SEMINARON

HYDRO POWER PLANT

Seminar guided byDr. BISWAJIT ACHARYAAssociate ProfessorSubmitted by

PRADEEP KUMAR YADAVCRN. 12/561

CONTENTS1. Introduction2. Site selection3. Components 4. Classification of hydro power plant5. Comparison of Hydro and Thermal and

Nuclear power plant6. A brief on major dams7. Conclusions

INTRODUCTION In hydroelectric power station kinetic energy of

stored water is converted into electric energy . 30% of the total power in world is provided by

hydro power plant. The world’s hydro power potential is about 2724

MkW Total hydro power potential of India is 84 MkW and

22% of this potential is being tapped by various existing and ongoing power schemes.

In India 25.32% of total electricity generation capacity is produced by hydro power plant.

SITE SELECTION FOR A HYDRO POWER PLANT

Availability of water Water storage Water head Accessibility of site Distance from the load centre Geological characteristics of site

COMPONENTS

1. Dam and Reservoir

2. Spillway3. Fore bay4. Surge tank5. Penstock6. Turbine7. Power

house8. Draft tube

DAM AND RESERVOIRAn open-air storage area usually formed by masonry or earthwork where water is collected and kept in quantity so that it may be drawn off for use.

The water reservoir is the place behind the dam where water is stored.

The water in the reservoir is located higher than the rest of the dam structure.

The height of water in the reservoir decides how much potential energy the water 

The higher the height of water, the more its potential energy. The high position of water in the reservoir also enables it to

move downwards effortlessly.

SPILLWAY

Spillway is constructed to act as a safety valve. It discharge the overflow water to the down stream side when the reservoir is full. These are generally constructed of concrete and provided with water discharge opening.

SURGE TANK

Surge tank acts as a temporary reservoir. It helps in stabilizing the velocity and pressure in penstock and thereby saves penstock from getting damaged.It serve as supply tank to the turbine in case of increased load conditions, and storage tank in case of low load conditions.

PENSTOCK

The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water flowing from the reservoir towards the power generation unit, comprised of the turbines and generator. The water in the penstock possesses kinetic energy due to its motion and potential energy due to its height.

POWER HOUSEA power house usually contains following components:

Hydraulic turbines Electric generators Governors Water circulation pumps Air ducts Switch board and instruments Storage batteries Cranes

TURBINE

Impulse turbine converts the energy of fluid in the form of pressure and reaction turbine converts the energy by reaction on rotor blades, when the fluid undergoes a change in momentum.

SELECTION OF TURBINE

DRAFT TUBE

Draft Tube is an empty structure made beneath the Turbine.To reduce the velocity head losses of the waterTo allow the turbine to be set above the tailrace to facilitate inspection and maintenance

CLASSIFICATION 1. According to quantity of water2. According to availability of water head3. According to load characteristics4. According to plant capacity5. According to type of fall

ACCORDING TO QUANTITY OF WATER1.Run of river plant

Water is diverted from the river, routed through the water. conductor system and finally water after generation of power is thrown back to the river at a lower level on down stream.Power generation fluctuates with the river flow and the firm power is considerably low.

2.Storage plantIt increases firm power and total power generation by regulating the flow.Providing storage is complicated and costly as it involves construction of dam.

ACCORDING TO QUANTITY OF WATER(CONT.)

3. Pumped storage plantPump storage projects involve reversible turbines, which can generate power from water of upper reservoir during peak hours and pump back water from lower reservoir to the upper reservoir during off peak hours.

4. Tidal plantA tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of ocean water due to tides.Tidal power is extracted from the Earth's oceanic tides.

ACCORDING TO AVAILABILITY OF WATER HEAD

1. Low head plant Head –upto 30m. A sideway stream diverges from the river at the dam. Vertical shaft Francis or Kaplan turbine are used commonly.

2. Medium head plant Head -30-70 m Uses Francis Turbine. Water is carried in open canals from main reservoir to forebay

then to powerhouse through penstock. 3. High head plants

Head- 71-500 m Water is stored in the lake over the mountain during high rainy

season or when snow melts. Pelton Wheel turbine is used.

ACCORDING TO PLANT CAPACITY1. Micro hydel plants

A micro hydel plant has the capacity less than 5 MW.2. Medium capacity plants

A medium capacity plant has the capacity between 5MW and 100 MW.

3. High capacity plantsA plant having a capacity between 101 MW and 1000 MW is usually classified as a high capacity plant.

4. Super hydro plantsA super hydro plant has a capacity greater than 1000 MW.

ACCORDING TO LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

1. Base load plantsThey cater to the base load of the system, they need to supply constant power when connected to the grid.

2. Peak load plantsSome of the plants supply average load but also some peak load. Other peak load plants are required to work only during peak load hours.

COMPARISON OF HYDRO AND THERMAL AND NULCEAR POWER PLANT

JAWAHAR SAGAR The concrete gravity dam. Power generation is 99 MW(With three

units of 33MW capacity each) Francis-type turbine is used. height - 45m and Length - 393m

RANA PRATAP SAGAR It is a gravity masonry dam. Construction began1953, Opening date1970 Construction cost Rs. 4065 million Height- 53.8 meters (177 ft) Length1,143 meters (3,750 ft) power generation is 172 MW (with four

units of 43 MW capacity each) Total capacity2,898 million cubic meters

MAHI BAJAJ Power generation 140MW (2*25+2*45) Construction began 1972 Opening date 1983 Type of dam-Masonry with embankment

main sections Impounds Mahi River Height-43 m (141 ft) Length-3,062 m (10,046 ft) Francis-type turbine is used

CONCLUSION In order to achieve a growth rate of 7-8 % as

envisaged in National policy of India, it is also required to tap all the small Hydro Power potential of the country.

The utilization of small Hydro Power Potential is especially required in all states where the utilized potential is very low like in MP and therefore optimum utilization of the same may set up an stepping up stone for achieving self sufficiency in power sector in country.

Thank You!