Human InformationProcessing Li Liu Human Computer Interaction How much information can she receive?...
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Human InformationProcessing
Li Liu
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Human Computer Interaction
How much information canshe receive?
”Human InformationProcessing”
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Case 1
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Personal Area Network
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Principle
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Speech – Control Technology
Name Dialing
Hand Free
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Speech Recognizer
SpeechRecognizer
”repeat”
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Speech Signal Waveform
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Effect of Background Noises
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Performance
Speech-to-Noise Ratio (dB)
Word
s C
orr
ect
Rate
(%
)
-30 0
100
0
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Lip Tracker
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Performance of Speech Recognition
Speech-to-Noise Ratio (dB)
Word
s C
orr
ect
Rate
(%
)
-30 0
100
0
Auditorycues only
Auditory andvisual cues
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How to Design A Headset?
Tip ?
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Mobile Phones
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Braille Code for English
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Tactile Display
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Problem: Usable?
Efficiency?
Reliability?
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Braille Code for English
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How Many Letters Can be Represented?
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Combination
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Tactile Pins
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Braille Code for English
W=2.4093The average number of active tactile pins.
Wopt=1.2118Letters in written English
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New Code
W=1.2316
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Information
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If all eight horses are equally good, then the chance for a horse to win the race is 1/8!
Information Theory
What is the probability?
The probability for a horse to win is
Pi=1/8
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Information Theory
If a horse wins the game, how much information is it given?
How to measure information?
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Measure of information
• A source A={a1,a2…aN} the probability of each event P={P1,P2…PN}
• More information if Pi is low, less information is Pi is high
• I(ai)=log(1/Pi) is called self information1/81/41/2 1/1
6
1/81/81/8 1/8
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Entropy
Taking the mean value over all symbols with the alphabet
i 2 iH(x) P log P (bits / symbol) 1/81/41/2 1/1
6
1/81/81/8 1/8
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Communication Theory I
If R < H error-free representation impossible!
H
source
R
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Coding
1/81/81/8 1/8
000 001 010 111
1/81/41/2 1/16
0 10 110 1110111100111101111110111111
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How much information does a picture contain?
255
254
0
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How much information does a picture contain?
Suppose the size of a picture is 256 x256,And each pixel is represented by 8 bits, thenTotal bits to represent such a picture is
8x256x256= 524288 bits/picture
How many pictures can be represented by a half Mbits?0100110101000011101110101010..............
Total number of pictures
2524288 = 10158000
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How many pictures have human beings been perceived
Up to now, the number of all pictures which have been perceived by human beings is only1019.
Assume that 30 frames of pictures per second are perceived by human eyes. If the averagelife-span is 70 years and 8 hours per day are spent on sleep, then about 108 frames arereceived by one person in all his/her life. Furthermore, if the total number of human beings who lived in the earth is 1011, then, thetotal number of all pictures which have been perceived by human beings is only1019. 1019 <<< 10158000
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Entropy of an image
H=6.9
45 001123 00010208 00011
intensity
probability
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Entropy of human face images
A face image = 50 bytes (400 bits) !
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Communication
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Brain Wave
C
channelsource
H
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Communication Channel
Abstract Channel Model
Ex. Noiseless Binary Channel
0
1 1
0Channel Capacity
C= 1 bit
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Communication Channel
Abstract Channel Model
Ex. Noisy Binary Channel
Channel Capacity
C= 1 + p log2 p + (1-p) log2 (1-p) bits
1 1
0 0
p
p1-p
1-p
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Communication & Design
transmittertransmitter
receiverreceiver
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Different Decoders
”When a group of people look at an object, none of them sees exactly the same thing as anyone else. Even if they receive approximately the same image on their retina and interpret the image in basicallythe same way, this image is always revised by theobserver’s personality and situation.” Rune Monö
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Real-World Channel Model
Ex. Band-limited Gaussian Channel
Z(t) Gaussian noise
X(t) Y(t)
C = Wlog2(1+P/N) bits/s
W: channel bandwidthP/N: signal to noise ratio
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Telephone signals are band-limited to 3300Hz and have a SNR of 20 dB (P/N=100),
C=3,300 log (1+100)= 22,000 bits/s
Practical modems achieve transmission rates up to 19,200 bits/s
Real-World Channel Model
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Communication Theory II
If H <= C lossless transmission possible
If H > C lossless transmission impossible!
C
Channel
RH
Source
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Brain Wave
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Information Rate
sensation perception cognitiondata information knowledge
CognitiveBandwidth
PerceptualBandwidth
SensoryBandwidth
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Information Rates
Sense Information StreamBits/s
Vision 10.000.000
Hearing 100.000
Touch 10.000
Smell 1.000
Taste 1.000
Sense Bandwidth of consciousness bits/s
vision 40
hearing 30
touch 5
Taste and smell 1
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Channel=”Bandpass Filter”
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Effect of degrading the speech signal by spectral filtering
The original speech signal contains significant energy up to 7 kHz
a) signal bandpass filtered (0.25 - 0.75 kHz)
b) signal bandpass filtered (1.0 – 3.0 kHz)
c) original signal
Effect of Bandpass
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Bandpass System
Most long-haul transmission systems have a bandpassFrequency response
The transfer function can be written as
)(11)(
ffo
fofjQ
fH
where the resonant frequency fo and quality factor Q are
LCof
21 L
CRQ
ou l
fQB f f
The 3dB bandwidth between the lower and upper cutoff
frequencies is
=
R
L C
fl fo fu
f
1.00.707
B
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Bandpass System
Since practical tuned circuits usually have 10 < Q <100,the fractional bandwidth B/fc should be kept within the range
c
B0.01 0.1
f
As a rough rue of thumb, the carrier frequencies and corresponding nominal bandwidth can be
cB 0.02f
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Bandpass System
Frequency band Carrier frequency
Bandwidth
Longwave radio 100 kHz 2 kHz
Shortwave radio 5 MHz 100 kHz
VHF 100 MHz 2 MHz
Microwave 5 GHz 100 MHz
Millimeterwave 1 00 GHz 2 GHz
Optical 5x1014 Hz 1013 Hz
Selected carrier frequencies and nominal bandwidth