Human

Regulatory System

Consist of:1. Neural System2. Endocrine System3. Sensoric Organ

Neural System

Neural

System

Cell

Neuron/Nerve Cell

(± 100 billion)

Neuroglia/Glial Cell

Nerve cell body

Dendrites

Axon transmit nerve messages

in direct contact with neurons and often surround them

•Contains: nucleus, mitochondria, other

organelles typical of eukaryotic cells•Grey colour

receive information from another cell and transmit the message to the cell body

conducts messages away from the cell body.

Nerve Cells and Astrocyte (SEM x2,250)

Neural System

Cross section of myelin sheaths that surround axons

3 kinds of neuron based their function

•have a long dendrite and short axon •carry messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system

•have a long axon and short dendrites•transmit messages from the central nervous system to the muscles (or to glands)

•found only in the central nervous system •they connect neuron to neuron

Neural System

3 kinds of neuron based their structure

Neural System

NeuralSystemOrganization

Saraf pusat(central n.s)

CNS

Saraf tepi(peripheral n.s)

PNS

Otak(brain)

Sumsum tulang belakang (spinal cord/medula spinalis)

Otak besar/serebrumOtak tengah/mesencephalonOtak depan/prosencephalonOtak belakang/rhombencephalonOtak kecil/serebellumSumsum lanjutan/medula oblongata

Somatic sensory

Saraf otonom(unvoluntary)

12 pasang saraf otak (saraf kranial)

31 pasang saraf sumsum tulang belakang (saraf spinal)

Saraf simpatetik

Saraf parasimpatetik

Sara

fta

k sa

dar

Sara

f sad

ar

Three basic functions are performed by nervous systems:

1. Receive sensory input from internal and external environmentsSensory input can be in many forms, including pressure, taste, sound, light, blood pH, or hormone levels, that are converted to a signal and sent to the brain or spinal cord

2. Integrate the input and outputThe response, a motor output, is a signal transmitted to organs than canconvert the signal into some form of action, such as movement, changes in heart rate, release of hormones, etc

3. Respond to stimuli

Central Neural System

Impulse is stimuli that receive by receptor and than bring by neuron. Commonly in electrical charge form

There are two mechanism of impulse conducting:

1. By neuron

2. By synapses

Central Neural System

Caused by: unequal distribution of ions and electrical charges between the two sides of the membrane. The outside of the membrane has a positive charge (Sodium/Na), inside has a negative charge (potassium/K). Changed polarity of the membrane, the action potential, results in propagation of the nerve impulse along the membrane

Steps in an Action Potential1. At rest the outside of the membrane is more positive than the inside. 2. Sodium moves inside the cell causing an action potential, the influx

of positive sodium ions makes the inside of the membrane more positive than the outside. 3. Potassium ions flow out of the cell, restoring the resting potential net

charges. 4. Sodium ions are pumped out of the cell and potassium ions are

pumped into the cell, restoring the original distribution of ions.

1. By neuron

Central Neural System

2. By synapsesSynapses? The junction between a nerve cell and another cell

Central Neural System

How is the process?

Impulse arrives at synapses vesicle move to the end of pra synapses membrane vesicle discharge neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) Acetylcholine diffuse trough the synapse cleft bind to the receptor of post synapses membrane cause impulse on next axon.

Acetylcholine degrade by Acetylcholineterase that produced by post synapses membrane

Central Neural System

Ordinary movement

stimuli receptor sensory nerve CNS (brain) motor nerve effector (muscle) response

Reflex movement

stimuli receptor sensory nerve spinal cord (connector) motor nerve effector (muscle) response

Central Neural System

(Brain)Brain save in skull bone, covered by meninges membrane. Meninges composed by 3 layers:1. duramater: outer, stick in bone2. arachnoid: between dura and pia

Subarachnoid: between rachnoid and pia consist of ventricle that contain cerebrospinal liquid

cerebrospinal feeding brain save brain from quake

3. piamater: inner

The functions of brain are:1. Menerima rangsang sensori dari dalam dan luar tubuh2. Memproses and mengkoorsinasikan respon rangsang

