Hydro Basics

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Hydro Design &

Construction


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Hydro, Driven by Solar Power


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Hydro power in the World

US Supply US Renewables


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Most of that global

hydro power isproduced by large-scale hydroelectricplants


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microhydro

Small in scale

Minimum environmental impact

Site specific: you must have the resourceAffordable.

Consistent:Produces continuously, 24/7


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Types of Systems

Turbines can be of many forms.

Listed are a few of the major types.

High head Medium head Low head

Impulseturbines

PeltonTurgo

cross-flowmulti-jet PeltonTurgo

cross-flow

Reactionturbines

Francis

Pump-as-turbine

(PAT)

propellerKaplan


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Pelton and TurgoImpulse jet of water

4
http://sfwater.org/home.cfm


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Banki

Crossflow

Banki and Crossflow

Impulse

sheet of water
http://www.waterwheelfactory.com/ossberg.htm


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http://www.toshiba.co.jp/f-ene/hydro/english/products/equipment/index01_2.htm

Kaplan

http://www.waterwheelfactory.com/francis.htm

Francis

Reaction TurbinesSubmerged in the flow;

driven by the pressure differential
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Francis_Turbine_complete.jpg


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Turbines are turned by water.

That turning motion drives a generatorwhich produced electricity.


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You need two things to make power

Head and Flow


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Power Estimates


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Gross Power Calculations

Power (watts) = Head (ft) * Flow (GPM)10

The equation assumes a turbine efficiency of 53%.Actual efficiency varies with conditions.

Power output is proportional to the combination of head and flow


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Example

Stream flow = 300 GPM

(1/2 of flow is 150 GPM)

Total Head is 140 feet

Gross Power Estimate =

(140 ft * 150 GPM)/10= 2100 W


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Why is this gross power?

These are not accurate calculations because weused the gross or static head instead of the net

or dynamic head.

A more accurate power calculation is made aftercalculating pipe friction losses.

Stay tuned................


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...or Charts from Manufacturer

P.M. Alternator output in watts

FEET OF NET HEAD

GAL/M 25 50 75 100 200 300

3 - - - - 45 80

6 - - 30 45 130 180

10 - 40 75 95 210 300

15 25 75 110 150 320 45020 40 100 160 240 480 600

30 65 150 250 350 650 940

50 130 265 420 600 1100 1500

100 230 500 750 1100 1500 -

200 - 580 900 1300 - -


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Measuring Head


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Measuring Head

5 stick with carpenters level

Sight level

Water level Pipe with pressure gauge

GPS Unit

Transit

Topo map

Altimeter


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Measuring Head

5 stick with level (3 people)

5


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Measuring Head

Sight level (2 people)

Eye level


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Measuring HeadWater level and measuring tape (2 people)

Water level


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Measuring Head

Transit

Most accurate if you have the equipment


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Measuring Head

Pipe with pressure gauge atthe bottom

Could use garden hose(s) 2.31 feet = 1 psi This gauge reads 38 psi

38 psi x 2.31 feet/psi = 88 ftof static head


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Measuring Head

GPS, altimeter,topo map

Difference inelevation readings


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Measuring Flow


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Measuring Flow

UnitsGPM: gallons per minute CFM: cubic feet per minute

CFS: cubic feet per second How much to use?

Dont take the whole creek! Use minimum flow

Avoid taking more than of the flow Water temp could be effected!!!

Let the ecosystem thrive


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Methods of Flow Assessment

5-gallon bucketSmall stream, small waterfall

Float methodLarger, flat, uniform stream

V-notch Weir

Rectangular Weir Make several measurements to assess

seasonal variation


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5 gallon bucket


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5 gallon bucket

If the measured flow using a 5 gallon bucket and astop watch was 5 gallons in 1.5 seconds, how manyGPM would this be?

GPMgal

200min1

sec60

sec5.1

5


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Float method

Big, flat, uniform creek


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Float methodFlow (ft3/s) = Velocity (ft/s) x Cross Sectional Area (ft2)


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Float method

1. Calculate the average depth

Lay a board across the stream, measure the depthevery foot, average the depths


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Float method

2. Calculate the cross sectional area

Area (ft2) = Average depth (ft) x Width (ft)


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Float method

3. Calculate velocity

Measure where you measured the area, an orange makes a good float,start well upstream, a 10 span is good, average multiple

measurements


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Float method

4. Correct for Friction

Flow (ft3/s) = Velocity (ft/s) x CrossSectional Area (ft3) x .83

Multiply x 0.83 to correct for frictionon the bottom of the stream


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Float Method

So, if these guys measure this 3 widestream and get an average depth of8 and it takes an orange anaverage 5 seconds to go 10 feet,what is the flow in GPM?

