sep
-
09
Oct
-
09
Nov
-
09
Dec
-
09
Jan-
10
Feb-
10
Mar
-
10
Apr-
10
May
-
10
Jun-
10
Jul-
10
Aug-
10
Sep
-
10
Oct
-
10
Nov
-
10
Dec
-
10
Jan-
11
Feb-
11
Mar
-
11
Mon
ths
Magnesium Hardness
167
The values of Total Dissolved Solids detected from water sample of Chaphal
Reservoir at three sites are depicted in Table No. 12 and graphical representation
in figure No.11.
Two year average values of Total Dissolved Solids of Chaphal Reservoir are
recorded as 301.38mg/lit. during the first year 2009-10 and 331.55 mg/lit. during
the second year 2010-11. The Total Dissolved Solids values of Chaphal Reservoir
varied from 242.66 mg/lit in the month November to 387.33 mg/lit. the month
May in first year and 271 mg/lit in the month November to 394.33 mg/lit. in the
month May, in the second year of the study period.
Basher (1989) reported TDS about 450mg/lit. in the Bhairab river,
Bangladesh. Tiwari (1999) has observed a TDS of 150 to 192 mg/lit. in the upper
lake water of Bhopal. Goel and Chauhan (1991) has been recorded TDS value
varied from 90 to 365 mg/lit. Sathe et. al. (2000) has given the range of TDS as
260 to 455 mg/lit. for Siddhewadi and 150 to 1300 mg/lit. for Ped reservoir of
Sangali Dist.
According to ICMR (1975) 500 mg/lit. is the desirable limit and 1500 mg/lit.
is maximum permissible limit for domestic use. In the present investigation the
TDS of water is within the desirable limit of ICMR.
Shinde et. al. (2011) were recorded TDS ranged between 300 to 460.5
mg/lit. in Savangi dam, Ahemadabad district. Paulose and Maheshwari (2008)
found TDS values varied between 142.2 mg/lit. to 603.0mg/lit. Shaikh and
Mandare (2009) found TDS in the range 300 to 685 mg/lit. in Khed Industrial area.
Koliyar and Rokade (2008) were recorded TDS ranged from 95 to 400 mg/lit. in
168
Powai lake, Mumbai. Gaikwad et. al. (2008) were recorded TDS ranged from 265
to 1230 mg/lit. Kumbhar A. C. (2006) recorded TDS values ranges from 143.37 to
340.25 mg/lit.
Pawar et. al. (2009) recorded TDS values ranges between 186 to 284 mg/lit.
in Paneshewadi dam, Kandhar, Nanded dist. Sirsat and Kamble (2009) were
recorded 100 to 200 mg/lit. in Bendsura Project of Beed dist.
According to WHO the TDS level less than 300 mg/lit. is excellent, 300-600
mg/lit. is good, 600-900 mg/lit. is fair, 900-1200 is poor and above 1200 mg/lit. is
unacceptable. In the present investigation the maximum TDS recorded is 380.33
mg/lit. meaning the water is good for drinking and irrigation purpose.
Chishty (2002) has recorded average Total Dissolved Solid of 963.2 and
285.9 mg/lit. for lake Udaisagar and Fatehsagar respectively. Pawar and Kanvate
(2009) recorded TDS ranged from 176 to 310 mg/lit. Soni and Bhatt (2008) has
found TDS ranged from 576 to 2074 mg/lit. increasing from monsoon to summer.
Pandey et. al. (2002) recorded TDS values ranged between 948 to 4703 mglit-1 in
Hamor pond of Kishangarh, Ajmer. B. Chinnaiah et. al. (2011) was recorded 490 to
556 mg/lit. of TDS.
Chavan et. al.(2004) reported the TDS values in the range of 5 to 290 mg/lit.
Sinha et.al (2004) fond the concentration of total dissolved solids ranges from 23
to 390 Mg/lit in Ganga river water at Moradabad. Rao and Madhyastha (1990)
recorded the value of TDS in between 73 to 103 mg/lit in the river Netravathi of
Karanataka.
169
Sing and Gupta (2004) worked on Yamuna river at Mathura and observed
that the TDS value ranges from 1040 to 1105 mg/lit.lezabeth and Naik (2005)
worked on water analysis of Hussain Sager, Andrha Pradesh and observed that
the concentration of TDS was 600 mg/lit.
Pandey and Tripathi (1988) has given average TDS value as 2438.33 mg/lit,
varied from 1843.33 to 3320.00 mg/lit. in Chandri pond. Rao and Mahmood
(1995) has given two yearly average TDS content as 355 mg/lit. in Husiguda pond
water.
In the present investigation highest TDS values obtained during summer,
the moderate values of TDS during monsoon and minimum values were recorded
during winter. This observation is agreement with the recordes of Kumbhar A.C.
(2006), Narayan et. al. (2007), Bade B.B. (2008) and Gaikwad M.M.(2010).
This may be due to the size of the water body, inflow of water,
consumption of salt by algae and other aquatic plants and the rate of
evaporation. During winter the hardness was lower owing to the presence of
carbonates and large amount of dead aquatic plants (Shukla et. al.1989).
170
Table no: - 12. Total Disolved Solids of Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 380 378 381 379.66
May 389 375 398 387.33
June 300 313 315 309.33
July 301 298 295 298.00
August 290 278 265 277.66
September 285 275 269 276.33
October 268 271 265 268.00
November 252 245 231 242.66
December 253 260 239 250.66
January 2010 270 265 275 270.00
February 290 278 301 289.66
March 352 372 378 367.33
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 301.38
April 2010 381 383 390 384.66
May 395 397 391 394.33
June 360 358 362 361.00
July 340 348 335 341.00
August 325 345 315 328.33
September 305 311 298 304.66
October 282 283 275 280.00
November 270 271 272 271.00
December 287 292 298 292.33
January 2011 305 311 313 309.66
February 327 331 333 330.33
171
March 378 381 385 381.33
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 331.55
Fig
. No
. 11
Mo
nth
ly V
aria
tion
in T
ota
l Dis
solv
ed S
olid
s in
Ch
aph
al R
eser
voir
200
250
300
350
400
Apr-
09
May
-
09
Jun-
09
Jul-
09
Aug-
09
Sep
-
09
Oct
-
09
Nov
-
09
Dec
-
09
Jan-
10
Feb-
10
Mar
-
10
Apr-
10
May
-
10
Jun-
10
Jul-
10
Aug-
10
Sep
-
10
Oct
-
10
Nov
-
10
Dec
-
10
Jan-
11
Feb-
11
Mar
-
11
Mon
ths
TDS
172
4.2.2.8 Total Suspended Solids
The monthly values of Total Suspended Solids recorded at Chaphal
Reservoir are depicted in Table No. 13 and the graphical representation of the
same is represented in the fig. No. 12.
