Human Settlements · In loess areas of China, cave dwellings were important and African Savanna’s...
Transcript of Human Settlements · In loess areas of China, cave dwellings were important and African Savanna’s...
Unit-IV
Chapter-10
Human Settlements
We all live in clusters of houses. You may call ita village, a town or a city, all are examples ofhuman settlements. The study of humansettlements is basic to human geographybecause the form of settlement in any particularregion reflects human relationship with theenvironment. A human settlement is defined asa place inhabited more or less permanently. Thehouses may be designed or redesigned,buildings may be altered, functions may changebut settlement continues in time and space.There may be some settlements which aretemporary and are occupied for short periods,may be a season.
CLCLCLCLCLASSIFICAASSIFICAASSIFICAASSIFICAASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENTSTION OF SETTLEMENTSTION OF SETTLEMENTSTION OF SETTLEMENTSTION OF SETTLEMENTS
RURAL URBRURAL URBRURAL URBRURAL URBRURAL URBAN DICHOAN DICHOAN DICHOAN DICHOAN DICHOTTTTTOMYOMYOMYOMYOMY
It is widely accepted that settlements can bedifferentiated in terms of rural and urban, butthere is no consensus on what exactly definesa village or a town. Although population size isan important criterion, it is not a universalcriterion since many villages in denselypopulated countries of India and China havepopulation exceeding that of some towns ofWestern Europe and United States.
At one time, people living in villagespursued agriculture or other primary activities,but presently in developed countries, largesections of urban populations prefer to live invillages even though they work in the city. Thebasic difference between towns and villages isthat in towns the main occupation of the peopleis related to secondary and tertiary sectors,while in the villages most of the people areengaged in primary occupations such asagriculture, fishing, lumbering, mining, animalhusbandry, etc.
Sub Urbanisation
It is a new trend of people moving away from
congested urban areas to cleaner areas
outside the city in search of a better quality
of living. Important suburbs develop around
major cities and everyday thousands of
people commute from their homes in the
sub urbs to their work places in the city.
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Differentiations between rural and urbanon the basis of functions are more meaningfuleven though there is no uniformity in thehierarchy of the functions provided by rural andurban settlements. Petrol pumps are consideredas a lower order function in the United Stateswhile it is an urban function in India. Evenwithin a country, rating of functions may varyaccording to the regional economy. Facilitiesavailable in the villages of developed countriesmay be considered rare in villages of developingand less developed countries.
The census of India, 1991 defines urban
settlements as “All places which have
municipality, corporation, cantonment board
or notified town area committee and have a
minimum population of 5000 persons, at
least 75 per cent of male workers are
engaged in non-agricultural pursuits and a
density of population of at least 400 persons
per square kilometers are urban.
TYPES AND PATYPES AND PATYPES AND PATYPES AND PATYPES AND PATTERNS OF SETTLEMENTSTTERNS OF SETTLEMENTSTTERNS OF SETTLEMENTSTTERNS OF SETTLEMENTSTTERNS OF SETTLEMENTS
Settlements may also be classified by theirshape, patterns types. The major typesclassified by shape are:
(i) Compact or Nucleated settlements:
These settlements are those in whichlarge number of houses are built veryclose to each other. Such settlementsdevelop along river valleys and in fertileplains. Communities are closely knitand share common occupations.
(ii) Dispersed Settlements: In thesesettlements, houses are spaced farapart and often interspersed with fields.A cultural feature such as a place ofworship or a market, binds thesettlement together.
Fig. 10.2: Dispersed Settlements
Rural Settlements
Rural settlements are most closely and directlyrelated to land. They are dominated by primaryactivities such as agriculture, animalhusbandary, fishing etc. The settlements sizeis relatively small. Some factors affecting thelocation of rural settlements are :
Fig.10.1 : Compact Settlements
Fig. 10.3 : Siting near water
Water Supply
Usually rural settlements are located near waterbodies such as rivers, lakes, and springs wherewater can be easily obtained. Sometimes theneed for water drives people to settle in otherwisedisadvantaged sites such as islandssurrounded by swamps or low lying riverbanks. Most water based ‘wet point’ settlementshave many advantages such as water for
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drinking, cooking and washing. Rivers andlakes can be used to irrigate farm land. Waterbodies also have fish which can be caught fordiet and navigable rivers and lakes can be usedfor transportation.
