Human height 1

Human heightHuman height is the distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a human body, standing erect. It isusually measured in centimetres when using the metric system, and feet and inches when using the imperial system.Human height has varied from under 60 centimetres (2 ft 0 in) to over 260 centimetres (8 ft 6 in). On average, malesare taller than females.When populations share genetic background and environmental factors, average height is frequently characteristicwithin the group. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from average) within such a population issometimes due to gigantism or dwarfism, which are medical conditions caused by specific genes or endocrineabnormalities.[1]

In regions of poverty or warfare, environmental factors like chronic malnutrition during childhood or adolescencemay account for delayed growth and/or marked reductions in adult stature even without the presence of any of thesemedical conditions.

Determinants of growth and height

Median (50th percentile) growth curves for male and female 0–20 years.

The study of height is known as auxology.Growth has long been recognized as ameasure of the health of individuals, hencepart of the reasoning for the use of growthcharts. For individuals, as indicators ofhealth problems, growth trends are trackedfor significant deviations and growth is alsomonitored for significant deficiency fromgenetic expectations. Genetics is a majorfactor in determining the height ofindividuals, though it is far less influential inregard to differences among populations.Average height is relevant to themeasurement of the health and wellness(standard of living and quality of life) of populations. Attributed as a significant reason for the trend of increasingheight in parts of Europe are the egalitarian populations where proper medical care and adequate nutrition arerelatively equally distributed. Changes in diet (nutrition) and a general rise in quality of health care and standard ofliving are the cited factors in the Asian populations. Average height in the United States has remained essentiallystagnant since the 1950s even as the racial and ethnic background of residents has shifted. Malnutrition includingchronic undernutrition and acute malnutrition is known to have caused stunted growth in various populations. Thishas been seen in North Korea, portions of African, certain historical European, and other populations. Developingcountries such as Guatemala have rates of stunting in children under 5 living as high as 82.2% in Totonicapán, and49.8% nation-wide.

Height measurements are by nature subject to statistical sampling errors even for a single individual. In a clinicalsituation, height measurements are seldom taken more often than once per office visit, which may mean samplingtaking place a week to several months apart. The smooth 50th percentile male and female growth curves illustratedabove are aggregate values from thousands of individuals sampled at ages from birth to age 20. In reality, a singleindividual's growth curve shows large upward and downward spikes. Partly due to actual differences in growthvelocity, and partly due to small measurement errors. For example, a typical measurement error of plus or minus0.5 cm may completely nullify 0.5 cm of actual growth resulting in either a "negative" 0.5 cm growth (due to

Human height 2

overestimation in the previous visit combined with underestimation in the latter), up to a 1.5 cm growth (the firstvisit underestimating and the second visit overestimating) in the same elapsed time period between measurements.Note there is a discontinuity in the growth curves at age 2, which reflects the difference in recumbent length (withthe child on his or her back), used in measuring infants and toddlers, and standing height typically measured fromage 2 onwards.

Sir Francis Galton's (1889) data showing the relationship between offspring height(928 individuals) as a function of mean parent height (205 sets of parents). The

correlation was 0.57.

Height, like other phenotypic traits, isdetermined by a combination of geneticsand environmental factors. A child's heightbased on parental heights is subject toregression toward the mean, thereforeextremely tall or short parents will likelyhave correspondingly taller or shorteroffspring, but their offspring will also likelybe closer to average height than the parentsthemselves. Genetic potential and a numberof hormones, minus illness, is a basicdeterminant for height. Other factors includethe genetic response to external factors suchas diet, exercise, environment, and lifecircumstances. Humans grow fastest (otherthan in the womb) as infants and toddlers,rapidly declining from a maximum at birthto roughly age 2, tapering to a slowlydeclining rate, and then during the pubertalgrowth spurt, a rapid rise to a secondmaximum (at around 11–12 years for

female, and 13–14 years for male), followed by a steady decline to zero. On average, female growth speed trails offto zero at about 15 or 16 years, whereas the male curve continues for approximately 3 more years, going to zero atabout 18–20. These are also critical periods where stressors such as malnutrition (or even severe child neglect) havethe greatest effect.

Moreover, the health of a mother throughout her life, especially during her critical periods, and of course duringpregnancy, has a role. A healthier child and adult develops a body that is better able to provide optimal prenatalconditions. The pregnant mother's health is important as gestation is itself a critical period for an embryo/fetus,though some problems affecting height during this period are resolved by catch-up growth assuming childhoodconditions are good. Thus, there is a cumulative generation effect such that nutrition and health over generationsinfluences the height of descendants to varying degrees.The age of the mother also has some influence on her child's height. Studies in modern times have observed agradual increase in height with maternal age, though these early studies suggest that trend is due to varioussocio-economic situations that select certain demographics as being more likely to have a first birth early in themother's life.[2] These same studies show that children born to a young mother are more likely to have below-averageeducational and behavioural development, again suggesting an ultimate cause of resources and family status ratherthan a purely biological explanation.The precise relationship between genetics and environment is complex and uncertain. Differences in human height is 60%–80% heritable, according to several twin studies and has been considered polygenic since the Mendelian-biometrician debate a hundred years ago.[citation needed] The only gene known to have an influence on human height is HMGA2. People who carry two copies of the "tall" allele of the HMGA2 gene are up to 1 cm taller

