HUMAN RELATIONS

UNDERSTANDING SELFSelf concept is the concept of beliefs and feelings that one holds about oneself at a given time, formed from perceptions particularly of others reactions and behaviour.Self concept consist of the physical self or body image, the personal self or personal identity and the self esteem.Self esteem refers to the degree of regard or respect that individuals have for them and is a measure of worth that they place on their abilities and judgement. It is influenced by the perceptions of how one is viewed by significant others.

Factors affecting self concept Early bonding experiences.Physical, cognitive interpersonal development and maturation.Personality characteristics.Culture.Environment.Socio-economic status.Physical attributes and capabilities.Interpersonal and personal roles.Motives.

Social BehaviorBehavior is looked upon as an activity which arises when there is a state of tension in the organism. Activity reduces tension. The socio genic needs when fulfilled leads to social behavior. Human beings belongs to a group and strive to acquire a position or status and their day to day activities of work, rest, recreation, etc. are affected by social setting.Motives that prompt the individual to interact with others in the society are social motives.e.g(playing different roles and exhibiting different types of behavior- affection,dominance, submission, anger, etc.

Motivation According to Darwin the primary motives of any living organism is to live and exist. Motivation is that stage in the thinking process which gets sufficient intensity to direct the body to do a particular thing to satisfy the perceived want. Motivation is associated with a social and psychological component.

Definition Motivation is defined as a combination of forces which initiate, direct and sustain behavior towards a goal. (Lindsay)Motivation as the stimulation of action towards a particular objective.The psychosocial needs arise from the person because he is an organism in a social setting.

Types of needs :Security : feeling of being safe and protected.Anxiety: feeling of concern about anticipated event which seem to involve some danger.Frustration: a feeling for not achieving a goal.Independence: a need for an achievement of self sufficiencyActualization : the fulfillment of ones personality potentialAssertion ; arises from basic need to display ones personality to self and others.

Achievement : the need to attain some worth while good.Recognition : the acknowledgement by other of ones achievement in some activity.Participation : sharing in the experiences and the activities of others.Interest : a conscious awareness or a pull toward something.Religious need : ones inner requirement for God.

Motivation processUnsatisfied need Reduction of tension

Tension Need satisfied

Search behavior Goal achievement

Motives are influenced by :Incentives positive, negativeCompetitionCo-operationRivalry and jealousy

Social motivationA motive is a force that determines the activity of an individual.Psychologists have grouped motives in two main categories ;Innate or primary or unlearnedAcquired or secondary or learned motivesOther classifications are :Physiological drivesSocial motivesPersonal motives

Social motivesGregariousness ;It is a universal human tendency which is shown in our desire to be associated with others, to be in others company and to do , think and feel as others do. This motives makes is to participate in group activities and form clubs, associations and societies etc.2. Mastery motive :This is called self- assertion, and can be expressed in many ways. We like to have control and power over people and situations, sense of achievement, a sense of

Mastery which gives us importance. The rebelliousness of adolescents, their strong desire to be heard, to be dominate or to be influential or even excel over others.3. Acquisitiveness or possession :This motive shows itself is the tendency to collect, acquire and possess, use like to possess objects which win for us recognition and respect, objects which have social value such as wealth, our possessions give us sense of importance power and achievement.

4. Maternal or protective motive:Which makes us to care for help and protect these who are helplessness and in difficulty.5. Creative motive :Expresses itself in our desire to create or construct something.6. Urge for security :We want to feel secure economically and emotionally. An individual needs to feel secure in the affection of another or believe that he is in favour with his parents, teachers, friends.

He has a desire to belong to belong to somebody. Feeling of insecurity leads to emotional disturbances and maladjustments.

Social AttitudeAn attitude is a predisposition to respond in a persistent and characteristic manner in reference to some situation, idea, value, material, object or class of objects or person or group of persons.Attitude refers to certain regularities of an individuals feelings, thoughts and predispositions to act toward and some aspect of his environment.

Attitudes can be positive or negative. They are acquired by us either through our effort or are absorbed by us passively and spontaneously from the social environment into which we are born and in which we grow.

Significance of attitudes in social lifeThey determine the structure of the societyIt is the basis for representative democracyAttitudes mould social relationsPractical utility of attitudes

Classification of AttitudesAttitudes implying some feeling of inferiority in the subject :Dissociative : dread, fear, terror, rashfulnessAssociative : gratitude, hero worshipRestrictive : Awe, devotion, modesty, worship.2. Attitude implying some sense of superiority :Dissociative : disgust, arrogance, intolerance.Associative : pity, protectivenessRestrictive : price, tolerance, forbearance.

3. Attitude implying neither sense of inferiority nor superiority in the subject :Dissociative : Hate, Dislike, Aversion, Suspicion, Distrust.Associative : Sympathy, Affection, Trust, Love, Friendliness, Kindness, Helpfulness.Restrictive : Rivalry, Jealousy, Competitiveness.

The individual in group Individual rolesThe ultimate behavior of each individual depends on the influence originating within the individuals and governing from outside.Every individual may have his own ideas and feelings about others and others will have certain feeling about him.Each individual has to think of their own needs and aspirations.

For a group to be harmonious every member should be fully identified with all the others and be equal in all respects.Equal participation of group members.The role of members in a group is to work for augmentation and productivity, under the task roles.The roles played by an individual in a negative fashion in a group are called individual roles or biological roles.

The individuals roles are :Aggressor : When an individual in the groups assume self- importance, gets emotional and hurts the feeling of others.Blocker : In this role the individual is resistant and stubborn. He disagrees and opposes every point and does not allow a decision to take place easily thus blocks the group from achieving the task.

Dominator : Some individual become authoritative and consider themselves superior in status and more knowledgeable. In decision making they try to press their own points and expect the group to accept their opinion.Attention seeker : Here an individual tries to seek the attention of the group on himself. He suffers from inferiority complex, insecurity and frustration.

Self confessor : The person is very apologetic and want to put across his ideas in a very meek and mild manner due to his lack of confidence.Special pleader : some problems may bring their own personal needs and try to make them a group need or he may try to place before the audience the view point of some others who are not with in the group.

Help seeker : The individual attempts to invite the sympathy of the group for himself and not for any other reference. He is not helpful to the group because of the selfishness and immaturity.Play Boy: This term is used to describe a role in which an individual shows a gross lack of involvement of group process but tries to attract attention by unnecessary noise, whistling, joking, and block the group.

Groups A social group is an aggregate of people, playing interrelated roles and recognized by themselves or others as a unit of interaction. (Williams)

Two or more people who interact personally or through communication networks, with each other and who come together to achieve particular goals in view.

Types of groupsFormal groups: It deliberately created with structural associations and are formed to accomplish specific goals and carry out specific tasks which are clearly related to the total organizational mission.(eg) Employer working in an organizationInformal groups : The informal groups consist of groups of people in an organization, who relate to each other spontaneously for purposes of mutual benefit and achievements.(eg)friends

Group characteristicsSense of unityFeeling of onenessCommon interestReciprocal relationshipsSimilarity in behaviorGroup regulations(rules)identity

Qualities of groupGroup consciousSense of shared purposeA spirit of inter-dependence and helpfulness and selflessness are essential.Frankness and sincerity of opinion and purposeSense of freedom among the members to discuss mattersShould be a constant readiness to unite.

Group rolesGroup building roles : They help to form the group and give viability and proper direction for functioning.Group maintenance roles : They help to maintain cohesion and feeling of oneness, energy, speed and productivity.Group task roles : They keep the group to move towards the goal.

Human Relation In Context Of NursingA nurse need to have the knowledge about the human behavior, communication in order to maintain good human relations in her work atmosphere. Family

Client Nurse Community

Team Member

A WHO expert committee defined nursing as the conscious practice of human relationships. This definition itself signifies the importance of human relations in the nursing practice.All nursing actions are based on human interactions. Different roles assumed by a nurse like :CaregiverPatient advocate etc, are derived from human relations in the context of nursing.

The advent ofhigh-tech, high-touch approach in nursing practice to preserve the human element in nursing with out undermining the technological advancement in patient care underlines the importance of human relation in nursing.

The relationship like nurse-patient, nurse-family, nurse-community, and nurse- health team member relationship are based on human relations.

Nursing is regarded as the most caring one among health care professions. This caring image is mainly due to the high proportion of human element involved in the practice of nursing. To a great extent this human element is manifested in the form of human relations.

Individual and GroupsBrown argues that every human being living in society is of two things :He is an individualA personHuman being as individuals are subjects of psychologistsHuman being as a person is a complex of social relationships.

According to CN Shankar Rao, character of social relationship underlie different forms of groups, such as :Primary and secondary groupsIn groups and out groupsOrganized groups and unorganized groupsFormal and informal groups or organizations.Society is made up of groups. Daily life is possible only through participating in group activities.

Various factors such as psychological , biological, kinship bond, geographic factor, cultural, economic, religious, political factor which motivate human beings to lead a social life are known as social bonds.Individuals are motivated to lead a group life because of :Survival becomes difficult without groupsOnly a human environment makes a man.Group activity is essential for socialization.Group contribute the development of personality.

Groups and IndividualsIt is evident that individuals become individuals only in groups. Group can influence the individual in many ways. Individual may change his opinion, attitude, etc, due to the influence of group. In health care, influence of the group in the behavior of individual is utilized to bring about desired behavioral change in individual.

Group Dynamics Group dynamics deals with the interactions and forces between group member in a social institution. Group dynamics is the study of group behavior to understand whether how and why the group behaves as a whole and what it is capable of achieving. Group dynamics is the field of study or the branches of social sciences concerned with scientific methods to determine why groups behave the way they do is group dynamics.

Importance In Nursing Group DynamicsImmediate importance to the health educator, interested in helping groups to get together, discuss, take decisions and implement their programmes to solve the problems.When it systematically train up groups over a long period of time, it is quite possible to guide groups by a few sessions to get together for problem solving and united action.ss

The effectiveness of group dynamics is influenced by the factors, such as :

Goals or purpose of the groupCommitment of the group membersDecision making abilities of group membersLeadership style of the group leaderCommunication among members, and Group cohesiveness.

Team workA team work is a group of individuals who functions as a unit for attaining a common goal. In an organization a team is a group of workers that functions as a unit, often with little or no supervision for carry out organizational functions.According to Braggs opinion, members of the effective teams usually,Share leadership responsibilitiesCooperate each otherShare ideas freelyListen affectively and accept the concern of others

Seek creative solutions when view points differForego personal recognition for the sake of team, andRecognize and support the contributions of other members

Phases of Team DevelopmentFormingStormingNormingPerforming, and Adjourning

In the forming phase , leaders provides structure, clarifies goal, and refocuses as necessary.

In storming phase differences among group members may arise and often begin to challenge the leader. At this point it is important for the team leader to allow differences to focus on the problem and not the person.

As the group progresses to the norming phase members solve the differences and start working. This time leader needs to clarify roles and responsibilities once again.The performance phase is the most productive. Group members trust each other and work together to achieve the common goal.In the adjourning phase leader should summarize what the team has accomplished, acknowledge the team effort, and celebrate the teams success.