Two year average values of Total Suspended Solids of Chaphal Reservoir
are recorded as 97.27 mg/lit during 2009-2010 and 95.46 mg/lit during 2010-
2011. The Total Suspended Solids of water of reservoir ranged between 67.33
mg/lit in the month March to 136 mg/lit in the month September, in first year and
ranged between 69 mg/lit in the March to 138.66 mg/lit in the month September,
in second year of study period.
Mahor (2010) recored Suspende Solids ranges between 23 to 68 mg/lit in
the Tighra fresh water reservoir of Gwalior (M.P.). Paulose and Maheshwari
(2008) were fond the total suspended solids varied between 10 and 79.9 mg/lit in
Ramgarh lake, Jaipur, Rajasntan.
Kolhe and Pawar (2011) recorded suspended solids was between 80 to 630
mg/lit in water of effluents from Dairy industry. Avsan and Rao (2001) was
observed T.S.S. 220 to 790 mg/lit around suger mill effluents. Kamal et.al (2007)
found TSS values ranges between 74.5 to 123.3 mg/lit in Mouri river, Khulna,
Bangladesh. Mahananda et. al. were recorded the total suspended solids of dug
well water varied from minimum of 41.95 to maximum of 82.05 mg/lit of ward
no. 9 and ward no. 1 respectively of Bargarh dist., Orissa.
173
Bhatt and Pathak (1992) studied on the river Gomati and reported that
total suspended solids on the contrast, were found to attain the maximum at
peak of the winter season but during remaining time the values were in low
range, the observed values are nil to 5 mg/lit.
Sinha and Saxena (2007) studied on contamination of drinking water at
Hasanpur and reported the values of TSS in the range of 58 to 187 mg/lit. Sharma
et. al. (1981) recorded total suspended solids varied from 436.75 to 812.33 ppm
in Yamuna river at Agra.
Regina and Nabi (2004) studied on physicochemical characteristics of
Cavery and Bhavani river at confluence point Kooduthurai river and observed that
the concentration of TSS varied from 6 to 30 mg/lit. the minimum value was
recorded in January and maximum value in December. Varma (2004) worked on
Yamuna river at Agra and observed that the suspended solids ranged from 78 to
278 mg/lit. Hiware (2004) studied on Jagatunga Samudra of Kandhar, Nanded
district. And observed thr TSS ranges from 127 to 760 mg/lit.
Choudhary and Zaman (2006) observed the total suspended solids varied
from 16 to 22, 12 to 19, 24 to 30 and 38 to 54 mg/lit for monsoon, post monsoon,
winter and summer season respectively. Ramchandra and Shreekantha (2006)
were recorded the TSS values ranges from 70 to 105 mg/lit at Ullura tank and 68
to 95 mg/lit at Nagara tank.
Gaikwad (2010) was recorded TSS ranges between 64 to 144 mg/lit in
lower region of Seena river of Solapur district (M.S.). He showed the maximum
TSS values in rainy season and minimum in the winter season.
174
Purushottam et. al. (2010) while studied on the lakes of Nagapur city
(M.S.), recorded Suspended solid values in Gorewada Lake varied from 22 mgL-1
to 51 mgL-1 in winter, 28 mgL-1 to 68 mgL-1 in rainy season and 48 mgL-1 to 110
mgL-1 in summer season. Suspended solid concentration varied from 84 to 166
mgL-1 in winter, 72 to 2 1 0 mgL-1 in rainy season whereas 184 to 386 mgL-1 in
summer season in Lake Futala. The highest value was recorded 386 mgL-1 at
during summer season and lowest value 72 mgL-1 at site in Futala Lake during
rainy season. Suspended solid values in Gandhisager Lake varied from 90 mgL-1 to
210 mgL-1 in winter, 60 mgL-1 to 100 mgL-1 in rainy season and 154 mgL-1 to 200
mgL-1 in summer season. Suspended solid concentration was found to be highest
as 110mgL-1 and the lowest 22 mgL-1. In Ambazari, Lake, suspended solid
concentration varied from 98 to 170 mgL-1 in winter, 70 to mgL-1 in rainy season
whereas 244 to mgL-1 in summer season. The highest value was recorded mgL-1
during summer season and lowest value mgL-1 during rainy season in Ambazari
and Gandhisagar Lake respectively.
Patil et. al. (2011) recorded maximum TSS in monsoon (52.25 ± 1.39 mg/L)
and minimum in winter (24.25 ± 0.91 mg/L) in the Lotus lake.
The TSS was recorded minimum in winter when the water of the lake
stabilizes and most of the suspended matter settles down. Increased level of
suspended solids, results in increased turbidity and lower photosynthesis, rise in
water temperature and decreased dissolved oxygen (Sharma et. al., 2008).
In the present investigation highest TSS values obtained during monsoon,
the moderate values of TDS during winter and lower down last of winter. This
175
observation is agreement with the recordes of Kumbhar A.C. (2006), Bade B.B.
(2008) and Gaikwad M.M.(2010).
Table no: - 13. Total Suspended Solids of Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 60 73 88 73.66
May 76 80 93 83.00
June 110 112 106 109.33
July 113 118 120 117.00
August 118 120 117 118.33
September 138 140 130 136.00
October 115 113 100 109.33
November 90 130 98 106.00
December 88 120 83 97.00
January 2010 78 98 72 82.66
February 71 67 65 67.66
March 75 64 63 67.33
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 97.27
April 2010 63 67 70 66.66
May 100 70 79 83.00
June 100 115 120 111.66
July 117 120 125 120.66
August 113 121 105 113.00
September 135 143 138 138.66
October 109 100 99 102.66
November 89 101 96 95.33
176
December 79 99 64 90.66
January 2011 83 84 80 82.33
February 70 73 75 72.66
March 65 70 72 69.00
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 95.46
177
4.2.2.9 Total Solids
Fig.
No.
12
Mon
thly
Var
iatio
n in
Tot
al S
uspe
nded
Sol
ids
(mg/
lit.)
inCh
apha
l Res
ervo
ir
6080100
120
140
Apr-
09
May-
09
Jun- 09
Jul-
09
Aug- 09
Sep- 09
Oct-
09
Nov-
09
Dec-
09
Jan- 10
Feb- 10
Mar-
10
Apr-
10
May-
10
Jun- 10
Jul-
10
Aug- 10
Sep- 10
Oct-
10
Nov-
10
Dec-
10
Jan- 11
Feb- 11
Mar-
11
Mon
ths
TSS.
