Human Immunodeficiency Virus

VIRUSES

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HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)• HIV = (virus)/AIDS = (Disease)

• Kills/damages immune system

• Progressively destroys body’s ability to fight infections & certain cancers

• Increases risk for opportunistic infections

ETIOLOGY

• Origins and History

• AIDS was first recognized in 1981

• 1981, clusters of cases of Kaposi's sarcoma were reported in young patients in San Francisco and New York

• 1983: Discovery of virus causing loss of immune function.

• 1986: Scientists started to identify the virus with "HIV" abbreviation.

ETIOLOGY• Origins and History

• HIV is thought to have crossed the species barrier into humans in central Africa in the 1930s

• Scientists identified a type of chimpanzee in West Africa as the source of HIV infection in humans. They believe that the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus (called simian immunodeficiency virus or SIV) most likely was transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood

• Over decades, the virus slowly spread across Africa and later into other parts of the world

REPLICATION OF HIV VIRUS

• What is HIV?

A:

• What is the function of the Gp120 spikes?

A: Gp120 attach to CD4 on Helper T cells, M, dendritic cells.

• What is the function of RT?

A: Enzyme that reads the sequence of viral RNA that have entered the host and transcribes the sequence into a complementary DNA sequence

• How does HIV evade the Immune System?

A: HIV evades IS via latency, vacuoles, antigenic change

HIV INFECTION – AIDS IS FINAL STAGE OF HIV INFECTION

Retrovirus with ssRNA, Reverse Transcriptase (RT), and evelope with gp120 spikes

PATHOGENESIS: HIV CELLULAR TARGETS

Th cells

APCs

brain cell

intestinal epithelium

OVERVIEW OF HIV INFECTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY• How many people get infected with HIV every year in the United States?

• About 50,000 people get infected with HIV each year. In 2010, there were around 47,500 new HIV infections in the United States.

• How many people are living with HIV in the United States?

• About 1.1 million people in the United States were living with HIV at the end of 2010, the most recent year this information was available. Of those people, about 16% do not know they are infected.

• HIV around the world

• HIV disease continues to be a serious health issue for parts of the world. Worldwide, there were about 2.5 million new cases of HIV in 2011. About 34 million people are living with HIV around the world

DIAGNOSES OF HIV INFECTION, BY AGE

Diagnoses of HIV Infection, by AgeIn 2010, the estimated number of diagnoses of HIV infection in the 46 states with confidential name-based HIV infection reporting, by age at diagnosis, was as follows:• In 2010, the estimated number of diagnoses of HIV infection in the 46 states with

confidential name-based HIV infection reporting, by age at diagnosis, was as follows:

DIAGNOSES OF HIV INFECTION, BY RACE/ETHNICITY

• In 2010, the estimated number of diagnoses of HIV infection in the 46 states with confidential name-based HIV infection reporting, by race or ethnicity, was as follows:

AIDS DIAGNOSES, BY AGE

• In 2010, the estimated number of AIDS diagnoses in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, by distribution of ages at time of diagnosis, was as follows:

AIDS DIAGNOSES, BY RACE/ETHNICITY

• In 2010, the estimated number of AIDS diagnoses in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, by race or ethnicity was as follows:

AIDS DIAGNOSES, BY TOP 10 STATES/DEPENDENT AREAS

• These are the 10 states or dependent areas reporting the highest number of AIDS diagnoses in 2010: