“HYBRID GENERATORS” IN WEARABLE

ELECTRONICS-PHASE 2

Wearable Electronics

Name – Abhishek Kumar Singh USN - IRV15EE001ROLL NO - 63BATCH – P3

Contents• Introduction• Thermoelectric generator• Advantages• Civil Component• Electronics Component• Physics component• Mathematics cmponent• Future Inventions• References• Conclusion

Where is my new computer?

I’m wearing it.

Three Types Of Wearables ….

1. Smartwatches – A wearable device that is worn on the wrist and usually takes place of a wristwatch.

2. Smart-eyewear - A wearable device worn like glasses that have some sort of screen that gives the user a heads-up-display. 3. Healthwear-Wearable devices that monitor the wearer's bodily functions such as pulse or steps taken. They often provide feedback about the user's health.

Different Types of Wearables ?

THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR ( HEAT + ELECTRICITY )

A THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR, OR TEG (ALSO CALLED A SEEBECK GENERATOR) IS A SOLID STATE DEVICE THAT CONVERTS HEAT (TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES) DIRECTLY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY THROUGH A PHENOMENON CALLED THE SEEBECK EFFECT (A FORM OF THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT).

THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS FUNCTION LIKE HEAT ENGINES,BUT ARE LESS BULKY AND HAVE NO MOVING PARTS. HOWEVER, TEGS ARE TYPICALLY MORE EXPENSIVE AND LESS EFFICIENT.

Q) WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO BE A THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR?THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS GENERATE POWER DIRECTLY FROM HEAT BY CONVERTING TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES INTO ELECTRIC VOLTAGE. THESE MATERIALS MUST HAVE BOTH HIGH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (Σ)AND LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (Κ) TO BE GOOD THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS. HAVING LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY ENSURES THAT WHEN ONE SIDE IS MADE HOT, THE OTHER SIDE STAYS COOL, WHICH HELPS TO GENERATE A LARGE VOLTAGE WHILE IN A TEMPERATURE GRADIENT.

THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS IN WEARABLES?

RESEARCHERS AT THE KOREA ADVANCEDINSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (KAIST) HAVE DEVELOPED A LIGHTWEIGHT,FLEXIBLE AND HIGH-EFFICIENCYTHERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR THAT CAN HARNESS YOUR BODY HEAT TO GENERATE A SMALL AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY. THE DEVICE COULD BE USED TO EXTEND THE BATTERY LIFE OF LOW-POWER WEARABLE DEVICES.

ADVANTAGES ??

THE MAIN ADVANTAGE OF THIS NEW DESIGN IS THAT THE DEVICE DOESN'T NEED ADDITIONAL THICK, EXTERNAL LAYERS TO MECHANICALLY SUPPORT THE STRUCTURE. IN PREVIOUS DESIGNS, THIS WAS EXACTLY WHAT MADE THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS BULKY, HEAVY, RIGID AND INEFFICIENT. INSTEAD, IN THIS NEW DESIGN, THE GLASS FABRIC ENCLOSES THE THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS WITHOUT SACRIFICING THICKNESS, FLEXIBILITY OR EFFICIENCY, OPENING UP INTERESTING NEW APPLICATIONS IN WEARABLE ELECTRONICS.

CIVIL COMPONENT 1.) HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR ARE OFTEN USED TO ELECTRIFY REMOTE SITES.

THESE ARE GENERATORS THAT COMBINE SEVERAL TYPES OF COMPLEMENTARY POWER LIKE PHOTOVOLTAIC COMBINED WITH A GENERATOR. 2.) NOW A DAYS ITS VERY POPULAR TO KEEP A BACKUP POWER IN ALL THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOUSES SO A PHOTOVOLTANIC WIND. PHOTOVOLTANIC WIND: IT IS A PHOTOVOLTANIC ARRAY WHICH IS COUPLED WITH A WIND TURBINE WHICH PRODUCES HYBRID ENERGY OR HYBRID POWERWHICH OFTEN YIELD GREATER ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RETURNS THAN OTHER ENERGY SOURCES.

ELECTRICAL COMPONENT PIEZOELECTRICITY 1.)PIEZOELECTRICITYS THE ELECTRIC CHARGE  THAT ACCUMULATES IN CERTAIN SOLID MATERIALS IN RESPONSE TO THE MECHANICAL STRESS.  

2.) THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT IS A REVERSIBLE PROCESS  IN THAT MATERIALS EXHIBITING THE DIRECT PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT.

ELECTRICAL COMPONENT PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS 1.) PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS CAN CONVERT VIBRATIONAL AND MECHANICAL FORCES FROM, FOR EXAMPLE, WIND AND WAVES, INTO AN ELECTRIC CURRENT.

2.) THIS PROPERTY HAS BEEN HARNESSED TO CREATE BETTER MICROPHONE TRANSDUCERS AND, IN MORE RECENT YEARS, TO HARVEST ENERGY FROM CLOTHING, SHOES, AND EVEN TRAFFIC.

