AMITY UNIVERSITYHuman Rights

AssignmentSubmitted To: Submitted By:Mrs. Bharti Sharma Adarsh Jain

B.Com.(H) Sem II, Sec A

WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS..? Human rights are moral principles  or norms, that describe certain  standards of human behavior, and are  regularly  protected  as  legal rights in municipal and international law.

They  are  commonly  understood  as inalienable fundamental rights "to which a person is inherently  entitled  simply  because  she  or  he  is  a human  being,  "and  which  are  "inherent  in  all human  beings" regardless  of  their  nation,  location, language, religion, ethnic origin or any other status.

A SHORT HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS The  belief  that  everyone,  by  virtue  of  her  or  his humanity,  is  entitled  to  certain  human  rights  is  fairly new.  Its  roots,  however,  lie  in  earlier  tradition  and documents  of  many  cultures;  it  took  the  catalyst  of World  War  II  to  propel  human  rights  onto  the  global stage and into the global conscience.

Throughout much of history, people acquired rights and responsibilities through their membership in a group – a family,  indigenous nation,  religion, class, community, or state. Most  societies  have  had  traditions  similar  to  the "golden  rule"  of  "Do  unto  others  as  you  would  have them do unto you.

A SHORT HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS(CONT.)

" The Hindu Vedas, the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi, the  Bible,  the  Quran  (Koran),  and  the  Analects  of Confucius are five of the oldest written sources which address  questions  of  people’s  duties,  rights,  and responsibilities.  In addition, the  Inca and Aztec codes of  conduct  and  justice  and  an  Iroquois  Constitution were Native American sources that existed well before the 18th century. In fact, all societies, whether in oral or  written  tradition,  have  had  systems  of  propriety and  justice  as  well  as  ways  of  tending  to  the  health and welfare of their members.

THEORIES OF HUMAN RIGHTSNatural Rights Natural  law  theories  base  human  rights  on  a 

"natural" moral, religious or even biological order that  is  independent  of  transitory  human  laws  or traditions.

Socrates and  his  philosophic heirs, Plato and Aristotle,  posited  the  existence of natural  justice or  natural  right.  Of  these, Aristotle  is  often  said  to  be  the  father  of  natural law, although evidence for this is due largely to the interpretations of his work by Thomas Aquinas.

THEORIES OF HUMAN RIGHTSSocial Contract The English philosopher Thomas

Hobbes suggested the existence of a hypothetical social contract where a group of free individuals agree for the sake of preservation to form institutions to govern them. They give up their natural complete liberty in exchange for protection from the Sovereign.

THEORIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Reciprocity The Golden Rule, or the ethic of

reciprocity states that one must do unto others as one would be treated themselves; the principle being that reciprocal recognition and respect of rights ensures that one's own rights will be protected. This principle can be found in all the world's major religions in only slightly differing forms, and was enshrined in the "Declaration Toward a Global Ethic" by the Parliament of the World's Religions in 1993.

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