Hurricane Wind Power | Wind Power Basics | Hurricane Wind Turbine
Hurricane Wind and Wind Driven Rain Effects on Soffit Systems...• A wind‐driven rain sensor was...
Transcript of Hurricane Wind and Wind Driven Rain Effects on Soffit Systems...• A wind‐driven rain sensor was...
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Hurricane Wind and Wind‐Driven Rain Effects on Soffit SystemsRain Effects on Soffit Systems
Forrest Masters PhD University of FloridaForrest Masters, PhD, University of Florida
Greg Kopp, PhD, University of Western Ontario
Jorel Vaccaro Grad Research Asst University of FloridaJorel Vaccaro, Grad. Research Asst., University of Florida
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PurposePurpose
• Investigate two performance issuesest gate t o pe o a ce ssues– Structural resistance (prevent blow‐in or loss of soffit)– Water penetration resistance of venting
• Seeking to determine– Ultimate pressure capacities that can be related back
f d dto a terrain‐specific wind speed– Evaluate the installation details and choice of fastenersfasteners
• First priority is to investigate structural performance. WDR to follow..p
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AgendaAgenda
• Wind Loads on SoffitWind Loads on Soffit
• Experimental Configuration
i i l i di f h b• Initial Findings from the Laboratory
• Specimen Matrix
• Structural Load Test Protocol
• Update on WDR Test Protocol DevelopmentUpdate on WDR Test Protocol Development
• Lab Tour
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WIND LOADS ON SOFFITSPost‐storm damage assessments and wind tunnel studies
WIND LOADS ON SOFFITS
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Occurrences of FailureOccurrences of Failure
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Why?Why?
• Intense small‐scale and short‐lived pressureIntense, small scale and short lived pressure loads act on the soffit– Positive pressure when air travels up the wall– Positive pressure when air travels up the wall
– Negative pressure in regions of flow separation
T• Two causes– Flow distortion caused by the structure
– Turbulence caused by the upwind terrain
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Typical Configuration of 2‐story, 4:12 Gable Roof House Model in Wind Tunnel
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Pressure Taps th H
207
BACK
on the House Model
183
3.2mm Diameter
SIDESIDEROOF Case 1 Case 2
29 30 30 30 37156
31 31
Wind Directions
25 24 49 25
0 degrees
41
1.6mm Diameter
FRONT
15 96
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Net Pressure Coefficients on the SoffitsNet Pressure Coefficients on the Soffits
CASE 1: Worst case for positive pressure occurs when the wind is traveling perpendicular to the
CASE 2: Worst case for negative pressure occurs when the wind is traveling parallel to the ridgeline g p p
ridgeline g p g
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207
BACKPressure Taps
th Hon the House Model
183
3.2mm Diameter
SIDESIDEROOF
29 30 30 30 37156
31 31
Wind Directions
25 24 49 25
0 degrees
41
1.6mm Diameter
FRONT
15 96
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Peak Pressure… Next SlideCase 1: + Pressure
5 Minute Time Series of Net P C ffi i S ffiPressure Coefficients on Soffits
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Case 1: + Pressure
5 Seconds of Time Series around Peak Positive Pressure Coefficient
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Converting C to Peak PressuresConverting Cp to Peak Pressures
• Pressure Coefficient = (p – pref) / ½airV2
• Wind engineers set V = mean velocity at roof height• Peak pressure = terrain dependent velocity pressure
multiplied by Cp valuemultiplied by Cp value• Consider the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale
SSHSWind Velocity Pressure
SSHSCategory 10 m, 60 s
Marine7 m, 1800 s
Exp. C7 m, 1800 s
Exp. C
1 75 53 7
2 96 68 12
3 111 79 16X ~0.70 0.00256V2 X Cp
4 131 93 22
5 155 110 31
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SSHS Category 1SSHS Category 1
Case 1: Positive Pressure
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SSHS Category 2SSHS Category 2
Case 1: Positive Pressure
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SSHS Category 3SSHS Category 3
Case 1: Positive Pressure
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SSHS Category 4SSHS Category 4
Case 1: Positive Pressure
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SSHS Category 5SSHS Category 5
Case 1: Positive Pressure70 psfincreasein 1 sec
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Pressure Taps th H
207
BACK
on the House Model
183
3.2mm Diameter
SIDESIDEROOF
29 30 30 30 37156
31 31
Wind Directions
25 24 49 25
0 degrees
41
1.6mm Diameter
FRONT
15 96
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C&C Zone 5
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SSHS Category 1SSHS Category 1
Case 2: Negative PressureCase 2: Negative Pressure
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SSHS Category 2SSHS Category 2
Case 2: Negative PressureCase 2: Negative Pressure
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SSHS Category 3SSHS Category 3
Case 2: Negative PressureCase 2: Negative Pressure
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SSHS Category 4SSHS Category 4
Case 2: Negative PressureCase 2: Negative Pressure
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SSHS Category 5SSHS Category 5
70 psfdecreasein 1 sec