3.) QUARTZ CRYSTAL IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMONLY KNOWN PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL

ELECTRICAL COMPONENT

Without Mechanical

StressWith Mechanical

Stress

PHYSICS COMPONENTTHE CURRENT-VOLTAGE-POWER CHARACTERISTICS OF A THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR CAN BE EXPLAINED BY A REDUCTION IN VOLTAGE WITH APPLIED CURRENT DUE TO THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE THERMOELECTRIC MATERIAL. AT ZERO CURRENT THE (OPEN CIRCUIT) VOLTAGE IS HIGH BUT NO POWER IS PRODUCED. AS THE CURRENT IS INCREASED, THE POWER INCREASES TO A MAXIMUM. AT HIGH CURRENTS, THE VOLTAGE DROPS TO ZERO OR BELOW AND THE POWER PRODUCED DROPS TO ZERO OR BECOMES NEGATIVE (CONSUMING INSTEAD OF PRODUCING POWER).

SNOWY HYDROPOWER IS EXPLORING POTENTIAL USES OF WEARABLE DEVICES. DEVICES LIKE GOOGLE GLASS THAT COULD PROVIDE INSTRUCTIONS TO WORKERS AS THEY APPROACH EQUIPMENT IN THE PLANT.IF YOU’RE A MAINTENANCE GUY ON THE PLANT THAT DOESN’T HAVE MUCH EXPERIENCE, YOU CAN WALK UP TO [EQUIPMENT] AND [THE GLASSES] WILL SHOW YOU WHERE PARTS ARE.

 

MATHEMATICAL COMPONENT HYBRID GENERATORS ARE USED IN SERIES HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES. TO CALCULATE IT VARIOUS POWER OUTPUT AND MEAN VALUE ICE MODEL AND THE ENGINE SPEEDTHE FOLLOWING MATHEMATICAL FORMULAES AREUSED :

PM = RTM(MTHR-ME) / VM

WHERE R IS THE GAS CONSTANT, TM AND VM ARE THE TEMPERATURE AND VOLUME OF THE INTAKE MANIFOLD, MTHR IS THE THROTTLE MASS FLOW RATE, AND ME IS THE THROTTLE MASS OUTFLOW

THE THINGS THAT MIGHT SURPRISE US IN FUTURE? 1.) WHEN WEARABLES CONVERGE WITH CONNECTED HOMES TO DRIVE EFFICIENCIES WITHOUT HAVING TO TAP A BUTTON ON A SCREEN? 2.) IMAGINE APPROACHING YOUR HOME’S DOOR WITH GROCERIES IN HAND, AND THE HEARTBEAT SIGNATURE VIA YOUR WEARABLE SIGNALS THE DOOR’S SMARTLOCK  TO UNLOCK. WHILE CROSSING YOUR LIVING ROOM, A SENSOR ON YOUR WRIST WEARABLE NOTICES YOUR CORE BODY TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE AVERAGE AND AUTOMATICALLY INTERACTS WITH NEST THERMOSTAT TO TRIGGER THE AIR CONDITIONING.

FUTURE INVENTIONS

WHILE TEG TECHNOLOGY HAS BEEN USED IN MILITARY AND AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS FOR DECADES, NEW TE MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS ARE BEING DEVELOPED TO GENERATE POWER USING LOW OR HIGH TEMPERATURES WASTE HEAT, AND THAT COULD PROVIDE A SIGNIFICANT OPPORTUNITY IN THE NEAR FUTURE.

THESE SYSTEMS CAN ALSO BE SCALABLE TO ANY SIZE AND HAVE LOWER OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST.

IN GENERAL, INVESTING IN TEG TECHNOLOGY IS INCREASING RAPIDLY.

THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS IS ESTIMATED TO BE US$320 MILLION IN 2015.

A RECENT STUDY ESTIMATED THAT TEG IS EXPECTED TO REACH $720 MILLION IN 2021 WITH A GROWTH RATE OF 14.5%. TODAY, NORTH AMERICA CAPTURE 66% OF THE MARKET SHARE AND IT WILL CONTINUE TO BE THE BIGGEST MARKET IN THE NEAR FUTURE.

CONCLUSION

REFRENCES1. J. VÁZQUEZ, M.A. SANZ-BOBI, R. PALACIOS, A. ARENAS, STATE OF THE ART OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS BASED ON HEAT RECOVERED FROM THE EXHAUST GASES OF AUTOMOBILES, HTTP://WWW.IIT.UPCOMILLAS.ES/PALACIOS/THERMO/ (ACCESSED IN MAY, 2008).

2. L.D. HICKS, M.S. DRESSELHAUS, THERMOELECTRIC FIGURE OF MERIT OF A ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONDUCTOR, PHYS. REV., 47, B, PP. 12727, 1993.

3. A.M. MOREGA, M. MOREGA, A FEM MODEL FOR THERMOELECTRIC AND THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECTS, REV. ROUM. SCI. TECHN. – ÉLECTROTECHN. ET ÉNERG., 48, 2-3, PP. 187-197, 2003.

4. HTTP://WWW.TRIPLEPUNDIT.COM/2015/06/FUTURE-WEARABLE-TECH/ JOURNAL