Human height 3

than those who carry two copies of the "short" allele. A genome-wide association (GWA) study of more than180,000 individuals has identified hundreds of genetic variants in at least 180 loci associated with adult humanheight.The effect of environment on height is illustrated by studies performed by anthropologist Barry Bogin and coworkersof Guatemala Mayan children living in the United States. In the early 1970s, when Bogin first visited Guatemala, heobserved that Mayan Indian men averaged only 1.575 m (5 ft 2 in) in height and the women averaged 1.422 m (4 ft8 in).[citation needed] Bogin took another series of measurements after the Guatemalan Civil War had erupted, duringwhich up to a million Guatemalans had fled to the United States. He discovered that Maya refugees, who rangedfrom six to twelve years old, were significantly taller than their Guatemalan counterparts. By 2000, the AmericanMaya were 10.24 cm (4.03 in) taller than the Guatemalan Maya of the same age, largely due to better nutrition andaccess to health care. Bogin also noted that American Maya children had a significantly lower sitting height ratio,(i.e., relatively longer legs, averaging 7.02 cm (2.76 in) longer) than the Guatemalan Maya.The Nilotic peoples of Sudan such as the Shilluk and Dinka have been described as some of the tallest in the world.Dinka Ruweng males investigated by Roberts in 1953–54 were on average 1.813 m tall, and Shilluk males averaged1.826 m. The Nilotic people are characterized as having long legs, narrow bodies and short trunks, an adaptation tohot weather. However, male Dinka and Shilluk refugees measured in 1995 in Southwestern Ethiopia were onaverage only 1.764 m and 1.726 m tall, respectively.In Tibet, the khampas are known for their great height. Khampa males are on average 180 cm tall (5' 10).Anthropologist Michael Peissel described the Khampa in 1964: "The Khampas stood a good six feet in height."

The people of the Dinaric Alps are on record as being among the tallest in the world, with a male average height of185.6 cm (6 ft 1.1 in) and a female average height of 171.0 cm (5 ft 7.3 in).

Birth order and heightIt has been observed that first-born males are shorter than later-born males.

Process of growth

Main pathways in endocrine regulation ofgrowth.

Growth in stature, determined by its various factors, results from thelengthening of bones via cellular divisions chiefly regulated bysomatotropin (human growth hormone (hGH)) secreted by the anteriorpituitary gland. Somatotropin also stimulates the release of anothergrowth inducing hormone Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mainlyby the liver. Both hormones operate on most tissues of the body, havemany other functions, and continue to be secreted throughout life; withpeak levels coinciding with peak growth velocity, and graduallysubsiding with age after adolescence. The bulk of secretion occurs inbursts (especially for adolescents) with the largest during sleep.

The majority of linear growth occurs as growth of cartilage at theepiphysis (ends) of the long bones which gradually ossify to form hardbone. The legs compose approximately half of adult human height, andleg length is a somewhat sexually dimorphic trait. Some of this growthoccurs after the growth spurt of the long bones has ceased or slowed.The majority of growth during growth spurts is of the long bones.Additionally, the variation in height between populations and across time is largely due to changes in leg length. Theremainder of height consists of the cranium. Height is sexually dimorphic and statistically it is more or less normallydistributed, but with heavy tails.

Human height 4

Height abnormalities

Female Stature vs Age (US CDC)

Male Stature vs Age (US CDC)

Most intra-population variance of height isgenetic. Short stature and tall stature areusually not a health concern. If the degree ofdeviation from normal is significant,hereditary short stature is known as familialshort stature and tall stature is known asfamilial tall stature. Confirmation thatexceptional height is normal for a respectiveperson can be ascertained from comparingstature of family members and analyzinggrowth trends for abrupt changes, amongothers. There are, however, various diseasesand disorders that cause growthabnormalities. Most notably, extreme heightmay be pathological, such as gigantismresulting from childhood hyperpituitarism,and dwarfism which has various causes.Rarely, no cause can be found for extremeheight; very short persons may be termed ashaving idiopathic short stature. The UnitedStates Food and Drug Administration (FDA)in 2003 approved hGH treatment for those2.25 standard deviations below thepopulation mean (approximately the lowest1.2% of the population). An even rareroccurrence, or at least less used term andrecognized "problem", is idiopathic tallstature.

If not enough growth hormone is producedand/or secreted by the pituitary gland, then apatient with growth hormone deficiency canundergo treatment. This treatment involvesthe injection of pure growth hormone into thick tissue to promote growth.

Role of an individual's height

Height and healthCertain studies have shown that height is a factor in overall health while some suggest tallness is associated withbetter cardiovascular health and shortness with longevity. Cancer risk has also been found to grow with height.Nonetheless, modern westernized interpretations of the relationship between height and health fail to account for the observed height variations worldwide.[3] Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza note that variations in height worldwide can be partly attributed to evolutionary pressures resulting from differing environments. These evolutionary pressures result in height related health implications. While tallness is an adaptive benefit in colder climates such as found in Europe, shortness helps dissipate body heat in warmer climatic regions. Consequently, the relationships

Human height 5

between health and height cannot be easily generalized since tallness and shortness can both provide health benefitsin different environmental settings.At the extreme end, being excessively tall can cause various medical problems, including cardiovascular problems,because of the increased load on the heart to supply the body with blood, and problems resulting from the increasedtime it takes the brain to communicate with the extremities. For example, Robert Wadlow, the tallest man known toverifiable history, developed trouble walking as his height increased throughout his life. In many of the pictures ofthe later portion of his life, Wadlow can be seen gripping something for support. Late in his life, although he died atage 22, he had to wear braces on his legs and walk with a cane; and he died after developing an infection in his legsbecause he was unable to feel the irritation and cutting caused by his leg braces. Excessive tallness and excessiveshortness each can cause social exclusion and discrimination for both men and women (heightism).Sources are in disagreement about the overall relationship between height and longevity. Samaras and Elrick, in theWestern Journal of Medicine, demonstrate an inverse correlation between height and longevity in several mammalsincluding humans.Women whose height is under 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) may have a small pelvis, resulting in such complications duringchildbirth as shoulder dystocia.A study done in Sweden has shown that there is a strong inverse correlation between height and suicide amongSwedish men.

