Respiration

� involves _________________ (remember aerobic and anaerobic means to

produce adenosine triphosphate—ATP

from glucose!)

� involves __________________ (the actual act of breathing/gas exchange)—

__________________________________

Respiration

RESPIRATION IN HUMANSthe respiratory system is composed of a network

of passageways which permit air to flow from the

external environment to the internal environment 1) nasal cavity:� air enters the body through the

nostrils and winds up in these

passageways

� lined with ________________________

Parts of Respiratory System

� lined with ________________________

which ___________________________

2) pharynx:� where the oral cavity and the nasal

cavity meet

3) trachea:� main airway in the human respiratory

system

� contains rings of a tough tissue (

_________ ), which keeps this

Parts of Respiratory System

_________ ), which keeps this

passageway open

� lined with ________________________

A. larynx:� otherwise known as the ____________

B. epiglottis� _________________________________

_________________________________

4) bronchi:� two major subdivisions that branch off

the trachea

� ringed with ___________

� lined with ciliated mucus membranes

Parts of Respiratory System

� lined with ciliated mucus membranes

� _________________________________

_________________________________

5) bronchioles:� smaller air passages in the lungs

� _________________________________

� lined with ciliated mucus membranes

6) alveoli: � _________________________________

_________________________________

� _________________________________

Parts of Respiratory System

� Lungs

spongy texture � high surface area

� more absorption of O2

� alveoli

Parts of Respiratory System

� alveoli� small air sacs

�moist lining� __________________________________________

� covered by cilia� __________________________________________

capillaries in lungs capillaries in muscle

HOW GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS

blood lungs

CO2

O2

CO2

O2

blood body

CO2

O2

CO2

O2

Moving gases into bloodstream

� Inhale

� _____________

_____________

_____________

� Exhale

� _____________

_____________

_____________

How Breathing Occurs (humans)

� ____________________________________� the lungs are highly elastic and respond to the actions of the diaphragm and rib

cage

A. diaphragm:A. diaphragm:� __________________

__________________B. rib cage:� __________________

__________________ __________________

Negative pressure breathing

� air flows from higher pressure to lower

pressure, rushing into the lungs

alveoli

Breathing and Homeostasis

� Homeostasis

� keeping the internal environment of the

body balanced

� need to balance O2 in and CO2 out

� need to balance energy (ATP) production

ATP

� need to balance energy (ATP) production

� Exercise

� breathe faster

� need more ATP

� bring in more O2 & remove more CO2

� Disease

� poor lung or heart function = breathe faster

� need to work harder to bring in O2 & remove CO2

O2 CO2

1) Bronchitis:� _______________________________

_______________________________2) Asthma:

� various stimuli can cause responses

MALFUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

� various stimuli can cause responses characterized by the _____________ _______________________________

3) Emphysema:� a general deterioration of the lungs � _______________________________

______________________________________________________________

4) Pneumonia:� ____________________________________

________________, preventing the normal

exchange of gases

� can be life threatening!

MALFUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

5) Lung Cancer:� when ______ (abnormal

masses or growth of

cells or tissues) form in

the lungs

Warm, dilute

ocean waters

Warm, dilute

ocean waters

Unicellular vs. Multicellular Review

• All cells in direct contact

with environment

• All cells can easily get

nutrients in & waste out

by diffusion

• Internal cells not in direct

contact with environment

• Internal cells can’t get

nutrients in & waste out

• Need organ systems

Unicellular Multicellular

Keeping an animal alive

� Had to evolve organ systems for:

� getting materials in &

around

� digestive system� digestive system

� respiratory system

� circulatory system

� removing wastes

� respiratory system

� excretory system

� _________________� from digestive system to circulatory system

� _________________

sugar

CO2

nutrients

MOLECULAR MOVEMENT REVIEWAnimal cells move material across the cell

membrane by diffusion!

� _________________� from circulatory system to cells

� _________________� from respiratory system to circulatory system to cells

� _________________� urea from cells to excretory system

� CO2 to circulatory system to respiratory system

O2

sugar nutrients

CO2

urea

O2

Excretion

� ________________________________________________________________________

METABOLIC

ACTIVITY

HUMAN WASTES

PRODUCED

respiration

other metabolic

processes

respiration

dehydration

synthesis

protein

metabolism

� The kind of waste

you make depends

on where you live

� Freshwater

� ammonia

Nitrogen waste

� Land

� urea

� Egg layer

� uric acid

1) lungs:� are responsible for the excretion of

________________________ (waste

products of aerobic cellular respiration

� these are removed as gases during the

What organs do what?

� these are removed as gases during the

process of ______________

2) liver:� site of amino acid breakdown ����

_________________ (contains N)

� also recycles worn out red blood cells

3) skin (sweat glands):� _____ (98%), _____ and a small amount

of _____ diffuse from the blood into the

sweat glands—excreted by sweating!

� __________________________________

__________________________________

4) kidneys:� __________________________________

� __________________________________

____________________

kidneynephronsnephrons

� filtered out (all that is small)

� ________

� ________

� ________

� ________

The Nephron = The Kidney’s Filter

nephron

� ________

� ________

� not filtered out

� ________

� ________

� reabsorbed

� _______________________

↓↓↓↓

to

bladder

1) kidneys:� site of urine formation

2) ureter:� urine flows from collecting tubes in

kidney down the ureter to the kidney

Pathway of Urine

kidney down the ureter to the kidney

3) urinary bladder:� urine is temporarily stored in this

muscular sac

4) urethra:� tube where urine leaves the body

1) bones:� 206 in the human body

� arranged in an internal skeleton—an

___________________

� __________________________________

Parts of the Human Locomotive System

� __________________________________

__________________________________

� _______________ sites for muscles

� produces __________________________

Human

endoskeleton

ball & socket

206 bones

hinge

pivot

2) cartilage:� a flexible connective tissue

� __________________________________

� ___________________

Parts of the Human Locomotive System

3) muscles:� have the ability to ___________________

by sliding fibers over one another

Parts of the Human Locomotive System

evolved first

A. skeletal muscle:� is striped in appearance

� __________________________________

� __________________________________

Parts of the Human Locomotive System

A. skeletal muscle:� is striped in appearance

� moves the bones of the skeletal system

� controlled by motor neurons

Parts of the Human Locomotive System

� _____________ bring bones together

_____________ moves bones away � _____________ moves bones away

Muscle limits� Muscle fatigue

� lack of sugar� lack of ATP

� low O2

� lactic acid lowers pH which interferes with protein function

nerve fatigue� nerve fatigue� loss of chemical transmitter

� Muscle cramps� build up of lactic acid

� lack of energy (ATP)

� ion imbalance� massage or stretching increases circulation

� ALS

� amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

� Lou Gehrig’s disease

�motor neurons degenerate

Diseases of Muscle Tissue

� Myasthenia gravis

� auto-immune

� antibodies to

nerve transmitter

chemical

Stephen Hawking

� Bacteria Clostridium botulinum toxin

� blocks release of nerve transmitter

� but botulism can be fatal! muscle

Botox’s Effect on Muscles

B. smooth (visceral) muscle:� not striped

� ___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

C.

Parts of the Human Locomotive System

C. cardiac muscle:� has stripes

� controls the ______________ heartbeat—

___________________________________

4) tendons:� connective tissue connecting _________

___________________

� when they become inflammed it is called

_______________

5)

Parts of the Human Locomotive System

5) ligaments:� tough elastic connective tissue that

connects ______________ at movable

joints

� when joints become inflammed, it is

called ___________