Land
People choose to settle near fertile lands suitablefor agriculture. In Europe villages grew up nearrolling country avoiding swampy, low lyingland while people in south east Asia chose tolive near low lying river valleys and coastalplains suited for wet rice cultivation. Earlysettlers chose plain areas with fertile soils.
Upland
Upland which is not prone to flooding waschosen to prevent damage to houses and lossof life. Thus, in low lying river basins peoplechose to settle on terraces and levees which are“dry points”. In tropical countries people buildtheir houses on stilts near marshy lands toprotect themselves from flood, insects andanimal pests.
Building Material
The availability of building materials- wood,stone near settlements is another advantage.Early villages were built in forest clearings wherewood was plentiful.
Defence
During the times of political instability, war,hostility of neighbouring groups villages werebuilt on defensive hills and islands. In Nigeria,upstanding inselbergs formed good defensivesites. In India most of the forts are located onhigher grounds or hills.
Planned Settlements
Sites that are not spontaneously chosen byvillagers themselves, planned settlements areconstructed by governments by providingshelter, water and other infrastructures onacquired lands. The scheme of villagisation inEthiopia and the canal colonies in IndiraGandhi canal command area in India are somegood examples.
Rural Settlement Patterns
Patterns of rural settlements reflect the way thehouses are sited in relation to each other. Thesite of the village, the surrounding topographyand terrain influence the shape and size of avillage.
Rural settlements may be classified on thebasis of a number of criteria:
(i) On the basis of setting: The main typesare plain villages, plateau villages,coastal villages, forest villages anddesert villages.
(ii) On the basis of functions: There maybe farming villages, fishermen’s villages,lumberjack villages, pastoral villages etc.
(iii) On the basis of forms or shapes of the
settlements: These may be a numberof geometrical forms and shapes suchas Linear, rectangular, circular starlike, T-shaped village, double village,cross-shaped village etc.
(a) Linear pattern: In such settlementshouses are located along a road,railway line, river, canal edge of a valleyor along a levee.
(b) Rectangular pattern: Such patterns ofrural settlements are found in plainareas or wide inter montane valleys.The roads are rectangular and cut eachother at right angles.
In loess areas of China, cave dwellings wereimportant and African Savanna’s buildingmaterials were mud bricks and the Eskimos, inpolar regions, use ice blocks to construct igloos.
Fig. 10.4 : House on stilts
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(c) Circular pattern: Circular villagesdevelop around lakes, tanks andsometimes the village is planned in sucha way that the central part remains openand is used for keeping the animals toprotect them from wild animals.
(d) Star like pattern: Where several roadsconverge, star shaped settlements developby the houses built along the roads.
(e) T-shaped, Y-shaped, Cross-shaped or
cruciform settlements: T -shaped
settlements develop at tri-junctions of
the roads ( ) while -shaped
settlements emerge as the places wheretwo roads converge on the third oneand houses are built along these roads.Cruciform settlements develop on thecross-roads and houses extend in allthe four direction.
Fig.10.6 : Linear pattern settlement Fig.10.7 : Y shape settlement
Linear Pattern Cross-shape Pattern Star-like Pattern
T-Shape Pattern Circular Pattern Double Pattern
Railway
Bridge
Road
Temple
River
Village
Canal
Pond
Well
Tree
Fig. 10.5: Rural Settlement Patterns
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(f) Double village: These settlementsextend on both sides of a river wherethere is a bridge or a ferry.
Identify these patterns on any topographical sheet which
you have studied in Practical Work in Geography, Part
I (NCERT, 2006) in Class XI
Problems of Rural Settlements
Rural settlements in the developing countriesare large in number and poorly equipped withinfrastructure. They represent a great challengeand opportunity for planners.
Supply of water to rural settlements indeveloping countries is not adequate. Peoplein villages, particularly in mountainous andarid areas have to walk long distances to fetchdrinking water. Water borne diseases such ascholera and jaundice tend to be a commonproblem. The countries of South Asia faceconditions of drought and flood very often. Cropcultivation sequences, in the absence ofirrigation, also suffer.
The general absence of toilet and garbagedisposal facilities cause health related problems.