Height and occupational successThere is a large body of research in psychology, economics, and human biology that has assessed the relationshipbetween several seemingly innocuous physical features (e.g., body height) and occupational success. The correlationbetween height and success was explored decades ago. Shorter people are considered to have an advantage in certainsports (e.g., gymnastics, race car driving, etc.). Meanwhile, in many sports taller people have a major advantage.They include certain professional sports (see section "Sports"), fashion modelling, etc. In most occupational fields,body height is not relevant to how well people are able to perform. A correlation has been found between bodyheight and occupational success in several studies, although there may be other factors such as gender orsocioeonomic status that may have been influencing the subjects' heights as well as their occupational success.A demonstration of the height-success association can be found in the realm of politics. In the United Statespresidential elections, the taller candidate won 22 out of 25 times in the 20th century. Nevertheless, Ignatius Loyola,founder of the Jesuits, was 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and several prominent world leaders of the twentieth century, such asVladimir Lenin, Benito Mussolini, Nicolae Ceaușescu and Joseph Stalin were of below average height. Further,growing evidence suggests that height may be a proxy for confidence, which is likewise strongly correlated withoccupational success.[4]

Human height 6

History of human height

Troops of the Eight-Nation Alliance in 1900, shows British and American soldierssignificantly taller than continental European soldiers. Left-to-right: Britain, UnitedStates, Australian, British India, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,Europeans in North America were far tallerthan those in Europe and were the tallest inthe world. The original indigenouspopulation of Plains Native Americans wasalso among the tallest populations of theworld at the time.In the late nineteenth century, theNetherlands was a land renowned for itsshort population, but today its population isamong the world's tallest with young menaveraging 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) tall.[citation

needed] The tallest average for asubpopulation in Europe is in the DinaricAlps, with young men averaging 186 cm(6 ft 1 in), and young women averaging 171 cm (5 ft 7 in).[5]

According to a study by Economist John Komlos and Francesco Cinnirella, in the first half of 18th century, theaverage height of English male was 165 cm (5 ft 5 in), the average height of Irish male was 168 cm (5 ft 6 in). Theestimated mean height of English, German, and Scottish soldiers are 163.6 cm – 165.9 cm (5 ft 4.4 in – 5 ft 5.3 in)for the period as a whole, while that of Irish was 167.9 cm (5 ft 6.1 in). The average height of male slaves andconvicts in North America was 171 cm (5 ft 7 in).

American-born colonial soldiers of the late 1770s were on average more than three inches taller than their Englishcounterparts who served in Royal Marines at the same time.Average height of Americans and Europeans decreased during period of rapid industrialization, possibly due to rapidpopulation growth and increased economic inequality. In early 19th century England, the difference between averageheight of English upper class youth (students of Sandhurst military academy) and English lower class youth (marinesociety boys) reached 22 cm (8.7 in), the highest that has been observed.Data derived from burials show that before 1850, the mean stature of male and female in Leiden, Netherlands wasrespectively 166.7 cm (5 ft 5.6 in) and 156.7 cm (5 ft 1.7 in). The average height of 19-year-old Dutch orphans in1865 was 160 cm (5 ft 3 in).According to a study by J.W. Drukker and Vincent Tassenaar, the average height of Dutch decreased from 1830 to1857, even while Dutch real GNP per capita was growing at an average rate of more than 0.5 percent per year. Theworst decline were in urban areas that in 1847, the urban height penalty was 2.5cms (1 in). Urban mortality was alsomuch higher than rural regions. In 1829, the average urban and rural Dutchman was 164 cm (5 ft 4.6 in). By 1856,the average rural Dutchman was 162 cm (5 ft 3.8 in) and urban Dutchman was 158.5 cm (5 ft 2.4 in).A 2004 report citing a 2003 UNICEF study on the effects of malnutrition in North Korea, due to "successivefamines," found young adult males to be significantly shorter.Wikipedia:Citing sources In contrast South Koreans"feasting on an increasingly Western-influenced diet," without famine, were growing taller. The height difference isminimal for Koreans over 40, who grew up at a time when economic conditions in the North were roughlycomparable to those in the South, while height disparities are most acute for Koreans who grew up in the mid-1990s– a demographic in which South Koreans are about 12 cm (4.7 in) taller than their North Korean counterparts – asthis was a period during which the North was affected by a harsh famine. A study by South Korean anthropologistsof North Korean children who had defected to China found that 18-year-old males were 5 inches shorter than SouthKoreans their age due to malnutrition.

Human height 7

Average height around the worldThe average height for each sex within a population varies significantly, with men being (on average) taller thanwomen. Women ordinarily reach their greatest height at a younger age than men, because puberty generally occursearlier in women than in men. Vertical growth stops when the long bones stop lengthening, which occurs with theclosure of epiphyseal plates. These plates are bone growth centers that disappear ("close") under the hormonal surgesbrought about by the completion of puberty. Adult height for one sex in a particular ethnic group follows more orless a normal distribution.[citation needed]

Adult height between populations often differs significantly. For example, the average height of women from theCzech Republic is greater than that of men from Malawi. This may be caused by genetic differences, childhoodlifestyle differences (nutrition, sleep patterns, physical labor), or both.The tallest living man is Sultan Kösen of Turkey, at 2.51 m (8 ft 3 in). The tallest man in modern history was RobertPershing Wadlow (1918–1940), from Illinois, in the United States, who was 2.72 m (8 ft 11 in) at the time of hisdeath. The tallest female in medical history was Zeng Jinlian of Hunan, China, who stood 2.48 m (8 ft 1 1⁄2 in) whenshe died at the age of 17. The shortest adult human on record is Chandra Bahadur Dangi of Nepal at 0.546 m (1 ft9 1⁄2 in).Depending on sex, genetic and environmental factors, shrinkage of stature may begin in middle age in someindividuals but tends to be universal in the extremely aged. This decrease in height is due to such factors asdecreased height of inter-vertebral discs because of desiccation, atrophy of soft tissues and postural changessecondary to degenerative disease.Below are average adult heights by country/geographical region. The original studies and sources should beconsulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured, surveyed, or considered.As with any statistical data, the accuracy of this data may be questionable for various reasons:•• Some studies may allow subjects to self-report values.• Test subjects may have been invited instead of chosen at random, resulting in sampling bias.•• A relatively small sample of the population may have been measured, which makes it uncertain whether this

sample accurately represents the entire population.• The height of a person can vary over the course of a day, due to factors such as the amount of exercise done

directly before measurement (normally inversely correlated), or the time elapsed since lying down for asignificant period of time (normally inversely correlated). For example, one study revealed a mean difference of1.54 centimetres (0.61 in) in the height of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5p.m. that same day.[6] Such factors may not have been controlled in some of the studies.

