Human Genome Human Genome Project,Project,

Stem Cells Stem Cells and and

CloningCloning

Human Genome Human Genome ProjectProject

• A A genomegenome is an is an organism’s complete set of organism’s complete set of DNA DNA

• Project began in 1990; Project began in 1990; Completed in 2003Completed in 2003

• Coordinated by National Coordinated by National Institutes of Health (NIH) & Institutes of Health (NIH) & U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)(DOE)

What is the Human Genome Project What is the Human Genome Project (HGP)?(HGP)?

Goals of HGPGoals of HGP

1.1. Reading and determiningReading and determining the the sequence of the 3 billion base sequence of the 3 billion base pairs in the human genome. pairs in the human genome.

2.2. Locating and identifyingLocating and identifying all all genes in the human genome genes in the human genome which there is about 30,000 which there is about 30,000

3.3. Storing informationStoring information into into databases that are accessible to databases that are accessible to the publicthe public

4.4. Analyzing and addressingAnalyzing and addressing ethical, legal, & social issues ethical, legal, & social issues involved in using this involved in using this informationinformation

Benefits of the Human Genome ProjectBenefits of the Human Genome Project

1.1. We have located many diseased We have located many diseased genes and genetic tests have genes and genetic tests have been created.been created.

2.2. Researching bacteria genomes Researching bacteria genomes furthered research for fuel & furthered research for fuel & environmental clean-upenvironmental clean-up

3.3. Improved technology for DNA Improved technology for DNA forensic scienceforensic science

4.4. Other sequences completed for Other sequences completed for E. E. coli,coli, yeast, simple round worm, yeast, simple round worm, fruit fly, rat & chimpanzeefruit fly, rat & chimpanzee (model (model organisms for studying how similar organisms for studying how similar genes work in humans.)genes work in humans.)

Maps of chromosomes # 13 & # 17; show the location of BRCA 2 & BRCA 1 – breast cancer genes.

DNA Fingerprinting: Used in DNA DNA Fingerprinting: Used in DNA ForensicsForensics

DNA fingerprintingDNA fingerprinting: tool used by forensics : tool used by forensics scientists to identify a person using DNA.scientists to identify a person using DNA.

How it WorksHow it Works::• A sample of the person’s DNA is taken from A sample of the person’s DNA is taken from

blood, semen, bone, or hairblood, semen, bone, or hair..• DNA fragments are placed into a gel & DNA fragments are placed into a gel &

connected to an electric currentconnected to an electric current• DNA moves through the gel; shortest lengths DNA moves through the gel; shortest lengths

move the fastest & longest lengths move the move the fastest & longest lengths move the slowest.slowest.

• A characteristic banding pattern is produced A characteristic banding pattern is produced and a photograph is taken and a photograph is taken

• The banding pattern is unique for each person – The banding pattern is unique for each person – thus called a DNA fingerprintthus called a DNA fingerprint

DNA FingerprintsDNA FingerprintsWas any of the victims

blood on the defendants clothing?

Used asUsed as

evidence in evidence in

court casescourt cases

Which dog was probably the culprit (dog that bit the person)?

How Cloning Occurs in NatureHow Cloning Occurs in Nature

1.1. CloneClone: an organism that : an organism that is genetically identical to is genetically identical to another organismanother organism

a.a. All of the genes are All of the genes are the same (identical)the same (identical)

2. 2. Examples of cloning that Examples of cloning that occurs in natureoccurs in nature

a.a. Reproduction in Reproduction in bacteria & sponges bacteria & sponges (asexual)(asexual)

b.b. Identical twins are Identical twins are natural clonesnatural clones

Bacteria and Plant Cloning is EasyBacteria and Plant Cloning is Easy

1.1. Cloning of transgenic Cloning of transgenic bacteriabacteria creates creates many “living many “living factories” used to factories” used to make insulin & other make insulin & other drugsdrugs

2. 2. Cloning of transgenic Cloning of transgenic plantsplants to insure to insure genetics are intact genetics are intact for the next for the next generation.generation.

Bacteria that contain genes for digesting oil can be used to clean up oil spills.

Animal Cloning is difficult Animal Cloning is difficult and controversialand controversial

Dolly: First cloned animal

Also called Reproductive Cloning

First Cloned Cat

What are Stem Cells & What are Stem Cells & Why Do Scientists Want Them?Why Do Scientists Want Them?

1.1. Stem cellsStem cells: : (link)(link) undefined cells that undefined cells that reproduce reproduce continuously & can continuously & can develop into any type develop into any type of cells or tissuesof cells or tissues

2. The hope is to be able 2. The hope is to be able to produce tissue & to produce tissue & organs for transplantsorgans for transplants Stem cell technology

can help those who wait for organ transplants.

Where do we get Stem Cells?Where do we get Stem Cells?

1.1. Embryonic Stem cellsEmbryonic Stem cells are most easily obtained are most easily obtained from embryos and umbilical cords. (work best)from embryos and umbilical cords. (work best)

2.2. Adult Stem cellsAdult Stem cells are found in bone marrow are found in bone marrow and skin.and skin.