The design and use of building materialsof houses vary from one ecological region toanother. The houses made up of mud, woodand thatch, remain susceptible to damageduring heavy rains and floods, and requireproper maintenance every year. Most housedesigns are typically deficient in properventilation. Besides, the design of a houseincludes the animal shed along with its fodder-store within it. This is purposely done to keepthe domestic animals and their food properlyprotected from wild animals.
Unmetalled roads and lack of moderncommunication network creates a uniqueproblem. During rainy season, the settlementsremain cut off and pose serious difficulties inproviding emergency services. It is also difficultto provide adequate health and educationalinfrastructure for their large rural population.The problem is particularly serious whereproper villagisation has not taken place andhouses are scattered over a large area.
Urban Settlements
Rapid urban growth is a recent phenomenon.Until recent times, few settlements reached thepopulation size of more than a few thousandinhabitants. The first urban settlement to reacha population of one million was the city ofLondon by around. A.D. 1810 By 1982approximately 175 cities in the world hadcrossed the one million population mark.Presently 54 per cent of the world’s populationlives in urban settlements compared to only 3per cent in the year 1800 (Table 10.1).
Classification of Urban Settlements
The definition of urban areas varies from onecountry to another. Some of the common basisof classification are size of population,occupational structure and administrativesetup.
Population Size
It is an important criteria used by most countriesto define urban areas. The lower limit of thepopulation size for a settlement to be designatedas urban is 1,500 in Colombia, 2,000 inArgentina and Portugal, 2,500 in U.S.A. andThailand, 5,000 in India and 30,000 in Japan.Besides the size of population, density of 400persons per sq km and share of non-agriculturalworkers are taken into consideration in India.Countries with low density of population maychoose a lower number as the cut-off figurecompared to densely populated countries. InDenmark, Sweden and Finland, all places witha population size of 250 persons are calledurban. The minimum population for a city is
Year Percentage
1800 3
1850 6
1900 14
1950 30
1982 37
2001 48
2017 54
Table 10.1: Percentage of World’s Population Livingin Urban Areas
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300 in Iceland, whereas in Canada andVenezuela, it is 1,000 persons.
Occupational Structure
In some countries, such as India, the majoreconomic activities in addition to the size of thepopulation in designating a settlement as urbanare also taken as a criterion. Similarly, in Italy, asettlement is called urban, if more than 50 percent of its economically productive populationis engaged in non-agricultural pursuits. Indiahas set this criterion at 75 per cent.
Administration
The administrative setup is a criterion forclassifying a settlement as urban in somecountries. For example, in India, a settlementof any size is classified as urban, if it has amunicipality, Cantonment Board or NotifiedArea Council. Similarly, in Latin Americancountries, such as Brazil and Bolivia, anyadministrative centre is considered urbanirrespective of its population size.
Location
Location of urban centres is examined withreference to their function. For example, thesitting requirements of a holiday resort are quitedifferent from that of an industrial town, amilitary centre or a seaport. Strategic townsrequire sites offering natural defence; miningtowns require the presence of economicallyvaluable minerals; industrial towns generallyneed local energy supplies or raw materials;tourist centres require attractive scenery, or amarine beach, a spring with medicinal wateror historical relics, ports require a harbour etc.
Locations of the earliest urban settlementswere based on the availability of water, buildingmaterials and fertile land. Today, while theseconsiderations still remain valid, moderntechnology plays a significant role in locatingurban settlements far away from the source ofthese materials. Piped water can be suppliedto a distant settlement, building material canbe transported from long distances.
Apart from site, the situation plays animportant role in the expansion of towns. The
urban centres which are located close to animportant trade route have experienced rapiddevelopment.
Functions of Urban Centres
The earliest towns were centres ofadministration, trade, industry, defence andreligious importance. The significance of defenceand religion as differentiating functions hasdeclined in general, but other functions haveentered the list. Today, several new functions,such as, recreational, residential, transport,mining, manufacturing and most recentlyactivities related to information technology arecarried on in specialised towns. Some of thesefunctions do not necessarily require the urbancentre to have any fundamental relationshipwith their neighbouring rural areas.
What would be the effects of Informationand Communication Technology (ICT) asa function on the development of existingand new settlements?
Prepare a list of cities where earlier functions have been
replaced by newer ones.