Note: Data in green are representative of the majority of the country or region's adult population.[7]

Country/Region Average maleheight

Average femaleheight

Statureratio

(male tofemale)

Samplepopulation /

age range

Share ofpop. over

15covered

[8]

Methodology Year Source

Argentina 1.7351.7348 m(5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)

1.6081.6076 m(5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)

1.08 17 (healthy)N/A

Measured 1998–2001

Argentina N/A 1.596 m (5 ft 3 in) N/A 19–49 N/A Measured 2004–2005

Armenia N/A 1.581 m (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2005

Australia 1.756 m (5 ft 9 in) 1.618 m (5 ft3 1⁄2 in)

1.09 18+N/A

Measured 2011-2012

Australia 1.778 m (5 ft10 in)

1.638 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.09 18-24N/A

Measured 2011-2012

Human height 8

Austria 1.792 m (5 ft10 1⁄2 in)

1.676 m (5 ft 6 in) 1.07 21N/A

Self-reported 2001

Azerbaijan 1.718 m (5 ft7 1⁄2 in)

1.654 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.04 16+ 97.0% Measured 2005

Bahrain 1.651 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.542 m (5 ft 1⁄2 in)

1.07 19+ 91.1% Measured 2002

BangladeshN/A 1.506 m (4 ft

11 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2007

Belgium 1.786 m (5 ft10 1⁄2 in)

1.681 m (5 ft 6 in) 1.06 21N/A

Self-reported 2001

BeninN/A 1.593 m (5 ft

2 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2006

Bolivia N/A 1.518 m (5 ft 0 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2003

Bolivia 1.600 m (5 ft 3 in) 1.422 m (4 ft 8 in) 1.13 Aymara, 20–29 N/A Measured 1970

Brazil 1.741 m (5 ft8 1⁄2 in)

1.61 m (5 ft3 1⁄2 in)

1.07 18+ 93.2% Measured 2008–2009

Brazil 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) N/A -21 N/A Measured 2003

Bulgaria 1.752 m (5 ft 9 in) 1.632 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.07N/A N/A

Measured 2010

Burkina FasoN/A 1.616 m (5 ft

3 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2003

Cambodia N/A 1.524 m (5 ft 0 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2005

Cameroon 1.706 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.613 m (5 ft3 1⁄2 in)

1.06 Urban, 15+N/A

Measured 2003

Canada 1.760 m (5 ft9 1⁄2 in)

1.633 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.08 25–44 34.8% Measured 2005

Canada 1.751 m (5 ft 9 in) 1.623 m (5 ft 4 in) 1.08 18–79 90.0% Measured 2007–2009

Central AfricanRepublic N/A 1.589 m (5 ft

2 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 1994

Chad N/A 1.626 m (5 ft 4 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2004

Chile 1.710 m (5 ft7 1⁄2 in)

1.591 m (5 ft2 1⁄2 in)

1.07 15–24 21.9% Measured 2009–2010

Chile 1.696 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.561 m (5 ft1 1⁄2 in)

1.09 15+ 100.0% Measured 2009–2010

Chile 1.712 m (5 ft7 1⁄2 in)

1.572 m (5 ft 2 in) 1.09 25–44 37.3% Measured 2009–2010

China, Mainland 1.721 m (5 ft 8 in) 1.601 m (5 ft 3 in) 1.07 19 N/A Measured 2010

China, People'sRepublic of

1.663 m (5 ft5 1⁄2 in)

1.570 m (5 ft 2 in) 1.06 Rural, 17N/A

Measured 2002

China, People'sRepublic of

1.702 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.586 m (5 ft2 1⁄2 in)

1.07 Urban, 17N/A

Measured 2002

Human height 9

Colombia N/A 1.550 m (5 ft 1 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2004

Colombia 1.706 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.587 m (5 ft2 1⁄2 in)

1.07 18–22N/A

Measured 2002

Comoros N/A 1.548 m (5 ft 1 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 1996

Congo, DemocraticRepublic of the

N/A1.577 m (5 ft 2 in)

N/A25–49

N/ASelf-reported 2005

Congo, Republic ofthe N/A 1.590 m (5 ft

2 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2007

Croatia 1.805 m (5 ft11 in)

1.663 m (5 ft5 1⁄2 in)

1.09 18N/A

Measured 2006–2008

Cuba 1.6801.680 m (5 ft6 in)

1.5601.560 m (5 ft1 1⁄2 in)

1.08 Urban, 15+N/A

Measured 1999

Czech Republic 1.8031.8031 m(5 ft 11 in)

1.6721.6722 m(5 ft 6 in)

1.08 17N/A

Measured 2001

Denmark 1.826 m (6 ft 0 in) 1.687 m (5 ft6 1⁄2 in)

1.08 23N/A

Self-reported 2001

Dinaric Alps 1.856 m (6 ft 1 in) 1.711 m (5 ft7 1⁄2 in)

1.08 17N/A

Measured 2005 [5]

Dominican RepublicN/A 1.564 m (5 ft

1 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 1996

El Salvador 1.656 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.603 m (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2007

Egypt N/A 1.595 m (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2008

Egypt 1.703 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.589 m (5 ft2 1⁄2 in)

1.07 20–24N/A

Measured 2008 [9]

Estonia 1.791 m (5 ft10 1⁄2 in)

N/A N/A17

N/AMeasured 2003

Ethiopia N/A 1.576 m (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 1997

Finland 1.770 m (5 ft9 1⁄2 in)

1.630 m (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 25–74 75.8% Measured 2007 [10]

Finland 1.790 m (5 ft10 1⁄2 in)

1.650 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 25–34 14.7% Measured 2007

France 1.770 m (5 ft9 1⁄2 in)

1.646 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 20–29N/A

Measured 2001

France 1.756 m (5 ft 9 in) 1.625 m (5 ft 4 in) 1.08 18–70 81.7% Measured 2003–2005

