HUNGARIAN PEACEKEEPERS IN AFRICA MINURSO MINURSO.
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Transcript of HUNGARIAN PEACEKEEPERS IN AFRICA MINURSO MINURSO.
HUNGARIAN PEACEKEEPERS HUNGARIAN PEACEKEEPERS IN AFRICAIN AFRICA
MINURSOMINURSO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Geography, Climate
• Economy, Infrastructure
• Society, people
• History
• MINURSO
• Structure, Organisation
• Current situation – possible future
GEOGRAPHY - CLIMATE
•Area- 266 000 km
•Desert, dry climate
•Scant vegetation, plain, low mountains
•Borders
• 400 km Morocco
• 42 km Algeria
•1560 km Mauritania
• 110 km shore of Atlantic Ocean
NOUADHIBOU
LAAYOUNE
MAURITMAURITAANIANIA
BOUJDOUR
DAKHLA
TINDOUF
MAURITMAURITAANIANIA
MAROKKÓ
BIR MOGHREIN
TARFAYA
ZOUERAT
ATLANTIATLANTICCOOCECEAANN
FORCE HQ
ALGALGEERIARIA
SMARA
Seguia El Hamra
Rio
del
Oro
GEOGRAPHY
ECONOMYECONOMY
• One of the poorest region in Africa
• Economical Centers
•LAAYOUNE, DAKHLA, SMARA
•PRODUCTION
•Limited agriculture
•No industry
•Phosphate mining
•Fishery
INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE
• 4 Center• 3 Airport• 2 Port• 6000 km highway
– only 1400 km paved!• ( No railway)
LAAYOUNE
DAKHLA
BOUJDOUR
CRUDE OIL
PHOSPHATEFISHERY
SOCIETY
ATLANTIC
LAAYOUNE
DAKHLA
SMARA
BOUJDOUR
TINDOUF
POPULATION
• Laayoune
• Smara
• Dakhla
• Boujdour
• Nomads
• Refugees
180,000
50,000
36,000
14,000
10,000
155,000
POPULATIONPOPULATION
(Tindouf )
HISTORY I.HISTORY I.
• Spanish Colony (1884-1976)• 1965 DEC 14 : First UN resolution (Colony
Declaration)• 1973 MAY 10 : Formation of Frente Polisario• 1974 AUG 21: Spanish referendum plan - Census• 1974 DEC 16: Decision of the International Court of
Justice (Hague)• 1975 NOV 6-9 : „Green March”
26%
24%11%
7%
7%
5%
5%
6%3%5%1% Reguibat Sarg
Reguibat SzahelIzarguienOulad DelimOulad TidrarinAit LahsenArosienChorfacosteras y del surTribus del NorteResidentes en Sahara
Census in 1974:
HISTORY II.HISTORY II.
Total: 74 343
Census1974 Censuscheckedby IDC
1974 resultof Spanish census: 74343
1991 resultof checking: dead: 1489, counted twice: 484
1993 Approved list by UN:72,370
difference
examined
List of Census
2%
1%
97%
List of voters( 2003. December)
41,161
48%
6,866
8%
34,003
39%
4,395
5%
Total= 86,425
W. Sahara
Morocco
TindoufRefugge camps
Mauritania
HISTORY III.HISTORY III.• 1975 NOV 14 : Madrid Accord• 1976 FEBR 27 : Declaration the establishment of the
SADR• 1976 ÁPR : Morocco and Mauritania invade the
territory• 1979 AUG 05 : Peace agreement in Algiers (Polisario
and Mauritania)• 1980: „Strategy of walls” (BERM)• 1991 ÁPR 29 : Establish of MINURSO (SC resolution
690)• 1991 SZEPT 05 : Ceasefire
HISTORY IV.HISTORY IV.
• 1997 SZEPT : HOUSTON Agreement• 2000 ÁPR : I. BAKER PLAN (FRAMEWORK
AGREEMENT)• 2002: SETTLEMENT PLAN ( II. BAKER PLAN)• 2005: Reduction of MINURSO• 2006: „No war, No peace” situation
„„BERMBERM””
Berm
Berm
RESTRICTED ZONE30 km
CURRENT SITUATIONCURRENT SITUATION
RESTRICTED ZONE25 km
MINEFIELD5 km
AREA WITH LIMITED RESTRICTIONS
AREA WITH LIMITED RESTRICTIONS
IMPORTANCE WS
• NATO and EU interest in Afrika (Mediteran Dialogue, PfP, economic possibility)
• Terrorizm, radical islam, migration, smuggling• Former colonial powers connections and interest
(France and Spain)• Morocco, Mauritania, Algeria interest in the
conflict - ARAB MAGHREB UNION (AMU)• Hungarian interest in the area
MINURSO STRUCTUREMINURSO STRUCTURE
SRSGOFFICE
MILITARY OBSERVERS
POLICE UNIT
CIVILIANADMINISTRATION
UNHCR
DEPARTMENT OF IDENTIFICATION
MILITARY OBSERVERS
• Monitor the ceasefire• Monitor the confinement of Moroccan and Polisario
troops to designated locations (land and air patrols)• activities to reduce the risk of landmines and UXOs in
Western Sahara (search, marking safe tracks, destroy, Mine awareness training)
• Oversee the exchange of prisoners of war• Take steps with the parties to ensure the release of all
Western Saharan political prisoners or detainees!• Implement the repatriation programme
ACTIVITY OF MILITARY OBSERVERSACTIVITY OF MILITARY OBSERVERS
DAKHLA
OUMDREYGA
AWSARD
AGWANIT
MIJEK
SMARA
MEHAIRES
SMARA
TIFARITI
BIRLAHLOU
MAHBASTINDOUF LO
Area of responsibility: 266,000 Sq KmNS : 97 700 Sq KmSS : 159 5000 Sq Km
NS
SS
MAURITANIA
ALGERIA
HEADQUARTER
SECTOR HQ+ LO Tindouf
CAMPS
MAURITANIA
LAAYOUNEHQ
CAMP MEHAIRES - NORTH SECTOR
CURRENT SITUATIONCURRENT SITUATIONPOSSIBLE FUTUREPOSSIBLE FUTURE
• STATUS QUOSTATUS QUO – extend MINURSO mandate – extend MINURSO mandate time to timetime to time
• Referendum based on BAKER II. PLAN, Referendum based on BAKER II. PLAN, Western-Sahara become part of Morocco, Western-Sahara become part of Morocco, reduced Autonomyreduced Autonomy
• INDEPENDENCE?INDEPENDENCE? Divide WS (new idea)? Divide WS (new idea)?• High tension (POLISARIO) - open a war - defeatHigh tension (POLISARIO) - open a war - defeat
QUESTIONS?