Human Geography Models...Von Thunen Model Today •Refrigeration and food preservation •Improved...
Transcript of Human Geography Models...Von Thunen Model Today •Refrigeration and food preservation •Improved...
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Human Geography Models
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Demographic Transition Model
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Stage One
• Every country in the world has moved out of Stage 1 and into at least Stage 2
• High CBR’s and CDR’s: (Roughly around 35 to 40 per 1,000)
• Agricultural Revolution: (8000 B.C.E.): huge boost in population but remained in Stage 1 because of unpredictable harvests, wars, famine, and disease.
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Stage 2 • CDR drops significantly:
• Industrial Revolution: caused population to grow 10x faster.
• 1750 grew 500,000 1800 grew 5 million
• Infrastructure improved: sewers installed; food and water supply safeguarded from contamination.
• CBR stays high. NIR very high because of gap between CDR and CBR
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Stage 2 • Europe and North America entered stage 2
around 1800
• Most other countries (Africa, Asia, and Latin America) around 1950
Medical Revolution: caused Africa, Asia, and Latin America to push into stage 2; Unlike Europe and North America. Medical technology invented in Europe and North America diffused to LDC’s.
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Stage 3
• CBR’s drop because of conscious decision to have fewer children.
• CDR continues to fall but at a slower rate than in stage 2. Population continues to grow but at slower rates.
• Growth of Cities
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Stage 3 • Europe and North America moved to Stage 3
during the first half of the 20th century
• Latin America and Asia moved to stage 3 more recently
• Many African nations are still in stage 2 What were we thinking?
One and done son!
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Stage 4
• When CBR and CDR equal one another.
• (Around 10 per 1,000) NIR equals zero. Zero Population Growth:
• CBR may be slightly higher than CDR because some females die before they reproduce.
• During ZPG Total Fertility Rates are more often measured. When the TFR is 2.1 the population replaces itself and there is no growth (or decline)
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Epidemiologic Transition Model
Why do we die?
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Stage 1: Epidemics and Natural Checks (pestilence and famine)
• Epidemics: The Black Plague (Bubonic Plague)
• Natural Checks: animal and human attacks as well as accidents. Famine
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Stage 2: Receding Pandemics • Pandemic: a disease that occurs over a wide
geographic area and affects a very high portion of the population.
• At first crowded cities and living conditions kept death rates high. Cholera spread easily through crowded urban centers.
• Why: improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine during the Industrial Revolution reduced spread of these diseases.
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Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-Created Diseases
• Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging. Cardiovascular diseases (heart attacks) and cancer
• Vaccines are responsible for this decline.
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Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases
• Medical advances prolong life by helping people with cardiovascular diseases and cancer to live longer.
• People are more aware of these diseases and practice better lifestyles to avoid them. Dieting and exercising.
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Stage 5: Evolution of Infectious Diseases
• Some say we are moving into a stage 5
• Evolution: microbes constantly develop resistance to drugs and new strands emerge.
•Improved Travel
causes further
spread; cars connect
urban to rural.
Airplanes connect
countries
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Gravity Model
• Migration
• Large places attract more people
• Closer places are of higher attraction
• Therefore people will migrate to the next largest city.
• “migration between two places is directly proportionate to population and inversely proportionate to distance”
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Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration • Migrants travel short distance
• Migrants who travel far tend to go to larger cities.
• Rural residents are more likely to migrate than urban.
• Families less likely to migrate across national borders.
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Chain Migration
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Language Trees
• Family (Indo European)
–Branch (Germanic)
•Group (West Germanic)
–Language (English)
»Dialect (Southern, New England, etc.)
1. Indo European 2. Sino-Tibetan 3. Niger-Congo
1. Mandarin Chinese 2. Spanish 3. English
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Universalizing vs Ethnic Religion
• Christianity
• Buddhism
• Islam
• Hinduism
• Judaism
How do they tie into diffusion? Largest? Fastest Growing?
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Theories of World Domination
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Heartland Theory by MacKinder
• suggests that whoever owns Eastern Europe and Western Asia has the political power and capital to rule the world.
• Eastern Europe contained one of the richest agricultural regions, which could sustain a large population.
• Also, raw materials were available to build a military and industrial base.
• Hitler believed in this theory.
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Heartland Theory
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Rimland Theory by Spykman
• believes that forming
alliances is necessary
to keep the Heartland
in check.