GabonN/A 1.584 m (5 ft

2 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2000

Gambia 1.680 m (5 ft 6 in) 1.578 m (5 ft 2 in) 1.06 Rural, 21–49 N/A Measured 1950–1974

Germany 1.810 m (5 ft11 1⁄2 in)

1.680 m (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 18–25N/A

Self-reported 2009

Germany 1.780 m (5 ft10 in)

1.650 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 18+ 96.5% Self-reported 2009

Human height 10

GhanaN/A 1.593 m (5 ft

2 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2008

Ghana 1.695 m (5 ft6 1⁄2 in)

1.585 m (5 ft2 1⁄2 in)

1.07 25–29N/A

Measured 1987–1989

Greece 1.7806 m (5 ft10 in)

N/A N/AConscripts,18-26

N/AMeasured 2006-2007

Greece 1.783 m (5 ft10 in)

1.666 m (5 ft5 1⁄2 in)

1.07 21N/A

Self-reported 2001

GuatemalaN/A

1.473 m (4 ft10 in)

N/A25–49

N/ASelf-reported 1998

GuineaN/A 1.588 m (5 ft

2 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2005

HaitiN/A 1.586 m (5 ft

2 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2005

Honduras N/A 1.520 m (5 ft 0 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2005

Hong Kong 1.717 m (5 ft7 1⁄2 in)

1.587 m (5 ft2 1⁄2 in)

1.08 18N/A

Measured 2006

Hungary 1.773 m (5 ft10 in)

N/A N/A18

N/AMeasured 2008

Hungary 1.760 m (5 ft9 1⁄2 in)

1.640 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.07 AdultsN/A

Measured 2000s [11]

India 1.647 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.519 m (5 ft 0 in) 1.08 20–49 63.7% Measured 2005–2006

India 1.663 m (5 ft5 1⁄2 in)

1.526 m (5 ft 0 in) 1.09 20 2.7% Predicted 2005–2006

India 1.612 m (5 ft3 1⁄2 in)

1.521 m (5 ft 0 in) 1.06 Rural, 17+N/A

Measured 2007

Indonesia 1.580 m (5 ft 2 in) 1.470 m (4 ft10 in)

1.07 50+N/A

Self-reported 1997

Iran 1.734 m (5 ft8 1⁄2 in)

1.598 m (5 ft 3 in) 1.09 21–25 16.0% Measured 2005

Iran 1.703 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.572 m (5 ft 2 in) 1.08 21+ 78.5% Measured 2005

Iraq – Baghdad 1.654 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.558 m (5 ft1 1⁄2 in)

1.06 18–44N/A

Measured 1999–2000

Ireland 1.775 m (5 ft10 in)

1.635 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.09 21N/A

Self-reported 2001

Israel 1.770 m (5 ft9 1⁄2 in)

1.660 m (5 ft5 1⁄2 in)

1.07 18–21N/A

Measured 2010

Italy 1.772 m (5 ft10 in)

1.678 m (5 ft 6 in) 1.06 21N/A

Self-reported 2001

Italy 1.760 m (5 ft9 1⁄2 in)

1.650 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.07 18–40 37.0% Measured 2005 [12]

Ivory Coast N/A 1.598 m (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 1998

Human height 11

Ivory Coast 1.701 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.591 m (5 ft2 1⁄2 in)

1.07 25–29N/A

Measured 1985–1987

Jamaica 1.718 m (5 ft7 1⁄2 in)

1.608 m (5 ft3 1⁄2 in)

1.07 25–74 64.5% Measured 1994–1996

Japan 1.707 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.580 m (5 ft 2 in) 1.08 17 N/A Measured 2011

JordanN/A 1.582 m (5 ft

2 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2007

Kazakhstan N/A 1.598 m (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 1999

Kenya N/A 1.594 m (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2003

Korea, NorthNorthKorea

1.656 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.549 m (5 ft 1 in) 1.07 20–39(defectors)

N/AMeasured 2005

Korea, SouthSouthKorea

1.7371.7374 m(5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)

1.6011.601 m (5 ft3 in)

1.08 20-21N/A

Measured 2013

Kyrgyzstan N/A 1.580 m (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 1997

Lesotho N/A 1.576 m (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2004

Liberia N/A 1.573 m (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2006

Lithuania 1.772 m (5 ft10 in)

N/A N/AConscripts,19–25

N/AMeasured 2005[13]

Lithuania 1.813 m (5 ft11 1⁄2 in)

1.675 m (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 18N/A

Measured 2005

MadagascarN/A 1.543 m (5 ft

 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2003

Malawi 1.660 m (5 ft5 1⁄2 in)

1.550 m (5 ft 1 in) 1.07 Urban, 16–60N/A

Measured 2000

Malaysia 1.702 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.574 m (5 ft 2 in) 1.07 18+ 84.6% Measured 1996

Mali – southern Mali 1.713 m (5 ft7 1⁄2 in)

1.604 m (5 ft 3 in) 1.07 Rural adultsN/A

Measured 1992

Malta 1.752 m (5 ft 9 in) 1.638 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.07 25–34 16.5% Self-reported 2003

Malta 1.699 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.599 m (5 ft 3 in) 1.06 18+ 94.8% Self-reported 2003 []

Mexico 1.720 m (5 ft7 1⁄2 in)

1.600 m (5 ft 3 in) 1.08 18–39N/A

Measured 2003–2011 [14]

Mexico – Morelos 1.670 m (5 ft5 1⁄2 in)

1.550 m (5 ft 1 in) 1.08 18–76N/A

Self-reported 1998–1999

MoldovaN/A 1.612 m (5 ft

3 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2005

Mongolia 1.720 m (5 ft7 1⁄2 in)

1.607 m (5 ft3 1⁄2 in)

1.07 25–34N/A

Measured 2006 [15]

Montenegro 1.832 m (6 ft 0 in) 1.684 m (5 ft6 1⁄2 in)