Case 2: Negative PressureCase 2: Negative Pressure
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207
BACK
183
3.2mm Diameter
SIDESIDEROOF
29 30 30 30 37156
31 31
Wind Directions
25 24 49 25
0 degrees
41
1.6mm Diameter
FRONT
15 96
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SummarySummary
• Wind tunnel data shows us that the worst case pressures occur at the– Middle of the building if the wind is travelling perpendicular to the ridgeline (+ pressure case)perpendicular to the ridgeline (+ pressure case)
– Windward sidewall if the wind is travelling parallel to the ridgeline (– pressure case)
h l d h dd l k• The load change suddenly; peaks occur < 1 sec• Loss of soffit results in major susceptibility to wind‐driven rain intrusion in hurricaneswind‐driven rain intrusion in hurricanes
• How do recreate these phenomenon in the laboratory?y
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EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATIONPressure Loading Actuators and Hurricane Simulator
EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATION
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Experimental DesignExperimental Design
• Since the last meeting, UF and UWO haveSince the last meeting, UF and UWO have been developing the experimental method for final implementation
• University of Florida– (Supercharged) Pressure Loading Actuator( p g ) g– Hurricane Simulator– [Future] Blower System
• University of Western Ontario– 8 Pressure Loading Actuatorsg
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Pressure Loading ActuatorPressure Loading Actuator
• Developed for UWO’s Three Little Pigs Project
• Replicates time varying wind‐induced pressures on the surfaces of buildings
• Pressure loads are within 5% of the target values so that overall structural loads can be accurately simulated and repeated
• Can apply the basis wind pressure time histories used by ASCE 7
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Pressure Loading ActuatorPressure Loading Actuator
• Leakage through ea age t ougopenings in soffit and channels proved to be b lsubstantial
• Current configurations– UWO is using 8 units in parallel
– UF “supercharged” theUF supercharged the system with a 25 hp Spencer blower
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UWO: 8 PLAs in ParallelUWO: 8 PLAs in ParallelThe soffit rig has 5 portshas 5 ports, and 3 ports connect to 2 PLAs for a total of 8 PLAs .
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New Airbox DesignNew Airbox Design
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UF Portable Hurricane SimulatorUF Portable Hurricane Simulator
• 2800 hp provided by four mid‐1980s twin‐turbo Dietroit Diesel motors
• Fluid power drives the vaneaxialFluid power drives the vaneaxialfans
• Aerodynamic Objectives35+ psf stagnation press re– 35+ psf stagnation pressure
– 10 ft X 9.5 ft cross‐section– 8 ‐ 44 in/hr wetting while maintaining
drop size distributiondrop size distribution
• Meets FDOT dimensions for transport
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Structural Loading of SoffitsStructural Loading of Soffits
• Two resistances being investigatedTwo resistances being investigated– Structural (PLA)
Water penetration (Hurricane Simulator)– Water penetration (Hurricane Simulator)
• Both systems were employed to develop some f th i iti l fi di t d t b tof the initial findings presented next, but
ultimately it is expected that that a PLA‐style t ill b d t l d th ffitsystem will be used to load the soffits
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Structural Loading of SoffitsStructural Loading of Soffits
• Developing the loads on vented soffit will notDeveloping the loads on vented soffit will not be possible with one PLA
• Currently considering solutions• Currently considering solutions– Reduce the porosity of the soffit and adjust results to full venting laterto full venting later
– “Supercharge” the PLA with a larger blower
C l th l bl t l t– Couple the larger blower to a new valve system• Easiest to transfer technology to test labs and R&D divisionsdivisions
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60 hp12000 cfm at 20 in H2012000 cfm at 20 in H20128 db
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INITIAL FINDINGS FROM THE LABINITIAL FINDINGS FROM THE LAB
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Initial FindingsInitial Findings
1 Positive pressure on the wall correlates well1. Positive pressure on the wall correlates well with the soffit pressure
2 Flow rate through soffit is significant2. Flow rate through soffit is significant
3. Failure modes appear to be linked to sudden l di d/ f i ffloading and/or fatigue effects
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Soffit vs. Wall Pressure
25
30
20
e (psf)
15
it Pressur
Tap 1
Tap 2
5
10
Soff Tap 3
Tap 4
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 300 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wall Pressure (psf)
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Flow Rate through Soffit vs. Static Pressure Acting on Soffit
600
700
400
500
(cfm
/ ft2
)
300
400
ow R
ate
(
100
200Fl
00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Static Pressure (psf)(p )Vinyl Perforated (NFA = 6.4 sq. in / sq. ft) Vinyl Lanced (NFA = X sq. in / sq. ft) Discontinuous Vent Spaced at 4 ft
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Observed Failures?Observed Failures?
