Hurricane Georges 1998

8/12/2019 Hurricane Georges 1998

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Publication d e I'Observatoire des march d u CIRA D F LH O REditorial Denis Loeillet

CONTENTS GM Os or the promise of a better worldP 2 t o 5 International

press review T e question of genetically modified organisms IGMOsl hasbeen covered by countless press articles, repons by expertsp 7 French market and meetings. The European Union s Economic and Socialnew s Comminee IESCI has also examined the question. In a recentlvp 8 t o 16 The latest on... pubished formal opinion, it makes a point by examination of thk

- expected benefits and probable risks of the ~ s e f GMOs. ItBanana: llttle approaches with considerable optimism the sanitary and phyrosanitaryknown wealthI ..-.: problems (the risk for human health, the crossing of GMOs withU vdllely adventtious plants, resistance, etc.) and mentions. no doubt becauseJ Cashew nut it is the fashion, rhe risk that GMOs may ...further limit the alreadyin CBte d lvoire OWevel of dversity in the genetic po ol of plant populations in areas

J Tropical fruits under cultivation and retains only the economic benefits.and cLstoms duesAccording to the ESC, the use of GMOs c o ~ l d oth conserve jobs inJ CM 0 bananal farming (by increasing the areas cult~vated nd developing productsEcuador with high value added such as drugs, additives, perfumes, new typesJ CM 0 nananal of fuel and biodegradable plast ics) and enaole a gentle reform of theGeorqes Common Agricultural Policy (~ncrease n farmers incomes through

p 17 Cdte d lvoire increased yields the reduction of post-harvest losses, decreasedPineapple production costs, etc.). Finally, it would save the developing countriesfrom inevitable famine, as '... GMOs represent one of the onlv waysp. 8 8 1 9 European o f enabling developing countries to achieve food self-sufficiency.regulations In short, there woula seem to be only one problem lett to bep 2 a 21 European settled-the condirlons for access to GMOs. The dominance ofseveral multinational chemical companies in the seed market is ap 22 23 Technical sheet serious threat for northern farmers who are increasingly obliged tobuv both herbicide-resistant seeds AND the herbicide in auestion .~-Cupuacd Farmers in the south can worry less. GM 0 development costs arep. 24 AgendaINews high ... they [the multinationals1 are therefore n ot prepared in theshort term to develop products whose rauid oavback on urimemarkets is no t guaranteed

Web site of the month:europa. eu. nt/eur lex/en/inndex.html

European Union law Official JournalEnglish edition October 1998 - NO. - page


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PR SS R VI W

WORLD

Hurricane Georges

Banana from South and Central America achievedgood scores as a whole on import markets during the first halfof 1998

banana plantations inGuadeloupe Somewherebe tween 8 0 and 92 o fth e harvest has been lost.The plantations in GrandeTerre were entirelydevastated b y wind gust ingat up to 1 5 0 kph. In BasseTerre, the Capesterre and

Goyave zones suffered over9 5 destruct ion; however ,losses were l ight in theMato uba a nd Saint-Claudezones. This substantialdamage is worsening thepart icular ly d elicate situationin the banana industry inGuadeloupe fol lo win g variousstrikes and drought i n thef i rs t hal f of 1998.The other Caribbean is landsnorth-west of Guadeloupewere bat tered by thehurricane, w i th th edes t ruc t ion o f 85 o f thebanana plantations in theDominican Republic, about3 0 o f those in Ha i t i and75 in Puerto Rico.

Source: Cirad flhor

Professional sources

W K

171819202 12223242526272829303 13233343536

ECUADORW El Niiio has caused serious damage to banana

plantations in Ecuador Nearly 3 868 hectares of plantations has beendevastated b y hurr icanes and f loods and 1 6 00 0 hectares requiresrehabil i tat ion as the land is saturated. Source: Banana Export

PCIAP: Pacif ic coastlaverage price ACIAP: Atlantic coast laverage priceME Major brandsOB: ther brandsAP: average price

Oc tober 1998 NO - page 2

USPCIAP12.1712.0810.9610.3510.3510.3510.3511.4211.4211.429.836.606.606.915.485.164.925.795.165.16

A CIA P13.7912.7311.548.988.988.988.988.9810.5410.5410.237.047.046.915.425.234.855.855.265.26

UME

..11.739.789.079.099.729.926.786.025.275.598.338.62

MS..

20.3920.5819.8919.8919.5419.8519.5819.4918.2717.6918.6120.50

EASTERNO S

9.699.509.099.099.144.873.963.203.013.545.195.55

OS

17.8816.9516.7616.7617.0417.2311.2010.369.799.8710.7412.16

EUROPEAP

11.1510.9013.2312.8112.6412.8812.1711.9410.719.649.089.099.587.405.374.614.144.576.767.09

AP15.9715.9719.5919.4919.4919.6019.6319.0119.1418.7618.3318.3318.2918.5415.3914.9214.0313.7814.6816.33


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B INTERNATIONALPRESS REVIEW

A free tradeagreement between theDominican Republic andthe 14 Caribbeancommunity CARICOM)

countries was s igned a t theend o f Augus t 199 8. t wi l lcome in to force on 1 January1 9 9 9 . t includes the sett ingup of a free trade zoneamong the s ignatorycountries, free access togoods markets, the gradualliberalisation of services,

mov eme nts of capi ta l and theprotect io n of investments .Source Les Echos

Saudi Arabiaproduced

649 000 tonnes ofdates in 1997, 5 .2 up

on 19 96. The government isencouraging date growing. Aproject funded by the SaudiAaricultu ral Bank olans theset t ing up o f new dategroves in the count ry w i th1 5 0 0 0 0 n e w p la nts .Source CFCUVIFLT

Installation of a fruitand vegetable

processing unit inZimbabwe. Called Frupac,

it i s be ing set up by th eZimb abw e Progress Fund(ZPF) and tw o Nor thAmerican companies.Source: CFCUVIFLT

Banana exports down in the first half of 1998. A t t h eend o f June, 9 0 87 7 3 82 boxes (18 .14 kg) had been sh ipped, a fa ll o f16.6 in compar ison wi th the f i rs t hal f of 19 97 . I f the t rend continues. the19 98 expor t volume wi l l be the same as that o f 19 96 . Shipments to th e USare increasing but those to the European Un ion and Eastern Europe are down.

MONTHJanuary 12 818February 13075March 14 004April 14 198

14 361June 11 298July 11 122August 12422September 14 025October 13 289November 13 063December 15 195Total 1588701 box = 19.50 kg offical weight on shipment and 18.14 kg official weight on arrivalProfessional sources

Professioal sources

INDONESICanned pineapple exports are plummeting. As in Thailand

an d th e Phil ippines (cf. FrufTrop 50). Indonesia, th e third largest supplier ofcanned pineapple, recorded a strong decrease in expor ts in 1997 - 4 2 incomparison w ith 1996) . This is the low est level for the past e ight years . Thecauses are said to be the As ian mo netary cr isis on the one hand and th edrought caused b y El NiRo on the other. A ll destina tion countr ies except forSinga pore and Finland have reduced their imp orts. Shipments to the USA.Indonesia's main customer, have decreased by 53 .

Destination countriesTotal including:USAGermanySingaporeJapanNetherlandsAustraliaFinlandItalyFranceTaiwanArgentinaUKChileSpainSwedenDenmarkCanadaBelqiumSource: FoodNews

Source: FoodNews

Oc tober 1998 NO - page 3


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INTERNATIONALPRESS REVIEW

France

32 of French peopleprefer to buy their fruit

and vegetables at themarket, 2 7 l ike smal l

greengrocers, 2 3 preferhypermarkets and 17choose supermarkets,according to a survey carriedo u t in June forthe magazine LSA.Source: L es March es

One French person inthree buys organic

foods 'often' or 'fromtime to time' shows asurvey pub l ished by Santd

Magazine. 2 6 o f t h epersons questioned 'rarely'buy such p roduc ts and 3 9never buy them.Source: Le s March

D South Africa had3 500 citrus growers in1995, a n d 1 2 0 0 o f t h e mgrew expo r t crops.

Source: Proc. lnt. Soc. Cirriculture,1996

JAPANFall in fresh and processed fruit imports. Theliberalisation of impo rts begun in recent years led to hop ing th at t he Japanesemarket would become an in terest ing target for expor ters o f f resh and

processed frui ts. Unfo rtunate ly, the devaluation of the yen, the decrease inavailable income and price increases have not helped imp orts, w hi ch are dow nin compar ison w i t h 1 9 95 leve ls . The exper ts cons ider tha t 19 98 prospectsare hardly better.

1995 1996 1 997Fresh fruits (tonnes1Total, incuding: 1 676 2 5 1 56 1 53 1 644 355Citrus 559 841 521 966 551 040Oranges an d Mandarines 186 900 157 797 177 800Grapefruit 278 129 270 4 7 9 283 773

Lemon 94 812 93 681 89 423Other cirrus 9 4 4Avocado 4 726 6 455 6 4Banana 874 1 8 819 086 885 454Papaya 6 373 6 29 5 1 4Canned fruits ltonneslTotal, including: 466 19 366 541 341 498Canned pineapple 75 284 59 291 55 334Fruit juice (thousands of litres1Total, including: 26 963 235 31 2 1 67Non-concentrated orange juice 24 89 26 164 21 216Frozen concentrated orange juice 56 286 57 093 58 599Graoefruit iuice 14 619 19 298 15 666Source: FHort

Source: Fhorf

PAKISTAND Fruit in Pakistan. Thanks to i ts geographical position, Pakistancan produce a broad range of fruits. However, the m ain p roduc tion regions arein zones that are best for tropical and subtropical fruits. To tal fru it pro ductioni n 1 9 9 4 - 19 9 5 w a s n e a rly 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 to n ne s g r o wn on m o r e t ha n 5 0 0 0 0 0hectares. Th e m ain crops are:

c i t rusmangoguavadatesapples

1 9 5 3 0 0 0 to nn es8 8 4 0 0 0 to nn es4 2 0 0 0 0 t on ne s5 3 2 0 0 0 to nn es5 3 3 0 0 0 t on ne sThe Punjab province is th e leading p roduction region, accou nting for 68 .56of th e to ta l . t i s fo l low ed by Sind (16.70 ) . Ba luch is tan (9 .09 ) . and theNorth We st prov ince (5 .65 ) . However, because o f the d ist r ibut ion o f thepopulation, th e largest am oun ts of fru i ts avai lable for local consumption arein the Punjab and Baluchistan. Distribution on the local m arke t is complex. Anorganisation has been set up for transporting exp ort fr uits fro m the productionareas where m echanised systems were recen tly installed t o m ee t grading andpacking requirements, etc. Pakistan frui t expo rts cons ist mainly of c i trus

Oc to b er 1 9 9 8 - NO. - page 4


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INTERNATIONALPRESS REVIEW

Louis Dreyfus Citrusresults down. The group

has announced a 70decrease in net income in1997-1998. This is blamed

on low orange juice prices onthe world market.

Source Les March

Banana takes thetrain. The Swiss company

ICF (Intercontainer-lnterfrigo)has opened a new railtransport line for banana. The

fruits are transported fromthe port of Vado i n Italy to

Koper in Slovenia. They arethen distributed to

neighbouring countries. Theweekly train has 28 trucks

and can haul approximately60 0 tonnes of fruits.

Source fld Hebdo

Ecological avocadolaunched by Israel.

Agrexco is to sell 'ecological'avocado this season under

the Ecofresh-Carmel brand.The cultivation method is

reported to lie betweenorganic and intensive

methods and is based onlimiting the use of pesticideand herbicide, b iological

insect control, washing withsoap and water and the use

of natural waxes to coat thefruits. Agrexco France plans

to distribute 7 0 t o 8 0 ofthe quantity sold under this

brand.Source: fld Hebdo

fruits, mango and date. Its present and potential markets are in the MiddleEast, East Asia and Europe.

Source FAO

UNITED STATESTropical fruit juice and pur6e in the USA: a market

outlet for developing countries? The United States leads the worldpineapple juice market and is also out in front for banana puree andconcentrate.The USA is behind other countries-Germany in particular-for juice.concentrate and puree of passion fruit, papaya, mango, etc.. but industrialistshope for an increase in imports in the short and medium term on conditionthat supplies and quality are maintained.PINEAPPLEJUICE Pineapple juice is by far the largest US market for processedtropical products with a volume of some 370 0 0 0 tonnes, of which30 0 00 0 tonnes is imported. It is almost always used i n blends and can thusbe replaced by other flavours and is penalised when the price is too high. Thetrade is expecting growth in non-frozen concentrate in aseptic packaging.EANANA PUREE AND CONCENTRKTE. The market is estimated t o t otal some 20 000tonnes, wi th concentrate forming 5 0 0 0 t o 6 0 0 0 tonnes of this figure. Themain suppliers are Costa Rica, Ecuador and Honduras.PASSION FRUIT JUICE. This is in third position on the American market with avolume of about 2 300 tonnes. Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Ecuador supply theyellow variety (usually at 50 Brix) and Kenya supplies th e violet kind (45'Brix), which is not very popular.MANGO JUICE AND PUREE. AS mangoes are sold fresh locally. all juice and pureeis imported. Pulp and puree (13O l E OBrix according t o the variety) form thebulk of trade, but concentrate (28-3Z0 Brix) is on t h e rise. The main suppliersare India [shipping the varieties 'Alphonso' and 'Totapuri') and Colombia,Mexico, Brazil and Peru ('Haden'). The market totals about 7 0 0 0 tonnes (insingle juice equivalent).GUAVA CONCENTRATE AND WREE. Guava is much appreciated in the USA althoughsales of processed products are larger on the West Coast and in Hawaii thanon the East Coast. As for mango, purde (8 l Brix) leads sales but themarket for concentrate (25O Brix) is increasing.PAPAYA PUREE AND CONCENTRATE The market totals 5 500 to 6 00 0 tonnes(single juice equivalent), comprising 5 0 0 0 tonnes of the yellow variety and500 to 7 00 tonnes of the red variety, which is imported. Most o f the marketrequirements are covered by local product ion (Hawaii); imports are fromMexico and Brazil. There should be opportunities on the horizon for exportingcountries since, according to industrialists, Hawaiian product ion is to decreasein the coming years.The market for OTHERTROPICAL FRUITS is insignificant. There is a lit tle businessin SOURSOP PUREE and SINGLE WEST INDIAN CHERRY JUICE. Some importers areshowing interest in LITCHI CONCENTRATE.

Source: ITC (R Karfbech-Olesen

October 1998 NO. page 5


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FRENCH M RKETNEWS

Dull days

Demand fo r f ru i t and vegetab les has been s lugg ish as awh o le . C i t rus and t rop ica l f ru i ts d id n o t escape th e rule .

OR NGE Low prices and substantial stocks madethe situation tense for suppliers oforanges, with a certain improvement atthe end of the period.The lemon market has been healthy as awhole, although demand slowed andcaused a broadening of the price rangefor Eureka from Argentina.Limited supplies of coloured grapefruit(end of the season for fruits from SouthAfrica and Argentina and arrival of thefirst shipments from Cuba and Mexico)kept prices at satisfactory levels. Thewhite grapefruit market is very difficult.

decimal points shown b y commas)

ctober 998 NO page 6


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FRENCH M RKETNEWS

.

Although supplies remained limited,banana prices came down significantlyas a result of weak demand.

ANANASIPINEAPPLE C6te-d lvoirePar bateaulBv seaEn Flkg in lks

AVOCATIAVOCADOEn F par carton d 4 kg in F per carton of 4 kg

5a . . .

--MoyennelAv~lage1997 rCEspagnelSpain +Air du SvdlS. Alricn

Very moderate supplies at thebeginning of the period helped tomaintain prices at high levels. Suppliesthen increased without any awakeningof demand and s o prices slumped.

Prices were firm at the beginning ofthe period on an active.under-supplied market. The arrival offruits from Mexico and th markedpresence of South African andSpanish supplies have swelled thequantities available and sent pricesdown.

decimal points shown by commas)Note: prices are at import stageAccording to INT RF L and SEMM RISdata and comments

October 1998 NO. 5 page 7


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TH LATESTON ...

BananaL i t t l e k n o w n w e a l th o f v a r ie tyData published by FAO on banana production and trade fall into two categories: dessert banana andplantain. This classification hides the great varietal richness of the fruit. Thierry Lescot, bananaagronomist at CIRAD-FLHOR (France) proposes another classification that is closer to reality.Bananas are widely known and eaten in northerncountries. However, the fruits are those of a singlevarietal subgroups-'Cavendish' bananas-that form only38% (14 of which is exported1 of world production offood bananas.The tables below show the bananas eaten fresh, the so-called 'dessert' bananas forming 53% of the total, and'cooking' bananas accounting for the remaining 47%.

'Dessert' bananasThe Cavendish subgroup (AAA genome group) (38%of world production).

This a homogeneous group and the largest one. I t hasgradually replaced varieties that are more susceptible todisease but has been planted in almost all humid tropicalregions for its enormous yield potential (up to 60 tonnesper hectare) combined with early fruiting (harvest in 10months) and small size (less than 3 metres tall) makingcultivation easier. The market has little by little imposedstrict standards of size and quality and often largequantities of rejects are eaten locally and sometimesprocessed (pur6e). For some forty years, strongdevelopment of Cavendish bananas combined withintensive monoculture-of ten wit h little respect for theenvironment-has resulted in biological imbalances tha tmake the crop more susceptible to pests and diseases.The new technology used by research bodies shouldenable the creation of less susceptible varieties. Themain producer countries are lndia, Ecuador, Costa Rica,Colombia and Mexico, each producing over 2 milliontonnes of fruits per year.

Other 'dessert' bananas 15%)The 'figue' types include 'Figue Pomme' (AA01 whichis more acidulous and grown and eaten above all inBrazil (the world leader in 'dessert' bananaproduction), 'Figue sucr6e' (AA) which contains themost sugar but is small and delicate whentransported and 'Figue rose' (AAA) which is lessappreciated by has an attractive wine-coloured skin.'Figue' bananas are grownin small quantities in mostproducer countries. Finally, we can include in thiscategory the 'Prata' or 'Pome' (AABI variety; this isa dessert banana midway between 'Cavendish' and'Figue Pomme' and widely grown in Brazil and lndiaand found throughout the west coast of Africa (Westlndia Banana). These types are also subject to

pressure from several diseases.'Gros Michel' (AAA) banana has been decimated byPanama disease but is still the dessert bananapreferred by the populations of producer countries.Production is still substantial, especially in LatinAmerica and West Africa. Indeed, when cultivated inthe traditional manner in combination with othercrops (coffee), it can be cropped to an elevation of1 800 metres.The group is complemented by other varieties withvarious appellations, tastes and shapes.

'Cooking' bananasThese are often a staple foodstuff for populations in thehumid tropics. They contain carbohydrates and are theequivalent of potatoes in temperate countries. They arecooked in many ways-boiled, fried, mashed, etc.

'Plantains' (AABI (21 lThis is the largest subgroup and formed of numerouscultivars that vary in shape, size, colour and taste.Plantains are cultivated traditionally, often in combinationwith other crops (coffee, cocoa, food crops, etc.) andyields are not very high (average 10 onnes per hectare),but attentive care is not necessary. Plantain is notinvolved in substantial international trade (less than0.2% ) but is plentiful on local markets. Production isconcentrated mainly in Latin America (Colombia is themain producer), the West lndies (Dominican Republic)and in central and West Africa (Za'ire, Nigeria, Ghana,C8te d'lvoire and Cameroon) where there is considerablediversity.

Other cooking bananas (26%)These bananas belong to two main subgroups: ' Bluggoe'(ABB), whose members are found more or lesseverywhere, and 'Pisang Awak ' (ABB), grown mainly inAsia. These are of lesser nutritive value and are veryhardy and grow in the most difficult conditions of soiland climate without requiring much attention. Finally, thehighland banana group (AAA) specific to the East Africanplateaux is an important source of food (boiled) indensely populated areas. These bananas are also used tomake a greatly appreciated fermented drink (referred tolocally as 'beer'). However, the crop is increasinglythreatened by strong pest pressure

Thierry Lescot, CIRAD FLHOR

October 1G98 NO. page 8


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THE LATESTON

B N N WORLD PRODUCTlONND TR DE ESTIM TES

Plantain Highland Gros MichelAAB banana Cavendish Other TOTALAB 6 other cookingcooking ba. bananaSouth America

140 000 140 0001Bolivia

ColombiaEcuadorlhuyanaGuianaParaguaySurinamVenezuelaTotalCentral America I 5 000 000 61 000 1000 680001Costa RicaGuatemalaHondurasNicaraguaPanamaSalvadorTotal

CaribbeanI~ntigua Barbud2BahamasBarbadosBermudasCaiman IslandsDominicaGrenadaGuadeloupeHaitiJamaicaMartiniqueMontserratPorto RicoDominican Rep.Saint LuciaS Vincent 8 Grenad.Trinidad 8 obagoVirgin IslandsTotal

Cavendish Plantain Plantain Cavend iihm

October 1998 -NO - p l


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THE LATESTO N ...

IWestern and Central

Plantain Highland Gros MichelAA B banana Cavendish Other TOTAL Plantain CavendishABB + other cooking

CameroonCape VerdeCongoCbte d'lvoireGabonGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauEquatorian Guinea

cooking ba.Africa140 000 1000 01 000 100

banana IL

Mali .. 10 200Liberia 1 35 0 IOOOO 60000 22 o i 6 1 : I 1 5 8 i 3Niaeria 17 12 000 380 00 1000 0 20 000 17 80 000 1 285 333l ~ a iome Prindpe I 1 6 500 1 500 2 200 3 800 14 0001 I 211 1083 I100I 24 000 7 000 100 7 200 8 17Sierra Leone 500 1 000 500 2f3 o o o 1 .. 1 40001 000 500 14 100 500 161 00 60 72 167CentralAfrican Rep.Zaire (Congo D. R.)Total1Eastern A frica

.. 137 500 500 l 3 8 00070000 1 I0000 0 I00000 274500 1544 500 11 667ComorosEthiopiaKenyaMadagascarMalawiMauritiusMozambiqueUgandaReunion IslandRwandaSeychellesSomaliaSudanSwazilandTanzaniaZambiaZimbabweTotal1NorthAfrica Midl ~ a h r e i nCisjordanUnited Arab EmiratesIsraelJordanLebanonMoroccoSyriaTurkeyYemenTotal

PEast l I I

O c t o b e r 1998 NO - p a g e 10


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THE LATESTON

Plantain Highland Gros MichelAA8 banana Cavendish Other TOTALA B 8 + other cookingcooking ba. bananaCavendish Plantain Plantain CavendishI r 7

CambodiaChinaKorean Rep.IndiaIndonesia

Bangladesh 10 000 100 000 320 000 200 000 630 000Brunei

Japan 700L a o s 1000 15 500Malaysia 50 000 200 000 50 000 230 000 530 000 30 940 55 000 8 333

M e a n i al ~ u s t r a l i a

m 100 100 200 100 500

Cook lslandsIFidii~ k s h a l lslandsKiribatiMicronesiaNiue lslandsNew CaledoniaPapua.-New GuineaFrench PolynesiaSalomon lslandsSamoaAmerican SamoaTokelau lslandsTongaTuvalu lslandsVanuatu

CyprusGreece

Note: Reference period: 199611997..data not available close toze mSource: Cirad-Rhor FAO. INIBAP estimates based on expert appraisal missions and data in hiteraturePmcessing and presentation: Thierrv Lescot Cirad-Rhor

PortugalTotallip IO c t o b e r 1998 NO. p a g e

2 5000 455400

25000 456400

0.0 99.8 0.0 100.018443173 22715530 33550167 13535568 88244438

20.9 25.7 38.0 15.3 100.0

. I88 195 10 53585.1 0.0

12595463 3 5368206 6 7 10.2


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THE LATESTON...

Cashew nut in CBte d lvoireStrong increaseCa sh ew nu t production in CBte d lvoire has increased strongly n recent years.Although cashew was planted initially for purposes of reforestation and soilprotection, tod ay s plantings are for th e production and sale o f nuts. The s ector istherefore closely dependent on the world mark et.

The first cashew trees were planted from 19 59onwards to pr otec t the soil and control erosion.After 1972, the main objective became nutproduction to supply the shelling fac tor y plannedat t he time.The production region consists of the entirenorthern part of CBte d'lvoire. The maincollection centres are the large towns in thenorth.Korhogo is the main supply cent re for Abidjan. Itdraws on a vast collection zone and abundantproduction in the immediate neighbourhood-Napi6oledougou. Natio-Kobadara, etc.The nuts are either fr om former state companyplantations, private orchards or trees planted t oenclose mango orchards.The Bouna-Bondoukou zone is the second-largestproduction centre and considered t o supply thebest nuts in CBte d'lvoire after the Dabakalazone. Tanda is the southern limit of th eproduction zone.

Recent plantationsA survey of plantation ages was performed in1 995 by the Centre Canadien d'Etude e t deCoop6ration International (CECI) on anassociation of co-operative groups.The survey covered 1 597 planters, concerningonly a small part of th e area under cashew.However, it shows th at 45 of the plantationsconcerned by the survey are less than 5 yearsold and three-quarters are less than 9 years old,

explaining the increase in production in recentyears. The trend should continue in the comingseasons.Mos t of the crop is grown by small planters. Thelargest fields of cashew derive from former stateplantations but there are a few large privateplantations in the east or near Odienne.All the trees are grown fro m seed. No grafting isperformed. As the first plantations were forreforestation purposes, unsorted nuts weresown.The recommended planting density is 1 00 to150 trees per hectare, bu t the figure is oftenmuc h higher.Orchard maintenance-when carried out- isgenerally limited to weeding to prevent bushfires from causing to o mu ch damage. Harvestingis th e main job in adult orchards. This is doneearly in the year when agricultural activity is ata low ebb.Average nut yields are very low at about 4 00 kgper ha. This is mainly the result of the absenceof selected plant material.There are problems of quality. Some concern thenut s (the proportion of shell is excessively highin some large nuts) and others concern thekernels (pricking by insects, especially by bugso f the genus Helopeltis sp. and moulds mainlyresulting from poor agronomic practices).The producer price was CFAF15 per kilo in the1970s and CFAF4O in the 1980s. It varied fromC F F S O to 8 0 in 7993. In 1994, with thecombined effects of the 50 devaluation of th e

October 1998 NO page 12


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TH L TESTO ...

CFA franc and a very buoyant world market, theaverage prices increased threefold.They reached record levels in the fol lowing yearsand have been between CFAF150 and 250 perkilo since 1996.

World prices have a strong effectSOVANORD (Soci6t.4 de Valorisation deI'Anacarde du Nord) was set up in 1972 tomarket cashew nuts. The AlCl shelling factorywas set up in 1975, opened its doors in 1976and began to process the 2 200 tonnes of nutsstored by SOVANORD in the preceding years.The factory broke down in 1980 and restartedbriefly only 15 years later. t has recently beenrepaired and restarted. It uses the Italian'Oltremare' shelling process.There are currently other governmentencouraged shelling projects in CBte d'lvoire. Anew factory (SODIRO) was constructed recentlyusing Indian technology. The processing capacityof these factories is much smaller thanproduction.Fruit marketing was handled mainly bySOVANORD until 1980 but then passed into thehands of private traders. The subsequent rise inprices led to an increase in production resultingfrom the intensification of maintenance workand above all nut picking and new plantings.After the stoppage of the factory in 1980, 500tonnes of nuts was exported.Exports reached 3 00 0 tonnes in 1983, 7 000tonnes in 1992, 14 000 tonnes in 1993, 26 00 0tonnes in 199 6 and 51 00 0 tonnes in 1997.Practically the entire crop is shipped to India.The main exporters rely on a network of buyersfor whom they provide advance funding.Nevertheless, many people are engaged in thecashew nut trade without being in direct contactwith exporters. The social position and financialstanding of these traders are very variable.

prices to rise. However, the risk increases as theend of the season approaches.Prices fell strongly at the end of the 1996season. Keeping produce from one year to thenext involves substantial risk because the qualityof the nuts decreases, the financial costs arehigh and international prices may fall.Even if the season's prices a t the various stagesof the chain are known, the buyers tr y to buy atbelow the guide price in order to increase theirmargin. t is therefore to the advantage offarmers to sell through producers' groups tha t dobusiness directly wi th large traders.

Exporters are exposed to t wo main risks: a fall inprices during the season when they have alreadypurchased most of their nuts and monetaryfluctuations-especially a fall ing dollar.Although they try to cover themselves, exporterscannot lower purchase prices too much or thenuts will go to competitors. They may have toexceed the season price that they had set, butthe least fall of world prices will put them in thered, as for example in 19 96 when someexporters went out of business.Cashew prices FOB Abidjan were about 75 0per tonne i n 1995, corresponding t o prices of

950 to 1 000 per tonne on the Indian market.1997 prices were between 65 0 to 700 pertonne, i.e. some CFAF 39 0 to 4 20 per kg.Exporters deduct their costs from th is FOB priceto estimate the highest price they can pay fornuts delivered t o Abidjan.The very strong increase in production in recentyears has been stimulated by increased demandby exporters. If the sector is to continue todevelop, limiting factors must be removed andespecially the low yield of the plant materialused

Jean-Yves Rey Cirad flhor

The exporter sets maximum buying prices at thevarious stages of his supply chain. If the traderhas speculated on higher prices, he has to sell a ta loss unless he stores the nuts, hoping for

October 1998 NO 5 page 3


14/24

B THE LATESTON...

Access t o the tropicalfruits marketThe case of the European UnionThe measures applicable i n the European Union concerning the tropical frui ts marketconsist essentially of customs dues all levied on an ad valorem basis. In addition, unlikeother fruits and vegetables which are mainly temperate or subtropical (citrus for example),tropical frui ts are not subject to the entry price mechanism or to import licences.

HS codes Description Base rate Rate of dutyof dutv 111 in 199708.04.30 Pineapple08.04.40 Avocado08 04 40 10 From December t 31 av08 04 40 90 From June to 30 ~ovember08.04.50 Guava, mango, mangosteen08.07.20 Papaya08.10.90.30 Litchi08.10.90.40 Passion fruit, carambala08.10.90.85 Durian, rambutan

5.845.1NoneNoneNoneNone8

l1 Based on the GATT Protocol (Geneva 198712 To be applied in equal annual sections from 1 July 1995 to 1 uly 2000Source: FAO

Morocco lMAlOverseas countries & territories

October 1998 NO 5 p ge 14


15/24

THE LATESTON...

C M O ReformEcuador's claimsSergio Seminario, banana grower and adviser to the Ecuadorean government on bananaquestions, explains for FruiTrop his country's position in negotiations concerning thereform of common market organisation of banana (CMOB).FruiTrop Wh y has Ecuador neverwished to obtain an individual quota of the Europeanmarket, unlike other Latin American origins?Sergio Seminario Since the establishment ofth e CMOB, and especially the Uruguay Roundnegotiations, Ecuador has always preferred to belongto the 'other third countries' group (47.07% of thetariff quota of 2 553 00 0 tonnes) rather than acceptan individual quota in the manner of Costa Rica(23.4%), Colombia (21 ), Nicaragua (3%) andVenezuela (2%).This decision has been beneficial for Ecuador, whichhas succeeded in winning market shares in the faceof it s competitors without being obliged not toexceed a maximum volume. The figures speak forthemselves. Ecudorean exports to the EU increasedfrom 650 631 tonnes in 1993 to 73 8 743 tonnes in1997.

recommendations and resolutions of the DisputeSettlement Body.We accept that Colombia and Costa Rica should beawarded individual quotas of 23.25 and 25.39respectively.

We do not want an individual quota and are askingto remain in the 'Others' group. If this cannot be thecase, Ecuador requests that the volumes to beallocated by origin should take into account thereference period 1995 to 1997, that is to say thelast three years for which there are import statistics.In addition, this quota (minimum 27.59 ) will berevised upwards because of the substantial effortsmade in competitiveness by Ecudorean growers inrecent years. This revision could be up to 10 .We are inviting Panama to join us in the 'Others'category.

I t should also be specified that these remarkable We accept the reference period 1994 t o 1996 forperformances have been achieved in a context that the determination of the rights of European tradeis unfavourable for our growers because they are operators. We consider tha t these rights should beobliged to purchase import licences from European B awarded on the basis of documents attesting thatoperators for more than SUS 200 million. the operator has taken a commercial risk.

certi f icates for hurricanes Debbie l 994 and 1995)

We request tha t a 7 to 10 % quota should be madeavailable to new operators.FruiTrop How far is Ecuador ready t ogo if the U were to refuse to negotiate one point orother?Sergio Seminario There are three essentialpoints: (1) that concerning the reference period forthe calculation of operators' rights (1994 t o 1996),(2) that concerning the documents attesting that anoperator has in fact taken a commercial risk and (3)that setting 1995 to 1997 as the reference periodfor the distribution of the quota by origin.If the EU were not to agree t o these. Ecuador wouldFruiTrop What position does Ecuador be obliged to make a complaint t o the WTO. Indefend on the occasion of the negotiations contrast with what Colombia and Costa Rica

'Oncerning the Of market accepted at the signature of the banana frameworkorganlsatlon ot banana agreement in ~a rr ak ec h uring the final phase of theu;uguay Round negotiations-in 1995 , Ecuador wi llSergio Seminario Ecuador s attitude has always never waive its right to bring disputes before thebeen very clear and constant in the light of the WTOresults of the oanel and on the basis of the

October 1998 NO - page 15


16/24


17/24

STATISTICSPINE PPLE

C6te d lvoirePineappleJune-July-August 98

Exportations OCAB seulement /OCAB exports only

avs dertinataires / Destinations

Juin-JuiIIet-Aoirt/June-July-August

cartons : 1 211 823palettes : 18 554Calibres mis en march6 l Grades marketed

Moyenne des mois de juln ulllet et aoGtme. July and August average

Eve ~taon t prevs'ons par pons de a~chargemenlTrends and forecasts at ports of deslinat on

Cours rt de grossisle Pat bateau Wholesale market prices - By se

: Association Europeenne des lrnportateurs d'Ananas de CBte d'lvoire- Gen ve



18/24

EUROPEANREGULATIONS

European regulationsFrom 18 pri l t o14 September 1998

KEY WORDS

BANANA CM0 1 6 02 05 1998 Court of iustice 13 7 1 3 4BANANA CM0 1 16 05 19 98 Court of iustice 1 5 1 1

l GM0 1 8 1 14 09 1998 1 SEC 284 1 39 5

BANANA / REFORM / CM 0BANANA ACP / CM 0

PESTICIDE RESIDUESCONTROL l 536 1 03 09 199 8 Commission I 251 3 9 l 3

153

PROCESSING

FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

BANANA CM0

3RD QUARTER 199 8COMMUNITY TARIFF QUOTAIMPORT LICENCE

ctober 998 NO p ge 18

27 07 1 99802 09 1998

SECEUIACP

235274

6327

6929


19/24

EUROPEANREGULATIONS


VEGETABLESCUSTOMS DUESBANANA / C M 0REFORMBANANAAlDSCOMPENSATION1997C M 0PROCESSED FRUIT AND VEGETABLESRULES FOR APPLICATIONIMPORT LICENCE CITRUS RESH FRUITAND VEGETABLESBANANA / C M 01998COMMUNITY TARIFF QUOTABANANA CM04TH QUARTER 1998C M 0FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLESRULES FOR APPLICATIONAlDSCM0 ANANA / 1998CATEGORY CCOMMUNITY TARIFF QUOTAC M 0 / BANANA / 1998CATEGORY A AND BCOMMUNITY TARIFF QUOTALEMON / PROCESSINGAlDS 11997 1998LEMON ROCESSINGAIDS / 1998 1999PINEAPPLE PROCESSING1998 1999ORGANIC

1706

1637

1586

1590

1592

1645

1646

1647

1651

1721

1728

1729

17311900

20 07 1 998

20 07 1998

22 07 1998

23 07 1998

23 07 1998

27 07 1998

27 07 1998

27 07 1998

27 07 1998

31 07 1998

04 08 1998

04 08 1998

04 08 1 99804 08 1998

Council

Commission

Commission

Commission

Commission

Commission

Commission

Commission

Commission

Commission

Commission

Commission

Commission

215

210

2 6

208

208

21 0

210

210

210

21

217

21

217247

12

28

42

11

15

53

55

59

75

62

3

4

96

31

32

43

14

17

55

59

63

76

64

4

119


20/24

PRICES

holesale market pricesJuly August 1998 Weeks 27 t o 5

P Ft AVION BY IRANANAS CAYENNE LISSE/SMOOTH CAYENNE PINEAPPLECAMEROUN/CAMEROONCOTE D IVOIREGHANA 11)ANANAS VICTORIA/VICTORIA PINEAPPLEAFRIQUE DU SUD/SOUTH AFRICA 11)REUNIONBANANE PETITE/SMALL BANANACOLOMBIE/COLOMBIACOTE D IVOIREKENYAMEXIQUE/MEXICOBANANE ROUGE/RED BANANAMEXIQUE/MEXICOCAP.AMBOLE/CAR?,MBOLABRESIL/BRAZILISRAELMALAISIE/MALAYSIA

THAILANDE/THAILANDDURIANTHAILANDElTHAILANDGOYAVE/GUAVABRESIL/BRAZILTHAILANDE/THAILANDGRENADILLE JAUNE/YELLOW PASSION FRUITCOLOMBIE/COLOMBIAGRENADILLE VIOLETTE/PURPLE PASSION FRUITAFRIQUE DU SUD/SOUTH AFRICAKENYAZIMBABWEKAKI/PERSIMMONNELLE ZELANDE/NEW ZE L NDKIWANOISRAELKENYANELLE ZELANDE/NEW ZEALANDPORTUGAL l21KUMQUATAFRIQUE UU SUD/SOUTH AFRICAARGENTINE/ARGENTINABRESIL/BRAZILISRAELURUGUAYLIMEBRESIL/BRAZILEL SALVADORJAMAIQUE/JAMAICAMEXIQUE/MEXICOVENEZUELALITCHIESPAGNE/SPAIN 12)INDE/INDIAISRAELTHAILANDE/THAILANDMANGOUSTAN/MANGOSTEENCOTE D IVOIREINDONESIE/INDONESIAMALAISIE/MALAYSIASRI LANKATHAILANDE/THAILANDVIETNAM/VIET NAMMANGUE ATKINS/ATKINS MANGOISRAELMEXIQUE/MEXICOMANGUE KENT/KENT MANGOMEXIQUE/MEXICOMANGUE/MANGOGUINEE/GUINEAMEXIQUElMEXICOSENEGALSOUDAN

M NGUE PARVIN/PARVIN M NGOMEXIQUE/MEXICOPAPAYE/PAPAYAAFRIQUE DU SUD/SOUTH AFRICABELIZEBRESIL/BRAZILCOSTA RICACOTE D IVOIRE

FRANCEF KG

HAWAIISRAELJAMAIQUE/JAMAICA

ctober 1998 NO p ge 2


21/24

EUROPE NPRICES

These prices are based on weekly information by MNS For complementary information, contactMarket News Service), lnternational Trade Centre Market News Service IMNS)

UNCTADIWTO ITC), Geneva. This service can supply Interna tional Trade Centre UNCTAOIWTO IITCIweekly information on some 7 ropical and off-season Palais des Nations 12 11 Geneva 1 SWITZERLANDproducts in Europe. Middle East. United States and Canada. Tel. 4 1 22) 73 1 1 1 Fax. 41 122)73 09 6

PHYSALIS EN VRAC/LOOSE PHYSALISCOLOMBIE/COLOMBIAPHYSALIS PRE EMBALLE/PREPACKED PHYSALISCOLOMBIE/COLOMBIAZIMBABWEPITAHAYA JAUNE/YELLOW PITAHAYACOLOMBIE/COLOMBIAPITAHAYA ROUGE/RED PITAHAYAISRAELGUATEMALAVIETNAM/VIET NAMRAMBOUTAN/RAMBUTANHONDURASINDONESIE/INDONESIAMALAISIE/MALAYSIASRI LANKATHAILANDE/THAILANDTAMARILLOCOLOMBIE/COLOMBIA

October 1998 NO p ge 21

14.922.914.412.5

12.510.3

57.755.849.0

41.5

37.0

36.4

20.917.113.010.011.114.1

9.511.611.711.0

6.18.1

3.56.05.35.63.8


22/24

TECHNIC LSHEET

upuacuCupuacu , cupuassu ,cacao blanco andpupuacu are among the

common names ofTheobrorna grandiflorurn(Willd. Ex. Spreng.) Schum.This member of theSterculiaceae family is alarge tree that can reach aheight of as much as 20 m.t grows in well separatedperiods, lengthening by 1 m

to 1.5 m each time andputting out plagiotropicshoots at the end of eachperiod.The leaves are simple, 25 to35 cm long and 6 to l 0 cmwide, oval, green on theupper face and pale greenand pink on the underside.The inflorescences are onthe plagiotropic shoots andconsist of three to fiveflowers or more. Eachflower possesses five sepalsand five petals whose upperparts are dark red. Theovary has five loculi.The fruit displays drupe andberry characteristics. t isoblong, 12 to 25 cm longand l 0 o 12 cm broad. Theaverage weight is 1.5 kgbu t this may vary from 0.5to 4 kg.The fruit epicarp is hard andlignified, with a greenepidermis covered with a

reddish, powdery layer thatdisintegrates when the fruitis handled.Each fruit contains anaverage of 30 seeds ( 20 to50) surrounded by anabundant quantity ofyellowish-white pulp; th is isacidulous and has acharacteristic aroma.Seedless fruits are observedbut their pulp has lessflavour and is lessacidulous.Cupuacu would seem tohave originated in easternAmazonia. It is found in theforests in the south-westernpart of Para state and in thepre-Amazonian part ofMaranhio state in Brazil. tseems to have been knownin pre-Columbian times.t prefers moist ground in

tropical zones not liable toflooding and with partialshade.In Brazil, it is grown fromSao Paulo in the south toRoraima in the north. It isalso cultivated in Ecuador,Guiana, Martinique, CostaRica, Venezuela andColombia.t can w i ths tand

temperatures of over 22O(2Z0 to 27OC) and well-distributed precipitationtotalling more than

800 mm per year (from1 90 0 mm to 3 100 mm).Cupuacu is multiplied bysowing or by bud graft. Thelargest seeds from the mostproductive trees are chosenfor multiplication by sowing.The pulp is carefullyremoved after picking andthe seeds are sown within24 hours of extraction.Their germination capacitylasts for 10 to 12 dayswhen they are left inharvested fruits but for only5 or 6 days in moistvermiculite to whichcharcoal has been added.Germination takes placeabout a fortnight aftersowing when the seeds areplaced in an appropriatesubstrate at 25 o 30C.The young seedlings arekept in the shade for a yearbefore being planted in theirfinal positions.F o r v e g e t a t i v emultiplication, scions aretaken from shoots on themost productive trees andgrafted on to sownseedlings when the stems ofthe latter are cm indiameter. Top-working orside grafting can be used.The plantlets are staked andshoots on the stock areremoved.The plants grown from seedare generally planted at a