In spite of towns performing multiplefunctions we refer to their dominant function.For example, we think of Sheffield as anindustrial city, London as a port city,Chandigarh as an administrative city and soon. Large cities have a rather greater diversityof functions. Besides, all cities are dynamic andover a period of time may develop new functions.Most of the early nineteenth-century fishingports in England have now developed tourism.Many of the old market towns are now knownfor manufacturing activities. Towns and citiesare classified into the following categories.
Administrative Towns
National capitals, which house the administrativeoffices of central governments, such as New Delhi,Canberra, Beijing, Addis Ababa, WashingtonD.C., and London etc. are called administrative
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towns. Provincial (sub-national) towns can alsohave administrative functions, for example,Victoria (British Columbia), Albany (New York),Chennai (Tamil Nadu).
Trading and Commercial Towns
Agricultural market towns, such as, Winnipegand Kansas city; banking and financial centreslike Frankfurt and Amsterdam; large inlandcentres like Manchester and St Louis; andtransport nodes such as, Lahore, Baghdad andAgra have been important trading centres.
Cultural Towns
Places of pilgrimage, such as Jerusalem, Mecca,Jagannath Puri and Varanasi etc. areconsidered cultural towns. These urbancentres are of great religious importance.
Additional functions which the citiesperform are health and recreation (Miami andPanaji), industrial (Pittsburgh andJamshedpur), mining and quarrying (BrokenHill and Dhanbad) and transport (Singaporeand Mughal Sarai).
Urbanisation means the increase in the proportion
population of a country who live in urban areas.
The most important cause of urbanisation is rural-urban
migration. During the late 1990s some 20 to 30 million
people were leaving the countryside every year and
moving into towns and cities.
Developed countries experienced rapid urbanisation
during the nineteenth century.
Developing counties experienced rapid urbanisation
during the second half of the twentieth century.
CLCLCLCLCLASSIFICAASSIFICAASSIFICAASSIFICAASSIFICATION OF TOTION OF TOTION OF TOTION OF TOTION OF TOWNS ON THEWNS ON THEWNS ON THEWNS ON THEWNS ON THE
BBBBBASIS OF FORMSASIS OF FORMSASIS OF FORMSASIS OF FORMSASIS OF FORMS
An urban settlement may be linear, square, staror crescent shaped. In fact, the form of thesettlement, architecture and style of buildingsand other structures are an outcome of itshistorical and cultural traditions.
Towns and cities of developed anddeveloping countries reflect marked differencesin planning and development. While most citiesin developed countries are planned, mosturban settlements of developing countries haveevolved historically with irregular shapes. Forexample, Chandigarh and Canberra areplanned cities, while smaller town in India haveevolved historically from walled cities to largeurban sprawls.
Addis Ababa (The New Flower)
The name of Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, asthe name indicates (Addis-New, Ababa-Flower)is a ‘new’ city which was established in 1878.
The whole city is located on a hill-valleytopography. The road pattern bears the influence
Fig. 10.8: Morphology of Addis Ababa
Fig. 10.9: Skyline of Addis Ababa
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of the local topography. The roads radiate fromthe govt headquarters Piazza, Arat and AmistKilo roundabouts. Mercato has markets whichgrew with time and is supposed to be the largestmarket between Cairo and Johannesburg. Amulti-faculty university, a medical college, anumber of good schools make Addis Ababa aneducational centre. It is also the terminal stationfor the Djibouti-Addis Ababa rail route. Boleairport is a relatively new airport. The city haswitnessed rapid growth because of its multi-functional nature and being a large nodal centrelocated in the centre of Ethiopia.
Canberra
Canberra was planned as the capital ofAustralia in 1912 by American landscapearchitect, Walter Burley Griffin. He hadenvisaged a garden city for about 25,000 peopletaking into account the natural features of thelandscape. There were to be five main centres,
each with separate city functions. During thelast few decades, the city has expanded toaccommodate several satellite towns, whichhave their own centres. The city has wide-openspaces and many parks and gardens.
Types of Urban Settlements
Depending on the size and the services availableand functions rendered, urban centres aredesignated as town, city, million city,conurbation, megalopolis.
Town
The concept of ‘town’ can best be understoodwith reference to ‘village’. Population size is notthe only criterion. Functional contrasts betweentowns and villages may not always be clear-cut, but specific functions such as,manufacturing, retail and wholesale trade, andprofessional services exist in towns.