178
The monthly values of Total Solids recorded at Chaphal Reservoir are
depicted in Table No. 14 and the graphical representation of the same is
represented in the fig. No. 13.
Two year average values of Total solids of Chaphal Reservoir are recorded
as 347.83 mg/lit during 2009-2010 and 357.52 mg/lit during 2010-2011. The Total
Solids of water of reservoir ranged between 253 mg/lit in the month February to
419.33 in the month September, in first year and ranged between 258 mg/lit in
the February to 439 mg/lit in the month September, in second year of study
period.
Kumbhar et.al (2009) recorded the total solids value varies from 3.6.97 to
466.88 during the year 2003-05 in Ujani reservoir of Madha, Dist. Solapur. Pandey
and Tripathi (1985) reported average total solids values ranging between 2150 to
4166 mg/lit in Chandari Pond water. Sathe et. al. (2000) recorded maximum in
summer season in the Siddhewadi reservoir.
Kumar et. al.(2009) fond the total solids ranged from 276.9 to 5472 mg/lit
in Sabarmati river at Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The highest concentration in the
month of September.
Paulose and Maheshwari (2008) were fond the total solids ranged between
152 to 642 mg/lit in Ramgarh lake, Jaipur, Rajasntan. Kapsikar et. al. (2011)
was fond total solids values ranged between 492.87 to 912.80mg/lit in Kali river,
West coast of India.
179
The TS is direct measure of all the dissolved and suspended matters in
water. It comprises dissolved salts, suspended particales, soil particales,
discharged effluents and decomposed organic matter.
Periyar Lake varied from 110 to 530 mg /lit. Taheruzzaman and Kushari
(1995) observed TS of 50 to 2240 mg/lit. in Ganga waters and also found that it
was lower during lean months of winter and summer when the interferences due
to flood and precipitation were quite lesser.
Khatavkar and trivedy (1992) worked on the river Panchaganga near
Kolhapur and Ichalkaranji and noted that the total solids maximum average value
442 mg/lit and minimum value 190 mg/litJamenson and Rana (1996) studied on
physicochemical characters of Sabarmati river at Khed region at Gujrat and
observed the total solids at five sites as 315705, 3132, 4675, 6464.5 and 7625
ppm respectively.
K. Sivasubramani (1999) recorded the total solids ranged from 13.2 to 28.8
mg/lit in the upstream and 150.3 to 260.3 mg/lit at dowenstream stations. Meitei
et.al (2004) was observed the values of total solids from Purna river at Parbhani
of Maharashtra in the range of 420 to 740 mg/lit.
Khapekar and Nankar (2007) was obtained the value of total solids in the
range of 290 to 350, 205 to 255 and 430 to 560 mg/lit at three sites of river
Kanhan (M.S.). Gaikwad (2010) was recorded Total Solids ranges between 260 to
420 mg/lit in lower region of Seena river of Solapur district (M.S.). He showed the
minimum Total Solids in winter season and maximum in the rainy season. Patil
et.al (2011) recorded Total solids showed a different trend with maximum TS
180
recorded in monsoon (203.2 ± 1.02 mg/L) and minimum in winter (160.5 ± 2.72
mg/L).
In the present investigation highest TS values obtained during rainy season
and minimum values were recorded during winter. This observation is agreement
with the recordes of J. Krishanan (2008), Kumar et. al. (2009) and Gaikwad M.M.
(2010).
181
Table no: - 14. Total Solids of Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 300 375 400 358.00
May 337 351 387 358.33
June 364 367 365 365.33
July 373 375 378 375.33
August 390 393 389 390.66
September 421 423 415 419.33.
October 401 400 399 400.00
November 337 334 325 332.00
December 311 297 301 303.00
January 2010 298 290 278 288.00
February 280 226 255 253.00
March 301 311 382 331.00
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 347.83
April 2010 308 306 315 309.66
May 334 330 358 340.66
June 358 385 390 377.66
July 378 391 400 385.33
August 415 428 411 420.33
September 460 420 437 439.00
October 457 415 404 425.33
November 402 400 398 400.00
December 369 355 368 364.00
January 2011 290 287 275 284.00
February 270 250 254 258.00
182
March 281 278 300 286.33
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 357.52
183
4.2.2.10 Calcium
Fig.
No.
13
Mon
thly
Var
iatio
n in
Tot
al S
olid
s(m
g/lit
.) in
Cha
phal
Res
ervo
ir
200
250
300
350
400
450
Apr-
09
May-
09
Jun- 09
Jul-
09
Aug- 09
Sep- 09
Oct-
09
Nov-
09
Dec-
09
Jan- 10
Feb- 10
Mar-
10
Apr-
10
May-
10
Jun- 10
Jul-
10
Aug- 10
Sep- 10
Oct-
10
Nov-
10
Dec-
10
Jan- 11
Feb- 11
Mar-
11
Mon
ths
Total Solids
184
The monthly values of Calcium recorded at Chaphal Reservoir are depicted
in table No.15 and figure No. 14.
Two year average values of Calcium of Chaphal Reservoir are recorded as
19.99 mg/lit. during year 2009-10 and 20.15 mg/lit. during year 2010-11. The
values of Calcium varied from 17.27mg/lit in the month November to 23.88
mg/lit. in the month May, during first year and from 16.49 mg/lit in the month
December to 23.83 mg/lit. in the month June, during second year. The minimum
Calcium was recorded during winter and monsoon seasons and maximum calcium
level is found during summer season.
Noor khan et. al. (2002) was recorded Calcium level ranges between 9.62 to
48.7 mg/lit. B. R. Kiran (2010) has recorded Calcium value fluctuated from 32 to
112 mg/lit. in Bhadra Project, Karnataka.Trivedy and Khatavkar (1986) were
reported the concentration of Calcium in Krishna River ranged from 17 to 44
mg/lit. R. K. Garg et. al. (2010) was recorded Calcium level ranges from 11.21 to
33.81 mg/lit. in Ramsagar reservoir.
The general acceptable limit of Calcium in water is usually 75 mg/lit. Where
as its maximum permissible limit is 200 mg/lit.(ICMR). The values recorded in the
present investigation are in the limit of prescribed values.
Laluraj et. al. (2002) observed an amount of 220 to 338 mg/lit. of Calcium in
water at Kayamukulam Estury, Kerala and found that the Calcium content
generally reaches the maximum during the pre-monsoon period.
