HUMAN GROWTH & HUMAN GROWTH & DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

HUMAN GROWTH & HUMAN GROWTH & DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

INFANCY TO ADOLESCENCEINFANCY TO ADOLESCENCE

BIRTH TO ONE YEAR• PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT:AP= 100-180, R=50-

80, Many relfexes present: Moro (startle), grasping, rooting and sucking, swallowing, gag

• Immature nervous system• Posterior fontanel closes2-3 mos.; Anterior

begins to close at 9-10 mos.• Senses: infant sees, hears, smells, tastes & is

sensitive to touch & light• Freudian stage: Oral• Eriksonian stage: Trust VS. Mistrust

Birth to One Yr. (cont.)• 1-4mos. Baby develops hand to mouth capacity, ear to eye

coordination, responds to people & objects• 5 mos = baby should have doubled it’s birth weight, sit alone• 4-8mos. Baby recognizes and even initiates new experiences:

reaching, holding, listening, laughing, sitting up, crawling Memory is laid down as baby anticipates familiar events and persons

• 8-12mos.Baby performs clear acts of intelligence (such as searching for and retrieving objects)realization of his own separateness causes separation anxiety (Taylor table p 140)

• COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS: Skin disorders such as cradle cap, prickly heat,thrush. Failure to Thrive. Colic. Aspiration, suffocation. Surgeries =Pyloric stenosis, congenital heart problems.

The ToddlerOne to Three Years

• Physical Assessment: AP=90-100, R=24-26, Anterior fontanel is solid by 18 mos., after 1 yr. all brain cells are present

• Bones begin to ossify, muscular development is ongoing, about age 1 yr. child begins to walk

• Toilet training can begin about age 2 yrs.• Sleeps 12 hrs./noc, takes 1-2 naps

The Toddler (cont.)

• By 3 yrs: child can use a spoon, drink from a cup, run, jump, kick, ride a tricycle

• Freudian stage: Anal• Eriksonian stage: Autonomy VS. Shame & Doubt• Toddler: masters good eating habits, toilet training, gives

affection, communicates effectively to get his/her needs met• Religious Development: Pre-religious stage(mimics others to

get praise & attention• (Taylor table p 143) • COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS: Accidents: poisoning, burns,

drowning Upper respiratory infections (URIs),ear infections Surgeries= cleft lip & palate repair, hernias, some heart defects,

The PreschoolerAges 3 through 5 yrs.

• Assessment: Ap=90-95, R=22-24, BP 100/60.

• All senses fully functioning, • Has complete bowel & bladder control• Has 20 deciduous teeth, may begin to

loose baby teeth, food habits become more adult-like

• Protruding “potbelly” of the toddler disappears by the end of this stage

The Preschooler (cont.)• Can throw and catch a ball, skip, copy figures on paper,

should be able to print his own name by end of this stage

• Sleeps 10-12 hrs./noc, still naps• Religious Development: Does not think abstractly

enough to understand religion, but follows the rituals of his parents because they are all powerful/all knowing.

He is trusting and literal in interpretation (Taylor table p 148)COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS: Communicable diseases,

URIs, accidents, speech disorders require treatment now, Surgeries: hernias, some heart problems, hypospadias,undescended testicle

The Scholchild Ages 6 – 12 Years

• Assessment: AP =85-100 at 6 yrs, 60-80 by 12 yrs; R=18-20; BP 100/60 at age 6 yrs, 110/70 by 12 yrs.

• Fine motor skills become well coordinated, by the end of this period the child can print & write in cursive, easily manipulate instruments such as scissors, can cut his own meat at mealtime

Schoolchild (cont.)

• Growth of bones may be faster than muscles causing “growing pains”

• GI tract is fully mature, diet is adult-like, able to go without the many daily snacks required for the toddler/preschooler

• Some children enter puberty late in this period; the urinary system is mature now, boys are taller & heavier than girls from ages 6-10, but the reverse occurs between 10-12 years.

• 6 yr old needs 10-12 hrs of sleep/noc, 12 yr. old needs 10 hrs sleep/noc

Schoolchild (cont.)• Fruedian stage:Phallic then Latency period• Eriksonian stage:Initiative VS. Guilt, then Industry VS.

Inferiority• At age 6 yrs. The head is adult size, and the weight should be double what it was at 1 yr.• Religious Development: Moves from the fairy-tale idea of God

as a giant in the sky into the concrete stage of God being like a human figure. By age 6; understands God as his Creator, expects all his prayers to be answered. By age 12; realizes his prayers aren’t always answered as he expected, and that no magic is involved. May drop religion at this point or continue to accept the family preference. (Taylor table p 148)

• COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS: Accidents, Communicable diseases (Head lice, scabies, ringworm, impetigo) Drug & Alcohol abuse

The AdolescentAge 13-18 Years

• Assessment: Vital Signs are the same as adult normals• The CNS is mature• After a rapid growth spurt in this stage the

musculoskeletal system matures; however the adolescent may pass through a period of clumsiness as this occurs. By age 17 yrs., a boy’s muscle mass is twice that of a girl’s.

• The reproductive system is mature by the end of this stage; girls broaden at the hips, boys at the shoulders. As secondary sexual development takes place menstruation begins in girls, spermatogenesis in boys.

• The adolescent has all his permanent teeth, caloric requirements are high during this period and appetite increases

The Adolescent (cont.)• Sleep requirements are excessively high for adolescents. The

kid who fought taking a nap now begs to sleep late.• Freudian stage: Genital• Eriksonian stage: Intimacy VS. Isolation• Religious Development: The adolescent measures his parents’

moral & religious verbal standards against their actual practice to decide if they are worth incorporating into his own philosophy of life. He now comprehends religious abstractions. He may have a religious/scientific crisis. He must answer questions about life & the meaning of the universe for himself. The more strictly an adolescent was raised, the more likely he is to rebel during this stage.

• Taylor tables pp 150 & 153• COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS: Accidents, Acne, Substance

Abuse, Suicide, Teen age pregnancy, STDs, Eating Disorders