City
A city may be regarded as a leading town, whichhas outstripped its local or regional rivals. Inthe words of Lewis Mumford, “ the city is in factthe physical form of the highest and mostcomplex type of associative life”. Cities aremuch larger than towns and have a greaternumber of economic functions. They tend tohave transport terminals, major financialinstitutions and regional administrative offices.When the population crosses the one millionmark it is designated as a million city.
Conurbation
The term conurbation was coined by PatrickGeddes in 1915 and applied to a large area ofurban development that resulted from themerging of originally separate towns or cities.Greater London, Manchester, Chicago andTokyo are examples. Can you find out anexample from India?
Million City
The number of million cities in the world hasbeen increasing as never before. London
Fig. 10.10 : Morphology of a planned city – Canberra
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reached the million mark in 1800, followed byParis in 1850, New York in 1860, and by 1950there were around 80 such cities. There were162 million cities in mid 70’s and there wasthreefold increase in 2005 and the numberreached to 438. In 2016, there were 512 citieswith at least 1 million inhabitants globally.By 2030, a projected 662 cities will have at least1 million residents.
Megalopolis
This Greek word meaning “great city”, waspopularised by Jean Gottman (1957) andsignifies ‘super- metropolitan’ region extending,as union of conurbations. The urbanlandscape stretching from Boston in the northto south of Washington in U.S.A. is the bestknown example of a megalopolis.
Distribution of Mega Cities
A mega city or megalopolis is a general termfor cities together with their suburbs with apopulation of more than 10 million people.New York was the first to attain the status ofa mega city by 1950 with a total populationof about 12.5 million. The number of megacities is now 31. The number of mega citieshas increased in the developing countriesduring the last 50 years vis-à-vis thedeveloped countries.
Problems of Human Settlementsin Developing Countries
The settlements in developing countries, sufferfrom various problems, such as unsustainableconcentration of population, congested housingand streets, lack of drinking water facilities.They also lack infrastructure such as,electricity, sewage disposal, health andeducation facilities.
Rural/Urban Problems
Can you identify the problems faced by your city/town/
village in terms of any one of the following?
Availability of potable water.
Electricity supply.
Sewerage system.
Transportation and communication facilities.
Health and educational infrastructure.
Water and air pollution.
Can you think of solutions to these problems?
Source: www.un.org as on 20.07.17
Table 10.2: Mega Cities of the World
Tokyo, Japan
Delhi, India
Shanghai, China
Mumbai (Bombay), India
São Paulo, Brazil
Beijing, China
Ciudad de Mèxico (Mexico City),
Mexico
Kinki M.M.A. (Osaka), Japan
Al-Qahirah (Cairo), Egypt
New York-Newark, USA
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Karachi, Pakistan
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Populationin 2016
(thousands)
City, CountryRank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
38140
26454
24484
21357
21297
21240
21157
20337
19128
18604
18237
17121
15334
Kolkata (Calcutta), India
Istanbul, Turkey
Chongqing, China
Lagos, Nigeria
Manila, Philippines
Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa
Ana, USA
Moskva (Moscow), Russian Federation
Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of
the Congo
Tianjin, China
Paris, France
Shenzhen, China
Jakarta, Indonesia
Bangalore, India
London, United Kingdom
Chennai (Madras), India
Lima, Peru
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
14980
14365
13744
13661
13131
13070
12981
12317
12260
12071
11558
10925
10828
10483
10456
10434
10163
10072
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Problems of Urban Settlements
People flock to cities to avail of employmentopportunities and civic amenities. Since mostcities in developing countries are unplanned,it creates severe congestion. Shortage ofhousing, vertical expansion and growth ofslums are characteristic features of moderncities of developing countries. In many citiesan increasing proportion of the populationlives in substandard housing, e.g. slums andsquatter settlements. In most million pluscities in India, one in four inhabitants lives inillegal settlements, which are growing twice asfast as the rest of the cities. Even in the AsiaPacific countries, around 60 per cent of theurban population lives in squatter settlements.
Fig. 10.11: Slums
Economic Problems
The decreasing employment opportunities inthe rural as well as smaller urban areas of thedeveloping countries consistently push thepopulation to the urban areas. The enormousmigrant population generates a pool of un-skilled and semi-skilled labour force, which isalready saturated in urban areas.