Bade B.B.(2008) was found the Calcium level ranges between 16.63 to
22.78 mg/lit. and which is minimum during monsoon and winter seasons and
185
maximum during summer season. This is agreement with the present
investigation.
Upadhyay et. al. (2010) were recorded the variation in the Calcium found to
be 26.4 to 37.8 mg/lit. in two pond of Varanashi. Rafique et. al. (2002) has
recorded the Calcium level ranged between 34.08 to 47.00 mg/lit. in Mangla
reservoir at Sulchian, Mirpur. P. C. Mane et. al. (2010) has recorded Calcium range
between 22.82 to 69.87 mg/lit. Trivedy and Khatavker (1986) have reported the
concentration of Calcium in Krishna river ranged between 17 to 44 mg/lit.
In the present investigation highest Calcium values obtained during
summer season and minimum values were recorded during winter. This
observation is agreement with the recordes of Laluraj et. al. (2002), Bade B.B.
(2008) and Gaikwad M.M.(2010).
The high Calcium and Magnesium concentration might be due to the large
amout of these elements in minral deposited around the pond or from the water
derived from rainfall as observed by Gibbs (1970).
Table no: - 15. Calcium (mg/lit) of Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011
186
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 22.38 23.00 22.87 22.75
May 23.78 23.90 23.98 23.88
June 22.21 22.19 21.09 21.83
July 21.20 21.00 19.98 20.72
August 19.54 18.98 19.00 19.17
September 17.23 17.35 18.01 17.53
October 16.19 16.21 17.21 16.53
November 17.25 17.58 16.99 17.27
December 18.35 18.58 19.68 18.87
January 2010 18.98 19.68 19.25 19.30
February 20.10 20.00 21.23 20.44
March 21..23 22.27 21.88 21.59
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 19.99
April 2010 21.57 21.00 22.68 21.75
May 21.80 21.23 23.00 22.01
June 23.58 23.91 24.00 23.83
July 22.43 21.18 20.25 21.28
August 20.35 20.16 21.10 20.53
September 19.58 19.67 20.03 19.76
October 18.35 18.21 19.20 18.58
November 18.16 17.19 18.19 17.84
December 17.13 16.11 16.15 16.49
January 2011 18.45 18.35 18.67 18.49
February 19.50 19.58 20.18 19.86
March 20.35 21.68 22.11 21.38
187
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 20.15
Fig.
No.
14 M
onth
ly Va
riatio
n in
Calc
ium
in C
haph
al Re
serv
oir
161820222426
Jun- 09
Jul- 09
Aug- 09
Sep- 09
Oct-
09
Nov- 09
Dec- 09
Jan- 10
Feb- 10
Mar-
10
Apr- 10
May- 10
Jun- 10
Jul- 10
Aug- 10
Sep- 10
Oct-
10
Nov- 10
Dec- 10
Jan- 11
Feb- 11
Mar-
11
Apr- 11
May- 11
Mont
hs
Calcium
188
4.2.2.11 Chlorides
The monthly values of Chiorides recorded at Chaphal Reservoir are
depicted in table No.16 and figure No. 15.
Two year average values of Chlorides of Chaphal Reservoir are recorded as
57.30 mg/lit. during 2009-10 and 54.78 mg/lit. during 2010-11. The values of
Chloride varied from 49.45 mg/lit. in the month November to 57.23 mg/lit. in the
month May, during the first year and from 9.64 mg/lit. in the month December to
59.70 mg/lit. in the month May during the second year.
Chishty (2002) recorded minimum 66.82 to maximum 563.33 mg/lit. in
Udaipur lake during 1997-98. Chaturbhuj et. al. (2004) were found Chloride level
of the wetlands water to be 82.07 mg/lit. during the summer period. Rashmi and
Chaturbhuj (2006) recorded average Chloride values ranged from 35 mg/lit. to
55.05 mg/lit. Kapsikar et. al. (2011) found minimum values of 14.81 mg/lit. in
month of February and maximum 21.65 mg/lit. in October.Narayan et. al. (2007)
found Chloride values ranging between 3.5 to 35 mg/lit.
In unpolluted rivers the amount of Chloride ions is usually 2 to 10 mg/lit.
and when the amount is above 200 mg/lit., the water is not used for human
consumption (Koshy and Nayar, 1999).
Gaikwad et. al. (2010) found Chloride content ranges from 180 to 510
mg/lit. in well and tubewell of Wardha Dist. (M. S.). Goel et.al (1980) showed that
the concentration of chloride increases with the degree of eutrophication. The
presence of chloride indicates the availability of organic matter, presumably of
189
animal origin and increase the amount of ammonical nitrogen and organic matter.
Shukla et. al. (1992) was observed chloride of river Ganga at Gazipur ranges from
4.6 to 160 mg/lit. chloride is a major factor to equals cations and anions balance
of the river ecosystem. High values of chloride in summer are might be due to
excessive of water effluents and low water level.
Pandey and Das (1993) studied on Koshi river at Purnia and observed that
the value of chloride was minimum as 13.8 mg/lit. Katariya (1994) worked on
water quality of Kaliasot river and he stated that chloride content normally
increased as the mineral content increase. He recorded the chloride
concentration varied from 16 to 25 mg/lit. Shaikh and Yeragi (2004) observed
chloride ranges between 52.12 to 150 mg/lit. Mini et. al. (2003) observed the
monthly concentration of chloride in Vamanpuran river, Kerala and found ranges
between 17.52 to 35.5 mg/lit. Das et. al. (2003) observed the concentration of
chloride ranges from 4.7 to 6.8 mg/lit at Bahini river, 32.7 to 90 mg/lit at Bhralu
river, 6.4 to 14.2 mg/lit at Brahmaputra river.
Reginaa and Nabi (2004) studied on physicochemical characterization of
Cavery and Bhavini rivers and observed the concentration of chloride values
ranged from 16 to 80 mg/lit. Harilal et. al. (2004) worked on hydrochemistry of
two rivers of Kerala with special reference to drinking water quality and observed
the concentration of chloride ranges from 17.04 to 183.18 mg/lit in Karamana
river. Verma (2004) worked on Yamuna river at Agra and observed that the
chloride ranges between 216.4 to 647.32 mg/lit. Manna and Das (2004) observed
that the chloride concentration in Moosi upto 180.34 mg/lit.
190
Sinha et. al. (2004) studied on water quality index for Ramganga river water
at Muradabad and observed the concentration of chloride ranging from 15.12 to
254.18 mg/lit. Ramadas et. al. (2005) studied on Tungabhadra river water at
Mylara and observed that the chloride concentration ranges between 25.25 to
136.15 mg/lit. Gaikwad (2010) was recorded Chioried ranges between 72 to 116
mg/lit. in lower region of Seena river of Solapur district (M.S.). He showed the
maximum chloried in summer season and minimum in the rainy season.
The Chloride is added to natural water due to addition of sewage and
leaching from natural rocks (Trivedy, 1998). The higher level of chloride in natural
water is the indication of pollution from the domestic sewage (Mathew et. al.,
1992).
Maximum permissible limit with regard to Chloride content in natural fresh
water according to WHO (1985), is 200 mg/lit. and same according to ICMR (1975)
and ISI (1991) is 250 mg/lit. The maximum values in the present investigation are
in the limit of all above.
R. S. Lokhande (2008) recorded Chloride concentration ranging from 115 to
507.21 mg/lit. in Ulhas river, Thane Dist.Jadhav et. al. recorded Chloride varied
from 49 to 89 mg/lit. in Krishna river, at Karad, Satara Dist. Shaikh and Mandare
(2009) found Chloride in the range of 60 to 250 mg/lit. in Khed drinking water. P.
N. Kamble et. al. (2008) were recorded Chloride ranging between 4.27 to 12.39
mg/lit. Sayyed Hussian et. al. (2011) recorded Chloride was 128 to 208 mg/lit. in
ground water of Bellur(V), Taluka Dharmabad, Nanded Dist.
191
P. C. Mane et. al. (2010) has recorded Chloride ranged between 17.28 to
72.78 mg/lit. in Yeoti lake of Mohol(M.S.). Vijaykumar et. al. (2005) observed 45.5
to 150.5 mg/lit. of Chloride values. Jain (2000) has recorded 75 to 178 mg/lit.
Chloride values. Patil et. al. (2010) has recorded 16.9 to 447.9 mg/lit. of Chloride.
Sirsat and Kamble (2009) has recorded 15.9 to 35.15 mg/lit. of Chloride values in
Bendsura Project, Beed Dist. V. V. Bhoyar et. al. (2011) were recorded Chloride in
the range of 50 to 71 mg/lit. in Ambona, Umarkhed, Yevatmal Dist.
The seasonal changes of Chloride values shows that the maximum Chloride
was recorded during summer and minimum Chloride was found during the winter
season. The same type of fluctuations in Chloride values was also recorded by
Kumbhar A.C. (2006) Bade B.B. (2008) and Gaikwad (2010).
The reasons to increase in Chloride content in summer is that due to rise in
temperature and evaporate transpiration, which could be explained by the fact
that the presence of Chloride salt may interfere with other nutrients, which are
being utilize in the process of photosynthesis.
High Chloride content in water sample may be due to the pollution from
chloride rich effluent of sewage and municipal waste. However Chloride in excess
imparts salty test to water and people who are not accustomed to high Chloride
are subjected to laxative effect (Ravi Prakash and Krishnarao, 1989).
192
Table no: - 16. Chlorides (mg/lit) of Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Mean
April 2009 56.65 56.10 55.13 55.96
May 57.60 57.00 57.10 57.23
June 46.25 47.45 48.68 47.46
July 47.31 48.58 48.70 48.19
August 50.56 50.53 51.10 50.73
September 51.90 52.00 51.80 51.90
October 50.60 50.48 50.68 50.58
November 49.57 48.57 50.23 49.45
December 51.23 51.67 52.67 51.58
January 2010 52.19 53.10 51.60 52.29
February 53.16 53.57 53.80 53.51
March 54.65 54.60 54.00 54.41
2009 – 2010 Yearly average 57.30
April 2010 55.69 56.18 56.90 56.25
May 59.47 59.00 60.63 59.70
June 58.61 58.67 59.00 58.76
July 56.10 56.00 57.00 56.36
August 57.65 56.63 56.50 56.92
September 56.23 56.00 55.90 56.04
October 54.21 54.60 53.15 53.98
193
November 52.80 51.35 52.19 52.11
December 50.57 49.13 49.23 49.64
January 2011 51.60 50.49 50.00 50.69
February 52.54 53.10 52.68 52.77
March 53.64 54.12 54.70 54.15
2010 – 2011 Yearly average 54.78
194
Table No. 17 .Comparison of physicochemical parameters with suggested surface water
standards by ICMR and WHO.
Fig.
No.
15
Mon
thly
Var
iatio
n in
Clo
rides
in C
haph
al R
eser
voir
45505560
Apr-
09
May-
09
Jun- 09
Jul-
09
Aug- 09
Sep- 09
Oct-
09
Nov-
09
Dec-
09
Jan- 10
Feb- 10
Mar-
10
Apr-
10
May-
10
Jun- 10
Jul-
10
Aug- 10
Sep- 10
Oct-
10
Nov-
10
Dec-
10
Jan- 11
Feb- 11
Mar-
11
Mon
ths
Clorides
195
Sr. No. Parameters General
Permissible
limit
Desirable limit Range in chaphal
reservoir
ICMR WHO
1 Atmo.Temperature Narrative ------ ------ 31.47 to 37.730c
2 Water Temperature Narrative ------ ------ 23.26 to 34.330c
3 Electr. coundictivity ------ ------ ------ 0.040 to 0.082
4 pH 6.0 to 8.25 7.0 to 8.5 6.5 to 8.5 7.36 to 8.86
5 Dissolved Oxygen 74.0 74.0 74.0 4.83 to 7.80
6 Total Alkalinity 30 to 500 200 250 150 to 190
7 Free CO2 ------ ------ ------ 1.5 to 4.4
8 Total Hardness 100 to 500 500 300 115 to 143
9 Calcium Hardness 75 to 200 75 200 69 to 98.33
10 Mg. Hardness 30 to 50 30 50 10.26 to 20.16
11 TDS 350 to1500 1500 5000 242.66to394.33
12 TSS ----- ----- ----- 67.33 to 138.66
13 Total Solids ----- ------ ------ 253 to 439
14 Calcium 75 to 200 200 75 16.50 to 23.88
15 Chlorides 25 to250 200 250 49.45 to 59.70
4.2.3 Biological parameters
196
The biological units of the reservoir are the microphytes, phytoplankton,
zooplankton etc. These are microscopic organisms. Their movements are more or
less dependent on water currents. The zooplanktons are occurred in Terna Project
includes rotifera, copepoda, cladocera and ostracoda.
4.2.3.1 Zooplankton
The Zooplankton of different species of different groups observed during
the two year period from April 2009 to March 2011 are depicted in table No. 18
to 21 and the percentage composition of Zooplankton species (organisms/lit.) is
depicted in Table No. 22.
The monthly values of Zooplankton population (organisms/lit.) in Chaphal
reservoir revealed that the species of mainly four group’s ie. rotifera, copepoda,
cladocera and ostracoda are found.
Total 21 Zooplankton species were identified, out of which 10 belongs to
Rotifera, 05 to Cladocera, 04 to Copepoda and 02 to Ostracoda.
i) Rotifera
In the present investigation Rotifera species varied from 30 to 95
number/lit at site –I, 31 to 93 numbers at site –II and 28 to 90 at site –III during
the year of 2009-2010. While in the year 2010-2011 it was ranging from 28 to 96
number/lit at site –I, 26 to 95 numbers at site –II and 27 to 94 at site –III.
The monthly variation of Rotifera are shown in table no. 18 and graphically
represented in figure no. 16 & 17
197
In the present study following rotifers were identified during the two years
study period -
Branchionus angularis B. calcyflorus
B. caudatus Kartella spp.
Kartella tropica Euchlari spp.
Filina longiseta Rotaria Trichocera spp.
Kertella valga
Balmurugan et. al. (1999) worked on biodiversity of zooplankton of Cavery
river at Tiruchirapalli (T.N.) and recorded six species of rotifers belonging to two
families. Seeba et. al. (2004) studied on qualitative and quantitative study of
zooplankton in Ithikkara river, Kerala and observed the 13 species of rotifers.
Padmanabha and Belagali (2006) worked on population dynamics of rotifers and
water quality index in the lakes of Mysor and found that the rotifers is higher in
summer season in Kamana lake, which has highest species number (10) and
lowest population density 20/lit, but Dalvoi lake has lowest species (4) and
highest population density 28/lit.
According to Kudari et. al.(2005) rotifers was the richest group with 38
species, which accounts for 53% of total Zooplankton group. This is may be due to
their special characteristics, that is less specialized feeding, high fecundity and
frequent partheogentic reproduction, constellation of life traits that make them
opportunist and typical strategist, favored in unstable and eutrophic
environments (Rocha et. al., 1995). This may be also due to a wide spectrum of
198
food particles exploited by this group, which display the ability to consume
bacteria, algae and detritus of different sizes, which allows quiet distinct diets for
many species simultaneously present in the water body (Stark Weather, 1980).
Bade B.B.(2008) recorded total number of rotifers observed from 76 to 123
organisms/lit. The percentage of variation of rotifers is about 31.27 to 51.61% of
total Zooplanktons. The highest rotifers count in April and minimum in February.
Mustapha (2003) observed 14 genera of Zooplanktons consisting of rotifera
(8), cladocera (3) and copepoda (3). The rotifera are dominant over others and
also the Branchionus. The high population density of the rotifers due to their
parthenogenetic reproductive patterns and short developmental rate under
favorable conditions (Pourriot et. al. ,1997) and their ability to feed on different
types of food. The dominance of branchionus is an indication that the reservoir is
eutrophic and their abundance was due the presence of high organic matter in
the reservoir (Matsumura and Tundisi, 1999).
Pailwan et. al. (2008) recorded about 35 species of Zooplankton belonging
to 5 major groups viz. copepod, cladocera, rotifera, ostracoda and protozoa
during the study period in three tanks near Kolhapur district (M. S.)., among the
Zooplanktons rotifera was observed dominant group over other.
Kumbhar and Kulkarni (2006) accounted 27 species of rotifers with highest
density in summer and lowest in winter and monsoon in Ujani reservoir. Datta et.
al. (1987) has reported two peak of Barnchionus angularis, one in April and other
in October.
199
Gaikwad M.M. (2010) has observed total 11 species of rotifers in Lower
Seena river. He recorded rotifers varied between 2 to 48 number/lit at three
different sites.
Ferdous and Muktadir (2009) were recorded 4 groups of Zooplankton,
where rotifers 52.38% of total Zooplankton copepoda 26.5%, Cladocerans 16.45%
and ostracods 4.67%. Ayoade A. A. (2009) found the rotifers (51.8%) were the
dominant over other Zooplankton species.
Tiwari and Sharma (2011) recorded the maximum density of rotifer
zooplankton in June and minimum in November and January. Maximum potential
of rotifer Zooplankton were appeared in summer, moderate in rainy season and
minimum in winter.
There is always an optimum range of environmental conditions for each
group of rotifer in which they survive and multiply. Water has several unique
thermal properties that combine to minimize temperature changes, thus the
range of variation is smaller and changes occure more slowly in water (Odum,
1971).
During the study period of two years the species of rotifers observed
minimum numbers in monsson and maximum in summer season. This is
agreement with the findings of Gaikwed (2010), Tiwari and Sharma (2011).
200
Table no: - 17. Monthly variation in Rotifera zooplankton (Org/lit) of Chaphal Reservoir
during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Total
April 2009 82 85 87 254
May 95 93 90 278
June 78 76 74 228
July 74 72 70 216
August 52 51 49 152
September 45 46 44 135
October 41 40 42 123
November 38 35 34 107
December 35 33 32 100
January 2010 30 31 28 89
February 32 34 30 96
March 80 78 76 234
2009 – 2010 Yearly total 2012
April 2010 90 84 87 261
May 93 90 92 275
June 96 95 94 285
July 80 82 78 240
August 75 70 72 217
September 60 50 59 169
October 50 54 52 156
November 48 48 40 136
December 30 39 38 107
January 2011 28 26 27 81
February 30 32 30 92
201
March 78 77 80 235
2010 – 2011 Yearly total 2254
ii) Copepoda -
In the present investigation Copepoda species varied from 38 to 82
number/lit at site –I, 36 to 87 numbers at site –II and 34 to 80 at site –III during
the year of 2009-2010. While in the year 2010-2011 it was ranging from 40 to 85
number/lit at site –I, 41 to 86 numbers at site –II and 38 to 82 at site –III.
The monthly variation of Copepoda are shown in table no.19 and
graphically represented in figure no. 16 & 17.
Cypris spp. Cyclops viridis Naupali
Mesocyclops spp.
During the study period of two years the species of Copepoda observed
minimum numbers in monsson and maximum in summer season. This is
agreement with the findings of Gaikwed (2010), Tiwari and Sharma (2011).
The abundance of copepods during summer may be due to lesser dilution
and thrbulance in water (Adholia and Vyas, 1992).
