Renewable hydro energy: Spain case-studyDIAZ BAISEITOV, MSc BBBM 2009/2010DIAZ BAISEITOV, MSc BBBM 2009/2010

1. Hydro power 1. Hydro power overviewoverview2. Focus on Spain2. Focus on Spain3. Conclusion3. Conclusion

Hydro: the oldest power in the Hydro: the oldest power in the worldworld

One of the oldest natural, sun-driven energy sources known to the mankind:One of the oldest natural, sun-driven energy sources known to the mankind:

Was used and abused extensively in any form of the early industry: mills, mining, irrigation, pumping, sawing, sewing, crushing, smashing, moving, etc.Was used and abused extensively in any form of the early industry: mills, mining, irrigation, pumping, sawing, sewing, crushing, smashing, moving, etc.

Hydropower today: the leading Hydropower today: the leading sourcesourceThe most used renewable source of electricity worldwide:The most used renewable source of electricity worldwide:

Source: Energy Information Administration

• Hydropower represents 85% of total renewable Hydropower represents 85% of total renewable and 20% of non-renewable world electricity and 20% of non-renewable world electricity production (2010).production (2010).

• China is the largest producer of China is the largest producer of hydroelectricity, followed by Canada, Brazil, hydroelectricity, followed by Canada, Brazil, and U.S. and U.S.

• 2/3 of the economically feasible potential 2/3 of the economically feasible potential remains to be developed. Untapped hydro remains to be developed. Untapped hydro resources are still abundant in Latin America, resources are still abundant in Latin America, Central Africa, India and China.Central Africa, India and China.

Hydropower today: the principleHydropower today: the principleThe underlying principle is transformation of water flow into electric power:The underlying principle is transformation of water flow into electric power:

Turbine

Generator

Transformer

Water

Consumers

Hydropower today: the technologyHydropower today: the technologyModern power stations operate on turbine generators instead of waterwheels:Modern power stations operate on turbine generators instead of waterwheels:

Hydropower today: the economicsHydropower today: the economics

P.S.: study cost - $50,000 per 30m of a stream; licensing cost - $150,000 to $1 million. The profit is made through sale of energy and renewable energy credits!

Hydropower today: the pros & Hydropower today: the pros & conscons

As most of the energy generation methods, hydropower has its own limitations:As most of the energy generation methods, hydropower has its own limitations:

AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

No No pollutions/emissionspollutions/emissions

Failure Failure hhazardazard

Up to 60% efficiencyUp to 60% efficiency Environmental Environmental impactimpact

Pond storage Pond storage capacitycapacity

Seasonal flow Seasonal flow variationvariation

Fuel independent Fuel independent Population Population relocationrelocation

50 50 -- 100 years 100 years lifespanlifespan

River slit River slit accumulationaccumulation

Low labor/service Low labor/service costcost

High construction High construction costcost

Despite all this, it is the most efficient of the renewable energy sources so far!Despite all this, it is the most efficient of the renewable energy sources so far!

1. Hydro power 1. Hydro power overviewoverview2. Focus on Spain2. Focus on Spain3. Conclusion3. Conclusion

Spain’s hydro resourcesSpain’s hydro resourcesThere are some 1,800 rivers in Spain There are some 1,800 rivers in Spain with 172,888 km of watercourses, the with 172,888 km of watercourses, the largest being river Tajo (1007 km)largest being river Tajo (1007 km)

The mild climate exposed to humid winds from the Mediterranean and Atlantic, together The mild climate exposed to humid winds from the Mediterranean and Atlantic, together with Alpine glaciers capacity, ensure the overall stable precipitation of 650mm per year.with Alpine glaciers capacity, ensure the overall stable precipitation of 650mm per year.

Spain’s electricity demandSpain’s electricity demand• Spain has the 5Spain has the 5thth largest largest

electricity market in the EU. The electricity market in the EU. The country produced 247.3 billion country produced 247.3 billion kilowatthours in 2006, while kilowatthours in 2006, while consuming 231.2 Bkwh. consuming 231.2 Bkwh.

• The largest share of Spain's The largest share of Spain's electricity generation came from electricity generation came from conventional thermal plants, conventional thermal plants, followed by hydroelectricity.followed by hydroelectricity.

• Both Spain's electricity Both Spain's electricity generation and consumption is generation and consumption is recently growing with double the recently growing with double the rate demonstrated by the Western rate demonstrated by the Western Europe as a whole. Europe as a whole.

• The rising electricity consumption The rising electricity consumption and ecological awareness has led and ecological awareness has led to increased use of hydro and to increased use of hydro and wind power generating facilities.wind power generating facilities.

Online tracking example Online tracking example (09/03/10)(09/03/10)

Source: National Grid de Espana (http://demanda.ree.es/demandaEng.html)

Spain’s hydro: Iberdrola facilitiesSpain’s hydro: Iberdrola facilities

Spain’s hydro: the perspectivesSpain’s hydro: the perspectives• 25 EU countries agreed to 25 EU countries agreed to

increase the overall share of increase the overall share of renewable sources of electricity to renewable sources of electricity to 21% by 2012. Spain’s specific 21% by 2012. Spain’s specific target is to reach 29.4%.target is to reach 29.4%.

• For that reason, the Renewable For that reason, the Renewable Energies Plan for 2005-2010 was Energies Plan for 2005-2010 was adopted in Spain, together with adopted in Spain, together with Special Regime for tariffs:Special Regime for tariffs:

Some regions in Spain plan to reach 100% renewable energy in few years (AERS). Castile, Some regions in Spain plan to reach 100% renewable energy in few years (AERS). Castile, León and Galicia already produce 70% of their total electricity from renewable sources.León and Galicia already produce 70% of their total electricity from renewable sources.

1. Hydro power 1. Hydro power overviewoverview2. Focus on Spain2. Focus on Spain3. Conclusion3. Conclusion

Combined application: Combined application: hydro+windhydro+wind

Compared to wind farms, hydroelectricity power plants have more predictable Compared to wind farms, hydroelectricity power plants have more predictable load factor. With the help of the storage reservoir, water can be dispatched to load factor. With the help of the storage reservoir, water can be dispatched to follow variations in power demand. Since wind energy cannot be stored, its follow variations in power demand. Since wind energy cannot be stored, its excess can be used to pump some water back into the reservoir for future use:excess can be used to pump some water back into the reservoir for future use:

• Spain’s Iberdrola plans to use pumped Spain’s Iberdrola plans to use pumped storage to equalize its wind power storage to equalize its wind power system highly variable output factor system highly variable output factor (2.5%–70%). The company is already (2.5%–70%). The company is already building the 852 MW La Muela 2 plant for building the 852 MW La Muela 2 plant for this purpose and is investigating this purpose and is investigating construction of three additional pumped-construction of three additional pumped-storage plants with a total capacity of storage plants with a total capacity of 1640 MW.1640 MW.

• When finished in 2012, it will be Europe’s When finished in 2012, it will be Europe’s largest hydro+wind site.largest hydro+wind site.

Combined application: hydro+H2 Combined application: hydro+H2 cellcell

Safety issuesSafety issues

Dam failures have been some of the largest man-made disasters in history. Dam failures have been some of the largest man-made disasters in history.

• Banqiao Dam failure in Banqiao Dam failure in

Southern China in 1975 killed Southern China in 1975 killed near 171,000 people and left near 171,000 people and left millions homelessmillions homeless

• geologically inappropriate geologically inappropriate location may cause disasters location may cause disasters like Vajont Dam in Italy, with like Vajont Dam in Italy, with 2000 people died in 19632000 people died in 1963

• small Kelly Barnes Dam failed small Kelly Barnes Dam failed in 1967, causing 39 deaths with in 1967, causing 39 deaths with the Toccoa Flood, ten years the Toccoa Flood, ten years after its power plant was after its power plant was decommissioneddecommissioned

ConclusionConclusion

Cleanest, abundant Cleanest, abundant

and smart energy.and smart energy.

So why search So why search

for any other?for any other?

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONTHANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

DIAZ BAISEITOV, MSc BBBM 2009/2010DIAZ BAISEITOV, MSc BBBM 2009/2010