1.09 18–37N/A

Measured 2011

Human height 12

MoroccoN/A 1.585 m (5 ft

2 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2003

MozambiqueN/A 1.560 m (5 ft

1 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2003

NamibiaN/A 1.607 m (5 ft

3 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2006

NepalN/A 1.508 m (4 ft

11 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2006

Netherlands 1.838 m (6 ft 1⁄2 in)

1.707 m (5 ft 7 in)N/A

−21N/A

Measured 2009

Netherlands 1.808 m (5 ft11 in)

1.675 m (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 20+ 92.6% Self-reported 2010 [16]

Netherlands 1.832 m (6 ft 0 in) 1.699 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.08 20–30 N/A Self-reported 2010

New Zealand 1.770 m (5 ft9 1⁄2 in)

1.650 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.07 19–45 51.7% Estimates 1993–2007 [17]

New Zealand 1.745 m (5 ft8 1⁄2 in)

1.630 m (5 ft 4 in) 1.07 45–65 28.6% Estimates 1993–2007

Nicaragua 1.7018 m (5 ft7 in)

1.537 m (5 ft 1⁄2 in)

N/A25–49

N/ASelf-reported 2001

Nigeria 1.638 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.578 m (5 ft 2 in) 1.04 18–74 86.7% Measured 1994–1996

Norway 1.824 m (6 ft 0 in) 1.680 m (5 ft 6 in) 1.09 20–25 9.0% Measured 2008–2009

Norway 1.816 m (5 ft11 1⁄2 in)

1.682 m (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 26–35 15.2% Measured 2008–2009

Norway 1.803 m (5 ft11 in)

1.670 m (5 ft5 1⁄2 in)

1.08 20–85 88.8%[18] Measured 2008–2009

Peru 1.640 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.510 m (4 ft11 1⁄2 in)

1.09 20+ 85.4% Measured 2005

Philippines 1.634 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.517 m (4 ft11 1⁄2 in)

1.08 20–39 49.5% Measured 2003

Philippines 1.619 m (5 ft3 1⁄2 in)

1.502 m (4 ft11 in)

1.08 20+ 83.1% Measured 2003

Poland 1.785 m (5 ft10 1⁄2 in)

1.651 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 18N/A

Measured 2010 [19]

Portugal 1.760 m (5 ft9 1⁄2 in)

1.631 m (5 ft 4 in) 1.08 20-24N/A

Measured 2008 [20]

Rwanda N/A 1.577 m (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2005

Senegal N/A 1.630 m (5 ft 4 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2005

Serbia 1.820 m (5 ft11 1⁄2 in)

1.668 m (5 ft5 1⁄2 in)

1.09 18–30N/A

Measured 2012

Singapore 1.706 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.600 m (5 ft 3 in) 1.07 17–25 N/A N/A 2003

Human height 13

Slovakia 1.794 m (5 ft10 1⁄2 in)

1.656 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 18N/A

Measured 2004 [21]

Slovenia – Ljubljana 1.803 m (5 ft11 in)

1.674 m (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 19N/A

Measured 2011

South Africa 1.690 m (5 ft6 1⁄2 in)

1.590 m (5 ft2 1⁄2 in)

1.06 25–34N/A

Measured 1998

Spain 1.780 m (5 ft10 in)

1.662 m (5 ft5 1⁄2 in)

1.07 21N/A

Self-reported 2001

Sri Lanka 1.636 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.514 m (4 ft11 1⁄2 in)

1.08 18+ 93.6% Measured 2005–2006

SwazilandN/A 1.591 m (5 ft

2 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2006

Sweden 1.815 m (5 ft11 1⁄2 in)

1.668 m (5 ft5 1⁄2 in)

1.09 20–29N/A

Measured 2008

Sweden 1.779 m (5 ft10 in)

1.646 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 20–74 82.4% Self-reported 1987–1994

Switzerland 1.754 m (5 ft 9 in) 1.640 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.07 20–74 84.8% Self-reported 1987–1994

Switzerland 1.781 m (5 ft10 in)

N/A N/AConscripts,18–21

N/AMeasured 2005

Switzerland 1.782 m (5 ft10 in)

N/A N/AConscripts, 19

N/AMeasured 2009

TanzaniaN/A 1.566 m (5 ft

1 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2004

Thailand 1.703 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.5901.59 m (5 ft2 1⁄2 in)

1.07 15–19, STOUstudents N/A

Self-reported 2005

TogoN/A 1.590 m (5 ft

2 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 1998

TurkeyN/A 1.564 m (5 ft

1 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2003

Turkey – Ankara 1.761 m (5 ft9 1⁄2 in)

1.620 m (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 18–29N/A

Measured 2004–2006

Turkey – Ankara 1.740 m (5 ft8 1⁄2 in)

1.589 m (5 ft2 1⁄2 in)

1.10 18–59N/A

Measured 2004–2006

UgandaN/A 1.592 m (5 ft

2 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2006

United Arab Emirates 1.734 m (5 ft8 1⁄2 in)

1.564 m (5 ft1 1⁄2 in)

1.11N/A N/A N/A N/A

U.K. – England 1.754 m (5 ft 9 in) 1.619 m (5 ft3 1⁄2 in)

1.08 16+N/A

Measured 2010

U.K. – England 1.771 m (5 ft9 1⁄2 in)

1.644 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.08 16–24N/A

Measured 2010

Human height 14

U.K. – England 1.776 m (5 ft10 in)

1.637 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.08 25–34N/A

Measured 2010

U.K. – Scotland 1.750 m (5 ft 9 in) 1.613 m (5 ft3 1⁄2 in)

1.08 16+N/A

Measured 2008

U.K. – Scotland 1.782 m (5 ft10 in)

1.635 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.09 25–34N/A

Measured 2008

U.K. – Wales 1.770 m (5 ft9 1⁄2 in)

1.620 m (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 16+N/A

Self-reported 2009

U.S. 1.776 m (5 ft10 in)

1.632 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.09 All Americans,20–29

17.4% Measured 2003–2006

U.S. 1.763 m (5 ft9 1⁄2 in)

1.622 m (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 All Americans,20+

91.0% Measured 2003–2006

U.S. 1.780 m (5 ft10 in)

1.632 m (5 ft4 1⁄2 in)

1.09 BlackAmericans,20–39

N/AMeasured 2003–2006

U.S. 1.706 m (5 ft 7 in) 1.587 m (5 ft2 1⁄2 in)

1.07 MexicanAmericans,20–39

N/AMeasured 2003–2006

U.S. 1.789 m (5 ft10 1⁄2 in)

1.648 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.09 WhiteAmericans,20–39

N/AMeasured 2003–2006

Uruguay 1.7001.70 m (5 ft7 in)

1.5801.58 m (5 ft2 in)

1.08 AdultsN/A

Measured 1990

Uzbekistan N/A 1.599 m (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 1996

Vietnam 1.621 m (5 ft 4 in) 1.522 m (5 ft 0 in) 1.07 25–29 N/A Measured 1992–1993

Vietnam 1.657 m (5 ft 5 in) 1.552 m (5 ft 1 in) 1.07 Students, 20–25 N/A Measured 2006–2007

ZambiaN/A 1.585 m (5 ft

2 1⁄2 in)N/A

25–49N/A

Self-reported 2007

Zimbabwe N/A 1.603 m (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 N/A Self-reported 2005

References[1] Ganong, William F. (2001) Review of Medical Physiology, Lange Medical, pp. 392–397, ISBN 0071605673.[2] Table 1. Association of 'biological' and demographic variables and height. Figures are coefficients (95% confidence intervals) adjusted for

each of the variables shown (http:/ / www. nature. com/ ejcn/ journal/ v57/ n1/ fig_tab/ 1601508t1. html#figure-title) in[3] Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., & Cavalli-Sforza, F., 1995, The Great Human Diasporas,[4] Nickless, Rachel (2012-11-28) Lifelong confidence rewarded in bigger pay packets (http:/ / www. afr. com/ p/ national/ work_space/

lifelong_confidence_rewarded_in_gSNmV78QAuqjmT8Ksy3QSJ). Afr.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-02.[5] . Note: Authors added +1 cm to the height mean of the male sample to compensate unfinished growth.[6] Variations in height throughout the day (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC1545095/ pdf/ archdisch00801-0068. pdf).

National Center for Biotechnology Information. Last accessed 8 January 2012.[7][7] In this case, data that are representative of the majority of the country or region's adult population are those that factor in over 50% of the

country or region's population aged 15 or over.[8] Population data from International Data Base (http:/ / www. census. gov/ population/ international/ data/ idb/ informationGateway. php),

United States Census Bureau.[9] Egypt – Demographic and Health Survey 2008 (http:/ / www. measuredhs. com/ pubs/ pdf/ FR220/ FR220. pdf).[10][10] (page 659).[11] Average height of men and women (National Geographic, Hungarian) (http:/ / www. ngnet. hu/ index. php?act=napi& id=11535)[12] Altezza media per sesso e regione per le persone di 18–40 anni, anno 2006, Received from ISTAT 11 Feb. 2009

Human height 15

[13][13] Note: In this study, the subjects' height was measured twice. The first measurement presumably took place in 2004 and the average height ofthe conscripts was 176.4 cm. When they measured the same group after a year, the mean height of the conscripts was 177.2 cm

[14] Aumenta la estatura de los jóvenes (http:/ / gaceta. udg. mx/ Hemeroteca/ paginas/ 313/ G313-6. pdf) A study published by the University ofGuadalajara

[15] Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors 2006 (http:/ / www. who. int/ chp/ steps/ 27December 2006 Mongolia STEPS Survey. pdf). WHO (2007). ISBN 9992998040

[16] Note: Calculated using a weighted average of the different age groups.[17] Muscle Minding (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110717020539/ http:/ / www. osh. govt. nz/ order/ catalogue/ pdf/ muscl-kt. pdf). p. 60.

Based on British norms and their relations to New Zealand values. Occupational Safety and Health Service, Department of Labour,Wellington, New Zealand, ISBN 0477-03598-1.

[18][18] Figure is for population between the ages of 20 and 84.[19][19] Note: The values represent averages, not medians listed in the study.[20] http:/ / www. efdeportes. com/ efd126/ avaliacao-antropometrica-das-tunas-academicas-da-universidade. htm[21] Ševčíková, Ľ.; Nováková, J.; Hamade, J. and Tatara, M. (2004) Rast a vývojové trendy slovenských detí a mládeže za posledných 10 rokov

(http:/ / www. fmed. uniba. sk/ fileadmin/ user_upload/ editors/ ustavy/ hygiena/ ZPaZ2004. pdf) [Growth and development trends in Slovakchildren and adolescents during the last 10 years]. In: Životné podmienky a zdravie [Living conditions and health]. Editor: Ľubica Ághová.Bratislava.

Bibliography• Fitting the Task to the Man, 1987 (for heights in U.S. and Japan)•• Eurostats Statistical Yearbook 2004 (for heights in Germany)•• Netherlands Central Bureau for Statistics, 1996 (for average heights)• Mean Body Weight, Height, and body mass index, United States 1960–2002 (http:/ / www. cdc. gov/ nchs/ data/

ad/ ad347. pdf)• UK Department of Health – Health Survey for England (http:/ / www. publications. doh. gov. uk/ stats/ trends1.

htm)• Burkhard Bilger. "The Height Gap." The New Yorker (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ fact/ content/

?040405fa_fact)• A collection of data on human height, referred to here as "karube" but originally collected from other sources, was

originally available here ( www.kurabe.net/average_height/ (http:/ / www. kurabe. net/ average_height/)Wikipedia:Link rot) but is no longer. A copy is available here. www.psych.ualberta.ca/~phurd/karube/ (http:/ /www. psych. ualberta. ca/ ~phurd/ karube/ ) (an English translation of this Japanese page would make it easier toevaluate the quality of the data...)