Masood and yousaf (1992) studied on crustancean of hunderded water
bodies at Kashmir and observed that the copepods were absent in thirty five
water bodies which is due to the clearity of water and absence of macrophytic
flora. Pandey et. al. (1992) studied on seasonal flucation in plankton composition
of river Mahananda, Katihar, and Bihar and observed that the copepods showed
highest peak I during summer and lowest was recorded during winter.
202
Balamurugan et. al. (1999) worked on biodiversity of zooplankton in river
Cauvery at Tiruchirappalli (T.N.) and observed that the density of copepods was
37, 35.67 and 41 at three stations respectively.
Gaikwad M.M. (2010) has observed total 6 species of copepods in Lower
Seena river. He recorded copepods varied between 9 to 26 number/lit at three
different sites.
Sharmeen et. al. (2008) recorded copepods were first dominant in ponds
and constituted 30.47% and 43.39% in two ponds. Rotifers were second
dominant; contribute to 27.61% and 19.17% of total Zooplankton in pond-I and
pond-II. Branchinous was most dominant (66.47% and 60.47% of total rotifers) in
both ponds. The cladocera constituted the third dominant (27.09% and 17.54% of
total Zooplankton) in pond I and II respectively.
Patil and Gouder (1982c, 1989) reported 7 species of copepods in Dharwad
district, Karnataka. Ostracods inhabit a wide variety of fresh water that is lakes,
pools, swamps, streams, cave water, heavily polluted area etc.(Edmondson,
1959). Sheeba et. al. (2004) worked on qualitative and quantitative study of
zooplankton in Ithikka river, Kerla and observed that the copepods represented
nemly Cyclops, Mysis larve, Cyclopoid copepod, Harapacticoids and Calanoid
copepod. They observed 14 species of crustaceans especially cladocerans,
copepods and ostracods. The annual percentage and variation of copepods
ranges between 33.92 at sampling site III to 78.66 at site V.
Manjare et. al. (2009) found copepod population at discent peak in the
month of september (20.96.%), while minimum in the month of June (8.75%).
203
They also recorded maximum percentage of Ostracoda in June (45.77%) and
minimum in November (11.31%).
S. R. Gaikwad et. al. (2008) found 19 species of Zooplankton of which
copepoda 6 species, Cladocera 5 species and rotifera 8 species in north
Maharashtra region.
Bade (2008) recorded copepoda varied from 103 to 270 organisms/lit./
month, which is about 26.47 to 57.67%. The maximum population density was
recorded during summer and minimum during monsoon. Kaul and Pandit (1981)
observed maximum copepods in month March in Govind sagar reservoir.
204
Table no: - 18. Monthly variation in Copepoda zooplankton (Org/lit) of
Chaphal Reservoir during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Total
April 2009 69 70 65 204
May 82 87 80 249
June 35 37 32 104
July 45 48 46 139
August 50 53 51 106
September 70 72 69 211
October 62 65 60 187
November 50 55 48 153
December 46 45 43 134
January 2010 38 36 34 108
February 43 47 40 140
March 55 58 50 163
2009 – 2010 Yearly total 1898
April 2010 70 68 70 208
May 85 86 82 253
June 40 41 38 119
July 46 43 40 129
August 55 59 60 174
September 62 65 59 186
October 55 60 57 172
November 53 58 54 165
December 50 49 47 146
205
January 2011 44 42 44 126
February 45 42 40 127
March 57 60 52 169
2010 – 2011 Yearly total 1974
iii) Cladocera -
In the present investigation Cladocera species varied from 04 to 32
number/lit at site –I, 05 to 34 numbers at site –II and 02 to 31 at site –III during
the year of 2009-2010. While in the year 2010-2011 it was ranging from 06 to 34
number/lit at site –I, 04 to 35 numbers at site –II and 01 to 38 at site –III.
The monthly variation of Cladocera are shown in table no. 20 and
graphically represented in figure no. 16 & 17.
Daphina carinata Bosminopsis deitersi
Monia spp. Alona affinis
Chydorus spp.
According to Rao and Chouby (1990) out of 11 families of cladocera, 8
families have been reported from Indian waters, which represent about one forth
of the cladoceran fauna. Devi (1997) reported maximum cladocera population
during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon.
Masood and Yousuf (1992) worked on hundred water bodies of Kashmir
valley in 1985 to 1987, with referance to ecology and distribution of crustatracean
plankton and observed that out of thirty five water bodies had total absence of
cladocera and Copepoda. Pandey et. al. (1992) worked on seasonal flucation in
plankton of river Mahananda at Katihar, Bihar and observed that the cladocrean
206
showed highest peak during summer and lowest during winter. He stated that the
highest cladoceran in summer is due to pattern of life presence or absence of
predators.
Bade (2008) recorded 8 to 75 organisms/lit. of cladocera in Sai reservoir,
Latur (M. S.) which is about 8.51 to 14.07% of the total Zooplanktons. The
minimum number of cladocera was found in winter and maximum in summer.
Similar observation made by Jhingran (1989). Sheeba and Ramanujan (2005)
worked on qualitative and quantitative study of zooplankton in Ithikara river and
was 0.93 and 24.12 at two sampling sites.
Gaikwad M.M. (2010) has observed total 5 species of cladocera in Lower
Seena river. He recorded rotifers varied between 14 to 40 number/lit at three
different sites.
Bais and Agrawal (1995) worked on zooplankton of Sager lake and Military
Engineering lake (M.P.) and observed that the maximum cladocera during
summer and minimum during rainy season. Balmurugan et. al. (1999) studied on
biodiversity of zooplankton in Cauvery river at Trichrirappalli (T.N.) and observed
mean value of cladocerans as varied from 59.33 to 98.87. Saha (2004) studied on
net plankton diversity in Coal meaning areaof Jarkhand and observed that in the
pond Karanpura maximum richness index for zooplankton was in the month of
May and minimum value in February.
During the study period of two years the species of Cladocera observed
minimum numbers in summer and maximum in monsoon season. This is
agreement with the findings of Gaikwed (2010),
207
Table no: - 19. Monthly variation in Cladocera zooplankton (Org/lit) of Chaphal Reservoir
during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Total
April 2009 30 32 27 89
May 32 34 31 97
June 25 27 23 75
July 28 23 20 71
August 20 18 16 54
September 13 12 10 35
October 10 08 06 24
November 05 06 02 13
December 04 05 02 11
January 2010 10 12 09 31
February 17 14 12 41
March 28 24 25 77
2009 – 2010 Yearly total 618
April 2010 32 35 30 97
May 34 32 38 104
June 27 25 22 77
July 29 22 21 72
August 25 24 19 68
September 15 21 13 49
October 11 10 07 28
November 09 07 05 21
208
December 06 04 01 11
January 2011 09 12 13 26
February 19 14 15 48
March 30 25 27 82
2010 – 2011 Yearly total 683
iv) Ostracoda-
In the present investigation Cladocera species varied from 01 to 12
number/lit at site –I, 02 to 11 number at site –II and 01 to 10 at site –III during the
year of 2009-2010. While in the year 2010-2011 it was ranging from 01 to 13
number/lit at site –I, 01 to 10 numbers at site –II and 01 to 09 at site –III.
The monthly variation of Cladocera are shown in table no.21 and
graphically represented in figure no. 16 & 17.
Cypris spp. Meta cypris
Balamurugan et. al. (1999) worked on biodiversity of zooplankton in Cavery
river at Tiruchirapalli (T.N.) and observed that the number of ostracoda as 23,
1.33 and 11.23 at three different stations respectively. Sheeba and Ramanujan
(2005) worked on qualitative and quantative study of zooplankton in Ithikkra
river, Kerala and observed the annual precentage of ostracoda as Nil to 0.87.
Bade (2008) recorded variation of ostracoda varied from 02 to 26
organisms/lit. that is about 0.58 to 6.16% of total organisms. The maximum
ostracoda observed during summer and minimum during winter.
209
Gaikwad M.M. (2010) has observed total 4 species of ostracoda in Lower
Seena river. He recorded ostracoda varied between 6 to 21 number/lit at three
different sites.
Zooplankton occurrence is generally high during the dry season because the
temperature and availability of food are about the most important factors
controlling the abundance of Zooplankton in lakes (Sugunan, 2000).
Chauhan (1993) and Bais and Agrawal (1995) recorded the average
population density of Zooplankton was minimum during winter due to low water
temperature.
Ostracoda are bivalve crustaceans found in both fres water and marine
water. There are over 1700 species of known Ostracodas of which about 1/3 are
fresh water forms. They inhibit a wide variety of fres water like lakes, pools,
swamps, streams and heavily polluted areas (Edmonsoon, 1959).
The relatively low abundance of cladocera and copepods was as result of
the hydrodynamics of the reservoir such as the low water volume, short residence
time, relatively old age of the reservoir and its morphometry.
Negative correlation of Zooplankton with CO2 was due to seasonal
influence in which the density of Zooplankton decrease during the dry season
when CO2 production in high concentration as a result in decomposition and
respiration.
210
The reduction in the number of genera (species) may be due to predation,
variation in the pH of water is always associated with the genera (species)
composition of Zooplankton inhibiting among them (Jhingran, 1982).
Sharma and Sarang (2004) stated that Zooplankton density varied between
13 to 233 organisms/lit. in Jaisamand lake Udaipur India. Sharma et. al. (2010)
shows highest Zooplankton variation in summer followed by winter and monsoon.
R. K. Mohor (2010) recorded rotifera 37.28%, Copepoda 25.18%, Cladocera
21.76% and Ostracoda 11.87%.
B. Vasantkumar et. al. (2011) recorded higher number of Zooplanktons
during summer and low during monsoon. At the same time rotifer accounts 51%
of total Zooplankton population. Pathini and Upadhayay (2002) found
Zooplankton population increases from winter season and reached maximum in
summer season. The minimum population estimated in monsoon season.
Ghantaloo et. al. (2011) recorded 25 species that is 10 of rotifera, 5 of
Copepoda, 8 of Cladocera and 2 of Ostracoda groups. Salve and Hiwre (2010)
recorded 17 genera of rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda. The peak of
Zooplankton found in summer, followed by winter and lowest during monsoon
season.
A progressive increase in the alkalinity of water also increases Zooplankton
population. The simultaneous presence of Dissolved Oxygen and hard water also
favored the production of Zooplankton during summer.
211
During the study period of two years the species of Ostracoda observed
minimum numbers in summer and maximum in monsoon season. This is
agreement with the findings of Gaikwed (2010),
Zooplankton showed inverse relationship with water temperature, pH and
free CO2 (Patra and Azadi, 1987) and positive corelation with the dissolved
oxygen, carbonate and bicarbonet alkalinity (Alam et. al..1989).
The summer population of total zooplankton falls during the monsoon due
to dilution effect. The population rises to a higher level in the winter as a result of
favourable environmental conditions, including temperature, DO, abundance of
food (Endmonsoon, 1965).
Gaikwad M.M. (2010) found that the rotifers are the most dominant over
the other zooplankton; he recorded the 40.82 % rotifers, 25.67 % cladoceras,
18.78 % copepods and 14.71 % ostracoda during the year 2008-09 in Lower Seena
river.
In the present study the composition of zooplankton species during the
year 2009-2010 in Chaphal reservoir, it was Rotifera 42.67 %, Copepoda 40.25 %,
Cladocera13.11 % and Ostracoda3.97 % and during the year 2010-2011, it was
Rotifera 44.32 %, Copepoda 38.82 %, Clodocera13.44 % and Ostracoda3.43 %
Among these zooplankton species Rotifera is dominant followed by Copepoda,
Cladocera and Ostracoda species. The trend of zooplankton species with respect
to number Rotifera > Copepoda > Cladocera > Ostracoda.
212
Table no: - 20. Monthly variation in Ostracoda zooplankton (Org/lit) of Chaphal Reservoir
during April 2009 to March 2011
Sites
Months
Site - I Site - II Site - III Total
April 2009 10 10 07 27
May 12 10 11 33
June 10 11 09 30
July 07 08 06 21
August 05 04 03 12
September 02 03 01 06
October 05 03 02 10
November 01 02 01 04
December 02 02 01 05
January 2010 03 03 02 08
February 04 02 03 09
March 08 09 05 22
2009 – 2010 Yearly total 187
April 2010 08 07 06 21
213
May 10 06 07 23
June 13 10 09 32
July 10 09 06 25
August 06 05 04 15
September 01 03 00 03
October 02 02 01 05
November 02 01 01 04
December 03 02 02 07
January 2011 05 06 04 15
February 04 05 02 11
March 06 04 03 13
2010 – 2011 Yearly total 174
42.67
40.25
13.11
3.97
R otifera
C opepoda
C ladocera
Os trac oda
214
Fig. No. 16 Precentage composition of Zooplankton count per liter in Chaphal Reservoir, during the year 2009-10.
Fig. No. 17 Precentage composition of Zooplankton count per liter in Chaphal Reservoir, during the year 2010-11.
44.32
38.82
13.44
3.43
R otifera
C opepoda
C ladoc era
Os trac oda