23/24

TECHNIC LSHEET

density of 180 seedlings perha and grafted plants at ahigher density of about 320plants per hectare.During growth, certainbranches are lopped tomake the tree vase-shaped.NPK compound fertiliser isapplied regularly. Shading isoften required.Cupuacu comes into fullproduction between theeighth and the twelfth yearand an individual tree canyield 3 0 to 40 fruits. Inmediocre soil, yield islimited to about 15 fruitsper tree.In the Bel6m region, nearly50 of the fruits areharvested from December toFebruary.It is very difficult toestimate the stage ofmaturation of fruits on thetree. This is why they arecollected after they havefallen on the ground at theripe stage. Fruit fall is veryfrequent during the night.The pulp of immature fruitsis very acid and it is difficultto remove the seeds.Cupuacu is susceptible toseveral pests and diseases.Seedlings may be attackedin the nursery by variouscaterpillars and borers. Thefruits of adult trees aredamaged mainly by beetlesthat feed in the inner part ofthe fruit and causesecondary rots.

Witches broom is one of themost serious diseases. t iscaused by the fungusCrinipelis perniciosa Thiscauses characteristicdeformation of the shootsattacked, which then witherand die, releasing thebasidiospores of thepathogen. Flowers andfruits may also be attacked.C o l l e o r i c h u mgloeosporioides anthracnoseis also observed; thiscauses necrotic patches onthe leaves. Cupuacu is alsosusceptible to root attack byRigidoporus lignosus rootrot. Control of this isdifficult.Many varieties ofcupuacu-differing in fruitsize-are found in Para statein Brazil. Brazilian researchservices have assembledcollections of about fifty ofthe best varieties, some ofwhich seem to be tolerantto the main fungal diseases.Genetic improvement workis being carried out toimprove yields, reduce treesize and to seek resistanceto diseases.The great merit of cupuacuis that both pulp and seedscan be eaten.The pulp is used in thepreparation of juice, cream,compote, water ice, jam,yoghurt, etc. t can befrozen at -18OC and keptfor over a year. The seedsare used in the preparationof 'cupulate', whose

nutritive and organolepticproperties are similar tothose of chocolate.Cupulate can be prepared indifferent ways to obtainpowder or bars. The 'butter'part of cupuacu is extractedin powder preparation.One tonne of seeds gives160 kg powder and 135 kgbutter or 35 0 kg cupulate inbars and 3 6 kg powder.This gives 'cupulate blanco'when t is mixed withpowdered milk.These procedures are verysimilar to those used forprocessing cocoa beans.The pulp is acid (pH 3.31rich in pectin andphosphorus and in calciumand vitamin C. t containslittle sugar.Seeds contain 50 fats,20 protein and 15carbohydrate (figures basedon dry matter).Seeds and pulp areseparated by hand ormechanically. In the firstcase, the products are ofbetter quality but research isin progress to improveseparation machines.The fresh fruit marketfollows the harvest periodsand is limited to productionzones. In contrast, frozenpulp is easier to transportand store and enables moreregular distribution to othermarkets

ctober 1998 NO page 3


24/24

A GE N D AN E W S

TARIFS ABONN EMENTS11 numeros p r n

SUBSCRIPT ION RATE11 issues per ye rVn an / Per ye r

France : 850 F T / 867 815tranger Abroad : 850 FBanque / Bank :Banque Nationaie de Parir BNP)KICber - Paiir30004/00892100021360092-21Code Swift BNPAFRPPPKL

ews+ EUROFRUIT CONGRESS1998, Munich (Germany), 28-30October 1998.+ FIHAV 98, HavanaInternational Fair, Havana(Cuba), 1-8 November 1998.+ FOOD INGREDIENTS EUROPE,Frankfurt (Germany), 3-5November 1998.+ FRUIT JUICES 98, Fortaleza(Brasil), 3-6 November 1998.+ INTERNATIONAL FOODHOSPITALITY SHOW 98WINE SPIRITS, Bangkok(Thailand), 4-6 November 1998.+ AGRILOGIPORT 98, Ravenna(Italy), 5-6 November 1998.+ AGROFOOD TECH 98,Bombay (India), 6-10 November1998,+ BANANAS AND FOODSECURITY, Douala (Cameroon),10- 14 November 1998.+ PACKAGING 98, Paris-NordVillepinte (France), 16-20November 199 8.+ THIRD INTERNATIONALPINEAPPLE SYMPOSIUM,Pattaya (Thailand), 17-20November 1998.+ XlllTnACORBAT MEETING,Guayaquil (Ecuador), 23-29November 1998.+ FOODAPEST 98, Budapest(Hungary), 24 -27 November1998.+ AMERICAS FOODBEVERAGE TRADE SHOWCONFERENCE, Miami, Florida(USA), 2-4 December 1998.

+ CANTHO FAIR, Cantho(Vietnam), 10-16 December1998.+ FRUIT LOGISTICA. Berlin(Germany), 21-23 January1999.+ 9 SALON INTERNATIONALDES METIERS DE BOUCHE - ,SIRHA 99, Lyon (France), 23-27January 1999.

Publications+ A PRODUCE REFERENCEGUIDE TO FRUITS ANDVEGETABLES FROM AROUNDTHE WORLD. Nature s Harvest.Published by Food Products Press.1997. 244 pages.A produce reference guide tofruits and vegetables from aroundthe world, providing basic, clearand understandable informationfor each produce item.

ECU August 1998Currency One Ecu =

Belgium Luxemb.Danish kroneGerman markGreek drakmaSpanish pesetaFrench francIrish poundItalian liraDutch guilderAustrian schillingP O R U Q U ~ S ~scudoFinnish markSwedish kronaPound RerlingUS dollarCanadian dollarJapaneseyenSwiss francNorwegian kroneIcelandic kronaAustralian dollarNew Zealand dollarSouth African r nd

franc 40,62107.503031,96980331,643167,1896.603890.7847561943.55

2,221 14313.8598201.6385.990238.957800,67451 11,101571,68779159.3741.646318,5100778,97521.868232.196156,96575

+ TECH Chandigarh Source: Official Journal of the European(India), 2-6 December 1998. Communities

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