Human/Environment Interaction This theme includes:

Demography & Disease Demography is the statistical study of

human populations Migrations Patterns of Settlement Technology

Paleolithic Era: Demography

Population growth during the Paleolithic

Era was relatively stagnant

Paleolithic Era: Migration

Paleolithic Era: Patterns of Settlement Hunter-Gatherers

(Foragers) Men hunt and/or fish;

women gather fruits Follow migratory

patterns of animals Need large portions of

land to support themselves

Life expectancy was 20 years or less

Lived in groups of 20-30 people

Paleolithic Era: Technology

Neolithic Era: Technology Agriculture (10,000 BCE)

Caused by climate change?

Slash & Burn Domestication of

Animals Technology related to

agriculture Irrigation, canals, etc. Bronze metallurgy

People need nature & nature needs people

Neolithic Era: Demography

Intensive agriculture caused human population to jump from 5-8 million

to 60 to 70 million in 5,000 years

Effects of agriculture Increase in population Rise of disease Decline of life

expectancy Environmental

degradation Increase in pollution Increase in

deforestation Increase in

desertification

New Patterns of Settlement Small village

communities Pastoral societies

Nomadic herders Rise of civilizations

Mesopotamia (3500 BCE) Egypt (3000 BCE) Indus River (2500 BCE) China (2000 BCE) Olmec (1400 BCE) Chavin (900 BCE)

Human Migration: Indo-Europeans

Aryans

Human Migration: Polynesians

Bananas!

Human Migration: Bantu

New Technology: Iron Iron use begins 1500 BCE Effects of Iron

Population growth Expansion of agriculture Growth of cities Expansion of civilization

Patterns of Settlement: Classical Era

Classical Demography Spread of epidemic disease

Smallpox, Justinian plague, etc. Population decreases dramatically

Europe falls 50% between 200-600 CE Asia’s population falls from 170 to 135 million between 0-

600 CE Contributes to the decline of classical empires

Post-Classical Migration

Vikings

Bantu-Speaking People of Africa

Mongols

Turkic Groups

People of Oceania

Arabs

Germanic Tribes

Chinese

Vikings

Bantu-Speaking People of Africa

Mongols

Turkic Groups

People of Oceania

Arabs

Germanic Tribes

Chinese

Camels!

Post-Classical Demography Population grows after

800 CE Technology

Europe: moldboard plow and three-field system

China: Champa rice & terrace farming

Africa: Iron plow Aztecs: Chinampas

Spread of crops Rice, cotton, sugarcane,

citrus fruits, etc. End of a mini-Ice Age?

Post-Classical Demography Urbanization

Hangzhou—1 million ppl. Paris—275,000 people Italian cities Tenochtitlan

Bubonic Plague China’s population fell

50% from 1200-1400 Europe’s population fell

33%-50% Population took only

100 years to rebound

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3rdc.

4thc.

5thc.

6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th

0

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3rdc.

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Spread of Civilization

Ghana

Carolingian

Byzantine

Abbasid Caliphate

Axum

Gurjara-Pratihara

Tang China

Srivijaya

Parhae

Silla

Cordoba Caliphate

Heian Japan

States and Empires in 800 CEStates and Empires in 800 CE

Ghana

Carolingian

Byzantine

Abbasid Caliphate

Axum

Gurjara-Pratihara

Tang China

Srivijaya

Parhae

Silla

Cordoba Caliphate

Heian Japan

Ghana

Carolingian

Byzantine

Abbasid Caliphate

Axum

Gurjara-Pratihara

Tang China

Srivijaya

Parhae

Silla

Cordoba Caliphate

Heian Japan

States and Empires in 800 CEStates and Empires in 800 CE

Spread of Civilization

Demography 1450-1750: Americas Discovery of the

Americas Decreased indigenous

American population by as much as 90%

Replaced by two waves of migration African slave trade European colonization

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Columbian Exchange

Demography 1450-1750: China China’s population tripled from 1650-1750

Improved farming techniques Introduction of American crops (potatoes and corn) End of nomadic invasions

Population change in millions, 1400-1800 CE

0

100

200

300

400

1400 CE 1600 CE 1800 CE

China

India

Europe

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America

Demography 1450-1750: Europe Urbanization

Netherlands became 1st country with 50% urban population

London—50,000 in 1600; 400,000 by 1650 Paris—200,000 in 1350; 500,000 by 1700

Agricultural Revolution Crop rotation and enclosures American crops (corn and potatoes)

Population in every area of Europe increased by 50-100% in the 18th century

Industrial Revolution & Resources

Cotton

Cotton

Cotton

Rubber

RubberRubber

Palm Oil

Meat

Gold & Diamonds

Gold

Demography 1750-1914: Global

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1200

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1750 1850 1900

Millions

Demography 1750-1914: Europe Tremendous population

growth Improvements in food

supply Application of science &

technology Improved seeds, fertilizer,

& livestock Refrigeration Industrial transportation

eliminates famine Steamboat

Creates a greater need for new energy sources Coal, electricity, gas, &

petroleum

Year Population in Millions

% of World Population

1750 141 19.3

1850 292 25.0

1900 482 30.0

Demography 1750-1914: Europe

Demographic transition High to low mortality High to low fertility

Rapid urbanization Suburbanization

Decline in urban mortality Urban sanitation Germ theory of disease

European Migration from 1750

40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, Asiatic Australia, South Africa, and other areas

African Slave Trade after 1750

Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870

Demography 1750-1914: Asia Japanese population growth increased

dramatically after 1850 Provides labor for industrialization & helps

promote imperialism Asia’s population nearly doubled

China’s population went from 220 million to 435 million

India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million

Asian labor migration after 1750

India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured servants to South Africa

& Caribbean

China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast

Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million)

and the Americas

Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and

Pacific

U.S. limits immigration with Chinese Exclusion

Act & Gentlemen’s Agreement

Population Explosion of 20th Century

Why? Introduction of new food crops (Columbian Exchange),

colonialism ended local warfare, railroads cut down on famine, improved hygiene & medicine, resistance to birth control, declining infant mortality rates

Causes of Population Growth Public Health Measures

Attacks on disease carrying insects Widespread vaccinations

Polio Vaccine Information campaigns Programs to control sewage and other

contaminants International agencies focused on health care

More dependable food supplies New farming methods

Polio Vaccine

Diseases Associated with Poverty: Malaria

New Epidemic Diseases: AIDS

Diseases Associated with Old Age

Predicted Alzheimer's cases 2005-2050

Diseases Associated with Changing Lifestyles

Impacts of Population Growth Improved Agriculture

Green Revolution Peasants Uprisings

China, Mexico, etc. Pressure Third World

governments Urbanization

Parasitic cities Urban pollution

Immigration East Asian emigration

continued Middle East & Africans

emigrated to Western Europe & the U.S.

Immigrants face prejudice

Limiting Population Growth Many countries advocated birth control &

legalized abortion 85% of countries backed family planning

China adopted a two-child policy in 1977 Eventually became a one-child policy in 1979

Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi proposed involuntary sterilization

Return of plague epidemics AIDS virus

New Scientific Discoveries Einstein’s Theory of Relativity Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Quantum mechanics

Behavior of matter & energy at the atomic level

Big Bang Theory Psychology

Sigmund Freud Karl Jung