• cdc.gov (http:/ / www. cdc. gov/ nchs/ pressroom/ 04news/ americans. htm)• Aminorroaya A, Amini M, Naghdi H, Zadeh AH (2003). "Growth charts of heights and weights of male children

and adolescents of Isfahan, Iran". Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 21 (4): 341–6. PMID  15038589(http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 15038589).

• Blaha, P. et al.: 6. Celostátní antropologický výzkum detí a mládeže 2001, Ceská republika [6th Nationwideanthropological research of children and youth 2001, Czech republic], Charles University in Prague 2005

•• Bogin, B.A. (2001) The growth of humanity Wiley-Liss• Eveleth, P.B. & Tanner, J.M. (1990) Worldwide variation in human growth, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.• Miura K, Nakagawa H, Greenland P (2002). "Invited commentary: Height-cardiovascular disease relation: where

to go from here?" (http:/ / aje. oxfordjournals. org/ cgi/ pmidlookup?view=long& pmid=11943684). Am. J.Epidemiol. 155 (8): 688–9. doi: 10.1093/aje/155.8.688 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1093/ aje/ 155. 8. 688). PMID 11943684 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 11943684).

• Ruff, C. (2002) Variation in human body size and shape. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 31:211–232.• Average height of young Spaniards (in Spanish) (http:/ / www. 20minutos. es/ noticia/ 145966/ 0/ )• Krishan K, Sharma JC (2002). "Intra-individual difference between recumbent length and stature among growing

children". Indian J Pediatr 69 (7): 565–9. doi: 10.1007/BF02722678 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1007/BF02722678). PMID  12173694 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 12173694).

Human height 16

• Case A, Paxson C (2008). "Stature and status: Height, ability, and labor market outcomes" (http:/ / www. ncbi.nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC2709415). The Journal of Political Economy 116 (3): 499–532. doi:10.1086/589524 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1086/ 589524). PMC  2709415 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/articles/ PMC2709415). PMID  19603086 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 19603086).

• Sakamaki R, Amamoto R, Mochida Y, Shinfuku N, Toyama K (2005). "A comparative study of food habits andbody shape perception of university students in Japan and Korea" (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/articles/ PMC1298329). Nutrition Journal 4: 31. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-4-31 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1186/1475-2891-4-31). PMC  1298329 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC1298329). PMID 16255785 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 16255785).

• Average height of the Dinkas (http:/ / www. newworldencyclopedia. org/ entry/ Dinka)

External links• CDC National Center for Health Statistics: Growth Charts of American Percentiles (http:/ / www. cdc. gov/

growthcharts/ )• fao.org (http:/ / www. fao. org/ DOCREP/ MEETING/ 004/ M2846E/ M2846E07. htm), Body Weights and

Heights by Countries (given in percentiles)• The Height Gap, Article discussing differences in height around the world (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ pov/

bigenough/ special_heightgap. php)• Tallest in the World: Native Americans of the Great Plains in the Nineteenth Century (http:/ / web. archive. org/

web/ 20081002173119/ http:/ / eh. net/ XIIICongress/ cd/ papers/ 70PrinceSteckel378. pdf)• European Heights in the Early eighteenth Century (http:/ / epub. ub. uni-muenchen. de/ 572/ 1/

european_heights_in_the_early_18th_century. pdf)• Spatial Convergence in Height in East-Central Europe, 1890–1910 (http:/ / epub. ub. uni-muenchen. de/ 1358/ 1/

bc_dp. pdf)• The Biological Standard of Living in Europe During the Last Two Millennia (http:/ / www. uni-tuebingen. de/

uni/ wwl/ koepke baten two millennia. pdf)• HEALTH AND NUTRITION IN THE PREINDUSTRIAL ERA: INSIGHTS FROM A MILLENNIUM OF

AVERAGE HEIGHTS IN NORTHERN EUROPE (http:/ / www. j-bradford-delong. net/ articles_of_the_month/pdf/ w8542. pdf)

• Industrialized Nations? (http:/ / web. econ. ohio-state. edu/ rsteckel/ VITA/ 2004 Historical Perspective on the Stdof Living. . . What has happened to the quality of life. . . pdf)

Article Sources and Contributors 17

Article Sources and ContributorsHuman height  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=598531383  Contributors: -The Bold Guy-, 01001, 069952497a, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, 3pointswish, 5 albert square, 7Sidz,A.s.matveyev, A473629, ACSE, AS4326344, Aaaarg, Aaroncrick, AbsolutDan, Accurizer, Ace Class Shadow, Achangeisasgoodasa, Acroterion, Addingrefs, Adrian, AdrianLozano, Adsllc,Aegeanfighter, Agateller, Ahoerstemeier, Aircorn, Airplaneman, Aitias, Ajay man123, Ala.foum, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Aleenf1, AlexanderM, Ali, Alialiac, Alm93, Alphasinus, Alxeedo,Andreas1991, AndrewHowse, Andycjp, Ang0ie, AngChenrui, Angr, Antandrus, Anthonyhcole, Antialias, Apothecia, Aprock, Araignee, Arakunem, Aranshaw, Arbitrarily0, Arctic Kangaroo,ArglebargleIV, ArielGold, Ariostosilva, Arjun024, Arrogant16, Arsonal, Ash123431, Ash647, Asilvija, Astronaut, Aube Nouvelle, August Dominus, Aurora live, Avenue, Awesomebitch,AxelBoldt, BARNEYNUB, BadGirl786, Badgerfan101, Bagatelle, Baje Tiger, Bakbro2, 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Human height growth per month, United States.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Human_height_growth_per_month,_United_States.png  License: CreativeCommons Zero  Contributors: CantusImage:Galton-height-regress.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Galton-height-regress.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cwbm (commons),MichaelSchoenitzerFile:Endocrine growth regulation.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Endocrine_growth_regulation.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Mikael HäggströmImage:Female Stature vs Age.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Female_Stature_vs_Age.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:AdsllcImage:Male Stature vs Age.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Male_Stature_vs_Age.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:AdsllcFile:Troops of the Eight nations alliance 1900.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Troops_of_the_Eight_nations_alliance_1900.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Anonymous

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