Area = 3 x 8 x (1/12) = 2 ft2

Velocity = 10 ft/5 s = 2 ft/sFlow = 2 ft2 x 2 ft/ s = 4 ft3/s

4 ft3/s x 7.48 gal/1 ft3 x 60s/1 min = 1795 gpm

Correct for friction, 1795 gpm x .83 = 1490 gpm


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Weir Method

For larger flows ormore accuratemeasurements

Small V-notch

Larger Rectangular

All you needs is depthand the table


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V-notch Weir


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Rectangular Weir


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the pipe

Penstock


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The IntakeDiverting clean water into the penstock

Screen

Start of Penstock

Steam Flow

The intakes job:

Filter andSettle

Build it either:

Simple and easyto repair

Or

Bullet-proof


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The IntakeDiverting clean water into the penstock

Screen Start of Penstock

Steam Flow

A dirtycreek

may needmore

settlingtime

Overflow


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PenstockA full pipe; delivering clean water to the turbine


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Pipe can be a Considerable Cost

up to 40%


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Factors to Consider: Penstock

surface roughness design pressure method of jointing weight and ease of installation

accessibility of the site terrain design life and maintenance weather conditions availability

relative cost likelihood of structural damage


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Burying Pipe

Burying a pipe line removesthe biggest eyesore of ahydro scheme.

It is vital to ensure a buriedpenstock is properly andmeticulously installed subsequent problems such

as leaks are much harder todetect and rectify.


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Penstock Support SystemPVC likes to stay straight

HDPE can follow the contour of the ground


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Pipe Friction Losses

Must use charts to calculate head loss dueto pipe friction

Flow varies with D34 pipe can flow 8x more water than 2 pipe


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Lets do an example

140 ft static head

Pipe = 3 HDPE (High Density Poly Ethylene)

What is friction loss for 1300 pipe for aflow of 100 GPM?

What is the dynamic or net head?


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Lets do an example:PIPE FRICTION LOSS

Polyethylene SDR - Pressure Rated Pipe

Pressure Loss from Friction in Feet of Head per 100 Feet of Pipe

Flow USGPM

0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3

1 1.13 0.28 0.09 0.02

2 4.05 1.04 0.32 0.09 0.04

3 8.6 2.19 0.67 0.19 0.09 0.02

4 14.6 3.73 1.15 0.3 0.14 0.05

5 22.1 5.61 1.75 0.46 0.21 0.07

90 13.5 5.71 1.98

95 15 6.31 2.19

100 16.5 6.92 2.42

150 34.5 14.7 5.11

200 25 8.7

300 18.4


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Lets do an example

Turtle Island

140 ft head

3 HDPE (High Density Poly Ethylene)

What is friction loss for 1300 pipe for a flow of 100 GPM?

What is the dynamic head?

Chart says well lose 2.42 of head per 100 ofpipe.

We have 13 x 100 of pipe, so 13 x 2.42 = 31.5

of total head loss Dynamic or net head = 140 31.5 = 108.5


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Nozzles


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Nozzles

The flowrate from the

penstock is controlledby properly sizing thenozzle(s) at theturbine.


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Nozzles

What size nozzles and how many would yourecommend if one wants to use about of astream with 300 GPM of measured flow with 100ft of head (pelton wheel)?


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Nozzles

Maximum efficient flow at various heads

From Harris Hydro(FIGURES IN GALLONS/MIN)

FEET OF NET HEAD# of

nozzles 25 50 75 100 200 300

1 17 25 30 35 50 60

2 35 50 60 70 100 120

3 52 75 90 105 150 -

4 70 100 120 140 200 -

300 /2 150 bl fl


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NozzlesNOZZLE FLOW CHART from ES & D

FLOW RATE IN U.S. GALLONS PER MINUTE

HeadFeet

PSI Nozzle Diameter, inchesRPM

1/8 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1

5 2.2 6.18 8.4 11 17.1 24.7 33.6 43.9 460

10 4.3 3.88 6.05 8.75 11.6 15.6 24.2 35 47.6 62.1 650

15 6.5 2.68 4.76 7.4 10.7 14.6 19 29.7 42.8 58.2 76 800

20 8.7 1.37 3.09 5.49 8.56 12.4 16.8 22 34.3 49.4 67.3 87.8 925

30 13 1.68 3.78 6.72 10.5 15.1 20.6 26.9 42 60.5 82.4 107 1140

40 17.3 1.94 4.37 7.76 12.1 17.5 23.8 31.1 48.5 69.9 95.1 124 1310

50 21.7 2.17 4.88 8.68 13.6 19.5 26.6 34.7 54.3 78.1 106 139 1470

60 26 2.38 5.35 9.51 14.8 21.4 29.1 38 59.4 85.6 117 152 1600

80 34.6 2.75 6.18 11 17.1 24.7 33.6 43.9 68.6 98.8 135 176 1850

100 43.3 3.07 6.91 12.3 19.2 27.6 37.6 49.1 76.7 111 150 196 2070

120 52 3.36 7.56 13.4 21 30.3 41.2 53.8 84.1 121 165 215 2270

150 65 3.76 8.95 15 23.5 33.8 46 60.1 93.9 135 184 241 2540

200 86.6 4.34 9.77 17.4 27.1 39.1 53.2 69.4 109 156 213 278 2930

250 108 4.86 10.9 19.9 30.3 43.6 59.4 77.6 121 175 238 311 3270

300 130 5.32 12 21.3 33.2 47.8 65.1 85.1 133 191 261 340 3591

400 173 6.14 13.8 24.5 38.3 55.2 75.2 98.2 154 221 301 393 4140

300 gpm/2 = 150 gpm usable flow

150 gpm/4 = 37.5 gpm per nozzle

(4) 7/16 nozzles should do it


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Micro Turbines


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Efficient, durable, batterycharging pelton turbinewith an adjustablepermanent magnet

generator. 20-600 feet of head

2-250 GPM of flow

1 nozzle $1800

2 nozzle $1950

4 nozzle $2150


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Energy Systems & Design

Stream Engine Brushless, permanent magnet

alternator which is adjustable Capable of outputs over 1 kilowatt Heads from 6 to 300 feet. Equipped with a rugged bronze turgo

wheel, universal nozzles (adaptable tosizing from 1/8 to1 inch), and a digitalmultimeter which is used to measureoutput current.

www.microhydropower.com

2 Nozzle Bronze $23954 Nozzle Bronze $2545High Voltage Option $200High Current Option $100


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Energy Systems & Design

Low Head Propeller Turbine Uses the same generator as the

Stream Engine, however the waterturbine component uses a lowhead propeller design.

heads of 2 feet up to 10 feet.

At the maximum head, the outputis 1 kW.

www.microhydropower.com

Water Baby Operates much the same as the

Stream Engine but requires verylittle water (pelton wheel)

Will operate on as little as 3 gpm

but requires at least 100 feet ofhead. At a head of 100 feet and a flow of

3 gpm the output is 25 watts; at 24gpm the output is 250 watts.

Baby Generator, 1 Nozzle(12/24 volt)

$1395

Extra Nozzles (installed) $120 ea

High Voltage (48/120 volt) $100

LH1000 with Draft Tube $1995

High Voltage Option $200 extra

High Current Option $100 extra
http://www.microhydropower.com/products/waterbaby.htm


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Hydro Induction Power

Good forlong wire runs, 60' -500' head, 10 - 600 gpm

The units produce 3-Phase 120V,240V, or 480V 'wild' (unregulated)

AC, which is then stepped down tobattery voltage.

The heavy-duty brushlessalternator is housed on the HarrisHousing

Uses the Harris bronze PeltonWheel for flows up to 200 gpmand the bronze Turgo Runner for

flows of 200 to 600 gpm.

www.hipowerhydro.com

HV 600 with 2 Nozzles $2500





Turgo option $600


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Hydro Induction Power

Now offer a new LOW VOLTAGE(12V/24V), brushless unit (48V

coming in 2006). It can generate either 12V or 24V

with pressures from 20psi to150psi (46' - 400'). Above thispressure, it will generate 48V.

Lots of accessories

www.homehydro.com

12/24V Hydro with 1 Nozzle: $1350

12/24V Hydro with 2 Nozzles:$1400



Upgrade from Harris Hydro: $500Turgo option $600


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Alternative Power & Machine

Economy models Permanent magnet units Accessories Exercise Bicycle Type Battery

Chargers, etc. Niche: Ease of maintenance

and adjustment

Hydro Basics

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