3. Mempertahankan gerak tak sadar4. Mengontrol aktivitas yang kita sadari

5. Fungsi mental yang lebih tinggi

Central Neural System

Brain

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

cerebrum

Lobus oksipitalis

Lobus parietalis

Lobus temporalis

Lobus frontalis

Kolikuli superior

Kolikuli inferior

cerebellum

Medula oblongata

Hipotalamus

Pons varolii

Central Neural System

Cerebrum cover by two layer. Those are:

Korteks: outer, grey grisea layercontain nerve cell, neuron ajustorcenter of most activities control

Medula: inner, white alba layercontain nerve fiber

Central Neural System

Central Neural System

Central Neural System

Central Neural System

Neural System

Sumsum tulang belakang

ganglion

Ruas-ruas tulang belakang

Badan sel saraf motorik

Badan sel saraf sensorik

Sumsum tulang belakang

ganglion

Ruas-ruas tulang belakang

Badan sel saraf motorik

Badan sel saraf sensorik

Spinal cord/medula spinalis

Central Neural System

Outer white matter, made up of bundles of inter neuronal axons (tracts).

1. dorsalis sensoric/ascending tract (carrying messages to the brain)

2. ventralis motoric/descending tract (carrying messages from the brain) 3.Spinal nerve (sensoric and motoric)

Inner gray matter (H formation/butterfly wings), consists mostly of cell bodies, synapses, connector cell without myelin, and dendrites. Central tract consist of cerebrospinal

The spinal cord is also involved in reflexes that do not immediately involve the brain.

Spinal cord/medula spinalis:

Central Neural System

Peripheral Neural System

Based on their impulse pathways:• sensory (afferent) pathways that provide input from the body

into the CNS. • motor (efferent) pathways that carry signals to muscles and

glands (effectors).

Based on their activities manner:• Somatic PNS:

Cranial n.s composed by brain nerve fiber (12 pairs)Spinal n.s composed by spinal cord nerve system (31 pairs)

• Otonom PNS:sympathetic increase organ activitiesparasympathetic: decrease organ activities

Peripheral Neural System

Peripheral Neural System

Neural System DisordersSome neurotransmitters are excitory, such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. Some are associated with relaxation, such as dopamine and serotonin.

Dopamine release seems related to sensations of pleasure. Endorphins are natural opioids that produce elation and reduction of pain, as do artificial chemicals such as opium and heroin.

Neurological diseases, for example Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, are due to imbalances of neurotransmitters. Parkinson's is due to a dopamine deficiency. Huntington's disease is thought to be cause by malfunctioning of an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Alzheimer's disease is associated with protein plaques in the brain.

Drugs are stimulants or depressants that block or enhance certain neurotransmitters.

Marijuana, material from the Indian hemp plant (Cannabis sativa), has a potent chemical THC (tetrahydracannibinol) that in low, concentrations causes a euphoric high (if inhaled, the most common form of action is smoke inhalation). High dosages may cause severe effects such as hallucinations, anxiety, depression, and psychotic symptoms.

Neural System Disorders

Cocaine is derives from the plant Erthoxylon coca. Inhaled, smoked or injected. Cocaine users report a "rush" of euphoria following use. Following the rush is a short (5-30 minute) period of arousal followed by a depression. Repeated cycle of use terminate in a "crash" when the cocaine is gone. Prolonged used causes production of less dopamine, causing the user to need more of the drug.

Neural System Disorders

Heroin is a derivative of morphine, which in turn is obtained from opium, the milky secretions obtained from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Heroin is usually injected intravenously, although snorting and smoking serve as alternative delivery methods. Heroin binds to ophioid receptors in the brain, where the natural chemical endorphins are involved in the cessation pain. Heroin is physically addictive, and prolonged use causes less endorphin production. Once this happens, the euphoria is no longer felt, only dependence and delay of withdrawal symptoms.

Neural System Disorders