• Heartland may control the land but the Rimland will control the sea.
• To the north of the Heartland is icebound ocean.
• The Rimland would use the oceans to contain the Heartland.
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•How do these theories tie into
the Economic/Industrialization Unit?
•How do these theories tie into the Agricultural Unit?
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Domino Theory • when one country experiences rebellion or
political unrest, other countries around it will also experience turmoil as a result, leading to a domino effect.
• Developed by US in the 1960’s
and 1970’s on communism.
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Organic Theory of Colonialism
• the state is like a living entity that constantly needed to grow and thrive. States constantly need new territory to meet the demands of their ever-growing population.
~Friedrich Ratzel
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3 main reasons for colonizing
• GOD
– Europeans spreading Christianity.
–Persecuted religious minorities emigrate to establish colonies
• GLORY
• GOLD
– El Dorado
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Main Colonizers
• British- America (Settlement)
• French- Canada (Settlement)
• Spain- Latin America (Land )
• Portuguese- Brazil (Sea)
• How do these tie into Language and Religion?
• Diffusion?
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Dependency Theory
• Many countries are poor today because of their colonization by European powers.
• Former colonies have not been able to heal from the imperial domination established by the colonizers.
• The continued economic dependence of new states on their former colonial masters is called neocolonialism
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World Systems by Wallerstein
• Divides the world into three groups
• Core: Economically developed
• Periphery: Undeveloped economies
• Semi-Periphery: developing economies
• Wallerstein argues that the Core can only exist by exploiting the peripheral countries. So we will never have 100% of the countries in the world fully developed.
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Territorial Morphology
Examples
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Compact
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Prorupted
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Elongated
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Fragmented
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Perforated
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First Agricultural Revolution
• AKA Neolithic Revolution
• People began to discover how to bring the food to them rather than chasing their food.
• Leads to domestication of animals and the development of civilizations.
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• Vegetative Planting: removing part of a plant and putting it in the ground to grow a new plant.
• Seed Agriculture: planting seeds of existing plants to produce new plants. – Practice more often
today than V.P.
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Second Agricultural Revolution • Used technology of Industrial Revolution to
increase production and distribution of products on farms.
• 1750-1900 Occurred in MDC’s • Transportation advancements
were crucial in getting food to markets before they spoil
• Cause a reduction in the number of farmers
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Third Agricultural Revolution
• AKA Green Revolution
• Involves the use of biotechnology or genetic engineering.
• Increase in the use of chemical fertilizers.
• Diffused to LDC’s in the 1970’s
• More food to reduce starvation
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Third Agricultural Revolution • Negative effects:
• Higher-yielding crop strains are often more prone to viruses and pest infestations.
• Many of these new crops (rice and wheat) cannot be grown in dryer African regions where hunger is a problem
• Created economic inequalities.
• Health problems from chemicals
• Overwork the land
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Von Thunen’s Model of Agriculture Land Use
Peep this model class
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Year 1826 • Model suggests that certain crops are grown
in direct relation to their distance from the market.
• If the farmer grows products that don’t fit the model, the farmer will go bankrupt from the increased cost of production and transportation.
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• The central marketplace is surrounded by
agriculture rings.
• Moving outward from the marketplace, the farming activities change from intensive to more extensive.
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1. Market Gardening Activities and Dairy:
• heavy, bulky, products.
Why:
– Spoil factor
–Weight and mass raises transportation
costs.
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2. Forestry:
• woodlots where trees are cut for resources.
Why:
-weight increases transportation costs.
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3. Mixed Crop and Livestock
• Why:
-land is cheaper, further from urban centers
-livestock is transported to town only a couple times a year, reducing costs.
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4. Extensive Pastoral Grazing Why:
-price of land and amount of land needed.
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Things Not Considered by Von Thunen
• - physical features of the land
• -assumes all land is the same quality
• -social customs and govt. policies influence what is grown.
Why you gotta poke holes in my Theory dog?
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Von Thunen Model Today
• Refrigeration and food preservation
• Improved transportation
• Regional and global markets
• Urbanization has eliminated many “Forest” zones close to the market.
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• How does Von Thunen’s Model Tie
into Weber’s Least Coast Theory?
Market
Peas Carrots
Weight-Gaining Product (Canned Veggies)
Industrial Point
Market
Salt Potatoes
Industrial Point
Weight-Losing Product (Potatoes Chips)
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• What are the site factors that
Weber ignores?