Socio-cultural Problems
Cities in the developing countries suffer fromseveral social ills. Insufficient financial resourcesfail to create adequate social infrastructurecatering to the basic needs of the hugepopulation. The available educational andhealth facilities remain beyond the reach of theurban poor. Health indices also, present agloomy picture in cities of developing countries.Lack of employment and education tends toaggravate the crime rates. Male selectivemigration to the urban areas distorts the sexratio in these cities.
Environmental Problems
The large urban population in developingcountries not only uses but also disposes off ahuge quantity of water and all types of wastematerials. Many cities of the developingcountries even find it extremely difficult toprovide the minimum required quantity ofpotable water and water for domestic andindustrial uses. An improper sewerage systemcreates unhealthy conditions. Massive use oftraditional fuel in the domestic as well as theindustrial sector severely pollutes the air. Thedomestic and industrial wastes are either letinto the general sewerages or dumped withouttreatment at unspecified locations. Hugeconcrete structures erected to accommodate thepopulation and economic play a very conduciverole to create heat islands.
Urban Strategy
The United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) has outlined these
priorities as part of its ‘Urban Strategy’.
What is a Healthy City?
World Health Organisation (WHO) suggests
that, among other things, a ‘healthy city’
must have:
A ’Clean’ and ‘Safe’ environment.
Meets the ‘Basic Needs’ of ‘All’ its
inhabitants.
Involves the ‘Community’ in local
government.
Provides easily accessible ‘Health’ service.
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Increasing ‘Shelter’ for the urban poor.
Provision of basic urban services such as
‘Education’, ‘Primary Health care’, ‘Clean
Water and Sanitation’.
Improving women’s access to ‘Basic
Services’ and government facilities.
Upgrading ‘Energy’ use and alternative
‘Transport’ systems.
Reducing ‘Air Pollution’.
Cities, towns and rural settlements are linkedthrough the movements of goods, resources andpeople. Urban-rural linkages are of crucialimportance for the sustainability of human
EXERCISES
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) Which one of the following forms of settlement develops along either side ofroads, rivers or canals?
(a) circular (c) cross-shaped
(b) linear (d) square
(ii) Which one of the following types of economic activities dominates in all ruralsettlement?
(a) primary (c) secondary
(b) tertiary (d) quaternary
(iii) In which of the following regions has the oldest well-documented urbansettlement found?
(a) Huang He Valley (c) Nile Valley
(b) Indus Valley (d) Mesopotamia
(iv) How many of the following cities in India have attained the million status at thebeginning of 2006?
(a) 40 (c) 41
(b) 42 (d) 43
(v) Sufficiency of which type of resources can help to create adequate socialinfrastructure catering to the needs of the large population in the developingcountries?
(a) financial (c) natural
(b) human (d) social
settlements. As the growth of rural populationhas outpaced the generation of employment andeconomic opportunities, rural-to-urban migrationhas steadily increased, particularly in thedeveloping countries, which has put an enormouspressure on urban infrastructure and servicesthat are already under serious stress. It is urgentto eradicate rural poverty and to improve thequality of living conditions, as well as to createemployment and educational opportunities inrural settlements. Full advantage must be takenof the complementary contributions and linkagesof rural and urban areas by balancing theirdifferent economic, social and environmentalrequirements.
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2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) How would you define a settlement?
(ii) Distinguish between site and situation.
(iii) What are the bases of classifying settlements?
(iv) How would you justify the study of human settlements in humangeography?
3. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.
(i) What are rural and urban settlements? Mention theircharacteristics.
(ii) Discuss the problems associated with urban settlements indeveloping countries.
Project/Activity
(i) Do you live in a city? If not, do you live nearby? Is your lifesomehow linked to a city?
(a) What is its name?(b) When was it first settled?(c) Why was the site chosen?(d) What is its population?(e) What are the functions it performs?(f) On a sketch of the city, try to identify the areas where
these functions are performed.Each student should make a list of five things associated with the selected city;things that cannot be found elsewhere. This is a mini definition of the city as eachstudent sees it. The lists should be shared with the class. How much agreement is
there between the lists?
(ii) Can you think of some ways by which you can singlehandedly help reduce pollution levels of your settlement
Hints :(a) Proper garbage disposal(b) Using public transport(c) Better management of domestic water consumption(d) Planting trees in the neighbourhood
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