Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy · Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative...

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Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy Andrea Wolf Chris Reynolds San Francisco State University

Transcript of Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy · Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative...

Page 1: Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy · Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy Andrea Wolf Chris Reynolds San Francisco State University

Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy

Andrea Wolf Chris Reynolds

San Francisco State University

Page 2: Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy · Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy Andrea Wolf Chris Reynolds San Francisco State University

Humans  and  Helminthes  

 “Parasites  are  master  manipulators  of  the  host  immune  system,  o6en  inducing  a  long-­‐las:ng  asymptoma:c  form  of  infec:on  (Zaccone  et  al.  2006).”  

Center  for  Disease  Control.  (2009).  Hookworm.  Retrieved  from  hHp://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/hookworm.htm      

Page 3: Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy · Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy Andrea Wolf Chris Reynolds San Francisco State University

Hygiene  Theory  

 Reduced  exposure  to  microorganisms  during  childhood  may  contribute  to  abnormal  immune  regula:on.  

                       Seppa  (2011)  

Page 4: Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy · Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy Andrea Wolf Chris Reynolds San Francisco State University

Review  of  Literature  

•  Worming  Your  Way  to  BeHer  Health,  Seppa,  N  (2011)  •  Inhibi:on  of  Type  1  Diabetes  in  Filaria-­‐Infected  Non-­‐obese  Diabe:c  Mice,  Hübner,  M.  P.,  Thomas  Stocker,  J.  J.,  &  Mitre,  E.  (2009)  

•  Probio:c  helminth  administra:on  in  relapsing–remi_ng  mul:ple  sclerosis:  a  phase  1  study,  Fleming,  J.  O,  et  al  (2011).  

•  Popula:on-­‐Based  Cohort  Study,  Bager,  P  (2011)  •  Parasite  Role  Reversal:  Worms  on  Trial,  Falcone,  F.H.,  Pritchard,  D.  (2005)  

Page 5: Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy · Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy Andrea Wolf Chris Reynolds San Francisco State University

Review  of  Literature  

 Worming  Your  Way  to  BeHer  Health,  Seppa,  N  (2011)  – Parasi:c  worms  and  humans  co  evolved  – Correla:on  between  increased  autoimmunity  &  reduced  infec:on  

– Case  studies  • Wheezing  toddlers  in  Ethiopia  

•  Argen:nean  MS  pa:ents  •  Schoolchildren  in  Gabon  Africa  

Page 6: Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy · Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy Andrea Wolf Chris Reynolds San Francisco State University

Review  of  Literature  

 Inhibi:on  of  Type  1  Diabetes  in  Filaria-­‐Infected  Non-­‐obese  Diabe:c  Mice,  Hübner,  M.  P.,  Thomas  Stocker,  J.  J.,  &  Mitre,  E.  (2009)  – Aimed  to  determine  whether  worm  infec:on  protects  against  type-­‐1  diabetes    

– Th  1  cells  morph  to  Th  2  cells  – An:genic  shi6  is  dependent    on  regulatory  T  cells  interleukin-­‐10,  CD4+,  CD25+,  and  Fox3P+  

Page 7: Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy · Humans and Helminthes: An Alternative Nutrition Therapy Andrea Wolf Chris Reynolds San Francisco State University

Review  of  Literature  

 Probio:c  Helminth  Administra:on  in  Relapsing–remi_ng  Mul:ple  Sclerosis:  A  Phase  1  Study,  Fleming,  J.  O,  et  al  –    Safety  an  efficacy  test  

– Subjects  claimed  the  worm  solu:on  tasted  a  sports  drink.  

– Results  show  mild  GI  symptoms  as  side  effect    

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Review  of  Literature  

 Popula:on-­‐Based  Cohort  Study,  Bager,  P  (2011)  – Followed  all  children  born  in  Denmark  between  1995  and  2008  (924,749).  

– Those  with  autoimmune  disease  and  no  Mebendazole  perscrip:on  totaled  10,352.  

– Rate  Ra:os  declared  the  incedence  was  not  significant.    

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Review  of  Literature  

 Parasite  Role  Reversal:  Worms  on  Trial,  Falcone,  F.H.,  Pritchard,  D.  (2005)  – Poten:al  Benefits      Less  aHri:on  in  studies      Disease  selec:ve  therapies  

– Risks      Selec:on  of  the  right  helminth      Those  immunocompromised  

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Literature  Discussion  

•  Most  studies  confirm  safety  and  efficacy    

•  Must  uncover  the  helminth’s  mechanism  

•  Methods  of  delivery.  

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Common  Forms  and  Dosages  •  A  Wide  range  of  helminth  pathogens  can  be  immunoprotec:ve  thus  forms  and  dosages  vary  in  helminth  studies  and  treatments  

•  In  general,  50-­‐50,000  parasites  are  administered  orally  or  parenterally  for  the  treatment  of  autoimmune  disorders.  

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Side  Effects  •  More  research  needs  to  be  completed  to  determine  all  of  the  poten:al  side  effects  of  helminth  treatments.  

•  Choice  of  parasite  is  important  in  preven:ng  side  effects.  

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Conclusion  •  Helminthes  and  humans  have  co-­‐evolved  shaping  our  immune  

system  

•  Con:nued  research  will  hopefully  determine  the  mechanisms  responsible  for  the  protec:on  against  autoimmunity  with  helminth  infec:ons.  

•  Drinking  a  glass  of  worms  may  be  the  future  treatment  for  autoimmune  disorders