Market
Peas Carrots
Weight-Gaining Product (Canned Veggies)
Industrial Point
Market
Salt Potatoes
Industrial Point
Weight-Losing Product (Potatoes Chips)
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Human Development Index
• 0-1 (1 is the highest)
• Life Expectancy
• Literacy
• Education
• Standard of Living (GDP)
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Economic Sectors
• Primary: basic activities: farming, extracting resources
• Secondary: manufacturing, processing
• Tertiary: moving , selling, and trading the products made in secondary industries. Also includes services; examples: banking, law, education, govt.
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Economic Sectors
• Quaternery: collecting, processing, and manipulation of information.
• Quinery: high level management, scientific research, complex decision making.
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Rostow’s Model of Development (AKA Take-off Model)
“Model” suggests today’s MDC’s passed through these stages
and that LDC’s will pass through these
stages as they develop.
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Stage 1: Traditional Society:
• Workforce: primary sector
• Economy: Trade between farmers and their agriculture products
• Description: mostly subsistence farming
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Stage 2: Preconditions for takeoff (transitional phase):
• Workforce: shifting from primary to secondary sector
• Economy: investment in entrepreneurial activities (Things that will ultimately stimulate and increase productivity.) Transportation and infrastructure improve.
• Description: expendable income begins to rise allowing more people to invest.
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Stage 3: The Take Off
• Workforce: a few industries successfully shifted to secondary
• Economy: more companies become involved in manufacturing
• Description: growth takes place near urban centers but only in a few industries. These industries improve technology and increase productivity.
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Stage 4: The Drive to Maturity
• Description: same as “the take off” stage except the technology is now being diffused and integrated into all areas of the manufacturing sector
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Stage 5: The Age of Mass Consumption
• Workforce: shifting from secondary to tertiary sector
• Economy: producing consumer goods
• Description: workers have become highly skilled in their professions.
• Productivity, earnings, and savings are at all-time highs.
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Comparing Urban Structures
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United States Cities • Central Business District: a downtown area
that serves as the commercial center
• Agglomeration shown in Shopping malls.
• Lowerclass found in center of cities and upperclass on the outskirts (suburbs)
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Eastern vs Western US • Eastern: narrow streets; public transportation
such as subways/trains
• Western: spread out; grid system; dependency on interstate highway system
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European Cities
• Dendritic Patterns: cities were built for travel on foot.
• Preservation of old buildings
• Skyscrapers built on the outskirts of cities due to old pre-established center.
• Green-Belts: pockets of land that are to be left undeveloped.
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Latin American Cities
• “Spine” of high-income residential areas Squatter Settlements develop along outskirts of cities.
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Asian Cities • Economically advanced
• Coastal cities built for trade
• Specific zones for foreign companies
• Densely populated = high skyscrapers
Hong Kong
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African Cities • Many are molded after their former colonial
owners.
• Lack public transportation and infrastructure.
• Dirty roads.
• Huge unorganized markets
Lagos, Nigeria
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• Central Place Theory: explains the size
and spacing of cities that specialize in selling goods and services – Threshold: the minimum number of
customers needed for a service or product to succeed. • depending on the service it is not just
the number of people but the type of people.
– Range: the maximum distance that people are willing to travel to purchase a product or service. • people tend to go to the nearest
available service
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• Low-Order Products: are bought frequently on
a regular basis people are not typically willing to travel long distances to gain these items/services
(gas, groceries, coffee)
• High Order Products: are bought less frequently and people are typically willing to travel longer distances to obtain these items/services. (luxury items, medical specialists, entertainment)
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The Gravity Model
• Gravity Model: the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
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Rank-Size Rule:
• a country’s nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
• This is said to be a characteristic of MDC’s.
Example:
Largest city =100,000 people
2nd: 50,000 (100,000 x ½)
3rd: 33,333 (100,000 x 1/3)
4th: 25,000 (100,000 x ¼)
5th: 20,000 (100,000 x 1/5)
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Primate City Rule
• the largest settlement (Primate City) has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
London 7 million: Birmingham 1 million
Paris 10 million: Marseilles 1.5 million
Buenos Aires 12 million : Rosario 1.2 million
Mexico City 9 million: Guadalajara 2 million
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Concentric Ring Model (Burgess)
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Bid Rent Curve • Rent and population density decline as you move
further away from the center of the city.
• This aligns with the agriculture unit