• Plastic deformation (beginning of a hinge)Plastic deformation (beginning of a hinge) observed to occur midspan in the soffit panels
• Not observed in the field (that we know of)Not observed in the field (that we know of)• Undeformed soffit panels usually found on the ground post‐eventground post event
• Early indicator that the supports (channels) may be the weak point, which suggests thatmay be the weak point, which suggests that the test protocol should evaluate effects of fastener schedules and cyclic loading
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Air
UWO b d f il @UWO observed failure @+40 psf and 580 cfm / sq. ft40 psf and 580 cfm / sq. ft
during the static pressure test
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SPECIMENMATRIXSPECIMEN MATRIX
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Specimen Matrix (Not Reduced)Specimen Matrix (Not Reduced)
Finished Wall
StuccoVinylSiding
BrickVeneer
FCBWoodLap
CMU Structural Wood Panel
VinylPerforated 1 8, 93, 104 15 ‐ 23
Soffit
VinylSolid 2 11 16 ‐ 24
Aluminum Perforated 3 ‐ 17 ‐ 25
3/8" OSB Disc. Vents 4 12 18 ‐ 26
7/16" OSB Disc. Vents 51 131 191 ‐ 271
S
3/8" Plywood Disc. Vents 6 14 20 ‐ 28
FCBDisc. Vents ‐ ‐ ‐ 21 ‐
Cont Vents ‐ ‐ ‐ 22 ‐
Wire Lath & Stucco Cont. Vents 72 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
1 7/16” OSB only to be tested if 3/8” OSB performs below design level2 Specimen 7 is attached through stucco3 Specimen 9 to be tested with AccuVent System4 Specimen 10 to be tested with Cor‐A‐Vent SystemSpecimen 10 to be tested with Cor‐A‐Vent System
Note: various discontinuous vent system to be tested in conjunction with Vent Covers (TBD)
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Variations in MatrixVariations in Matrix
• Vinyl Soffit: Double 5” and Triple 4”y p• Aluminum Soffit: 6” wide, 12” wide double 6, 12” wide triple 4, and 16” wide quad 4
• Fastening schedule– Staples vs. NailsMi ¾” b d t i t f i f i f i l– Min ¾” embedment into framing or furring for vinyl
• Truss / Rafter Configuration• Channels attached before/after stucco application• Channels attached before/after stucco application• Hybrid systems• Use of vent coversUse of vent covers
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STRUCTURAL LOAD TEST PROTOCOLSTRUCTURAL LOAD TEST PROTOCOL
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Development of Test ProtocolDevelopment of Test Protocol
• Use wind tunnel dataUse wind tunnel data– Random load, where random = time varying signal with a particular statistical and spectral content
– Simplification using a sine sweep (better for replication in testing laboratories)
• Apply suction loads only• Definition of “failure”
– Deflection requirement?– Blow‐in or sucked out?
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Random Load fromWind TunnelRandom Load from Wind Tunnel
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Simplified Load fromWind TunnelSimplified Load from Wind Tunnel
0f = 0.15 Hz
0f = 0.25 Hz
0f = 0.35 Hz
0 5 10
-0.5
0 5 10
-0.5
0 5 10
-0.5
f = 0.45 Hz f = 0.55 Hz f = 0.65 Hz
0 5 10
-0.5
0f 0.45 Hz
0 5 10
-0.5
0f 0.55 Hz
0 5 10
-0.5
0f 0.65 Hz
0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10
-0.5
0f = 0.75 Hz
Cp
-0.5
0f = 0.85 Hz
-0.5
0f = 0.95 Hz
0 5 10Time (s)
0 5 10 0 5 10
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UPDATE ONWDR TEST PROTOCOLUPDATE ON WDR TEST PROTOCOL
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Wind‐Driven Rain ResistanceWind Driven Rain Resistance
• A wind‐driven rain sensor was deployed inA wind driven rain sensor was deployed in Baytown, TX (NW of Houston) during Hurricane IkeHurricane Ike
• Front right quadrant of the eye passed over the instrumentthe instrument
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Deployed in 2008… Sponsored by
MOUNTED ON EXISTING UF HURRICANE RESEARCH INSTRUMENTED TOWERS
p y p y
WINDDRIVEN
RAIN
RAINDROPSIZE
DISTRIBUTION
RAINFALL INTENSITY
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Wind‐Driven Rain ResistanceWind Driven Rain Resistance
• A wind‐driven rain sensor was deployed inA wind driven rain sensor was deployed in Baytown, TX (NW of Houston) during Hurricane Ike
• Front right quadrant of the eye passed over the instrument
• Currently analyzing the data to characterize the droplet spectra and rainfall intensity
• Will specify rain emitters (spray nozzles) based on the observed droplet size
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LAB TOURLAB TOUR
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Gainesville AirportNorth
POWELL LAB2160 NE Waldo Rd.
Gainesville, FL 32609
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDAEASTSIDECAMPUS