Human reproductive cloning
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Transcript of Human reproductive cloning
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Human reproductive cloning
By Aiste LazauskaiteFaculdade de Direito da UNL, 2013
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Content
• Definition• History• Controversy: pros and cons• Ethical perspective• Religious perspective• Law perspective• Human reproductive cloning in Popular Culture• Conclusions
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Definition
Human cloning
Therapeutic cloning Reproductive cloning
(Theoretical possibility – replacement cloning)
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• Human reproductive cloning is an assistedreproductive technology carried out with thegoal of creating a complete human being.
• Artificial process, does not refer to monozygotic multiple births
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FIGURE 1: Human Reproductive Cloning
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History. Animals
• Cloning of animals as a start point
• Early 1950’s - tadpoles were the first animals cloned in a lab
• 1996 - First successful mammal cloned, sheep Dolly
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History. Humans
• Human cloning prospects – since 1960’s
• The first human cloned embryos – 2001 by Advanced Cell Technology produced 6-cell embryos
• In 2002 - first alleged human clone Eve
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Controversy
• Line between ethical boundaries and scientific progress
• Moral dilemma vs. potential benefits of human cloning.
• General tendency in public- almost universally opposed. Overwhelming majorities reject it in opinion surveys.
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Arguments FOR Reproductive Cloning:
• Help for infertile couples to have genetically related child
• Allow homosexuals to have children without using donor’s sperm or egg
• Allow parents of a child who has died to seek redress for their loss
• Benefit for endangered species
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Arguments Against Reproductive Cloning:
• Reproductive cloning involves threat to safety of both mother and child
• Diminish the sense of uniqueness of an individuality
• Division among people• People might be cloned unwillingly • Threat that other dangerous applications of
genetic engineering technology will become allowed
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Further implications on socio-ethical nature
• Transformations on family structure and relation
• New type of human being
• Infringement to self – determination
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Religious perspective
• Opposition from religious heads – puts forth man as creator
• Condemned by Roman Catholic church under papacy of of Benedict XVI
• Sunni muslims consider cloning as frobiden by Islam
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Law perspective
• 30 countries (inc. France, Germany, Russia) completely banned human cloning.
• 15 countries (inc. Japan, the United Kingdom, Israel) have banned human reproductive cloning, but permit therapeutic cloning.
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United States• No federal laws which ban cloning completely• March 2010 - a bill (HR 4808) was introduced
with a section banning federal funding for human cloning
• 13 American states ban reproductive cloning and 3 states prohibit use of public funds for such activities.
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United Kingdom• Clear prohibition on reproductive human
cloning (Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001) but works to keep laws current with and relevant to technological advances.
United Nations• March 2005 - non-binding United Nations
Declaration on Human Cloning calling for the ban of all forms of Human Cloning was adopted
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European Union• Supports funding embryonic stem cell
research (where permitted) but has banned the funding of human cloning
• The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union explicitly prohibits reproductive human cloning
• No legal ban on therapeutic cloning• The European Convention on Human Rights
and Biomedicine prohibits human cloning in one of its additional protocols, 29 ratifiers.
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Human reproductive cloning in Popular Culture
• Human clone is rather popular theme in contemporary science fiction
• Used in fiction as a way of recreating historical figures, replacement of deceased lovers, as a supply of organs for transplantation
• Mainly depicted negatively or as a crazy idea
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Conclusions
• Issue of human reproductive cloning as a likely probability
• Understood as both scientific challenge and moral concern
• Unknowns at this time makes human reproductive cloning to be considered potentially dangerous and ethically irresponsible
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Discussion
• Cloning technology in saving person’s life. Does it go too far?
• Politicians around the world have begun to ban human cloning experiments. Is it fair for politicians to decide what scientists can and cannot do?
• Why would anyone want a cloned baby? • What Might Be the Consequences of
Uninhibited Human Cloning?