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RS2017 18 May 2017

Jacques HulshofN.V. Nederlandsche Apparatenfabriek “Nedap”

Groenlo, The Netherlands

WelcomeHuman Exposure Assessmentand RFID Systems

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Presentation contents

� Company profile� Committee Memberships� RFID Standards and Frequency Regulatory � Safety and other Regulatory Issues

- Human exposure- Electrical Safety- Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)- Interaction with medical implants

� Discussions

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Company profile of NEDAP

The five divisions of NEDAP� Retail (EAS and RFID)� Security_Acces Control� Live Stock Management Systems� Library systems� Nedap Identification Systems� Healtcare� Light controlJacques Hulshof (jacques.hulshof@nedap.com)

Responsibilty: Radio-, EMC-, Safety Regulatory issues

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Committee Memberships

� Council Member of LPRA� CENELEC TC 106x (Human Exposure)� NEC EMF (Dutch Comm. of TC106x)� DKE 764 (German Comm. of TC106x)� NEC EMC (Dutch Comm. IEC/CISPR) � RE-D CA (Radio Equipment Directive Compliance Ass.)� ETSI TG34 (865-868 MHz) � CEPT SE 24 (SRD and Radio)� Sometimes visiting WG FM� SRD MG (Short Range Device Maintenance Group)� ISO-IEC JTC1 SC31 WG4

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RFID Frequencies ISO 18000

� ISO/IEC 18000-2: Frequency 135 kHz� ISO/IEC 18000-3: Frequency 13560 kHz� ISO/IEC 18000-4: Frequency 2450 MHz� ISO/IEC 18000-63: Frequency 900 MHz� ISO/IEC 18000-7: Frequency 433 MHz

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Radio Regulatory Approval Europe

R&TTE* Directive 1999/5/EC in force April 2000, in new EU countries since May 1, 2004, accepted by EFTA countries withdrawal 13 June 2017:

�Manufacturers Declaration�CE Mark shows compliance�For ISO18000 series harmonised frequencies

*Radio and Telecommunication Terminal Equipment

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Radio Regulatory Approval Europe

RE* Directive 2014/53/EU published 16 April 2014, in force 13 June 2016:

�Manufacturers Declaration�CE Mark shows compliance� ISO18000 harmonised frequencies

*Radio Equipment

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R&TTE - What does it say

Requirements to all Radio apparatus:The protection of the health and safety of the user and any other

person, including the objectives with respect to safety requirements contained in Directive 73/23/EEC, but with no voltage limit applying;

The protection requirements with respect to electromagnetic compatibility contained in Directive 89/336/EEC.

In addition, radio equipment shall be so constructed that it effectively uses the spectrum allocated to terrestrial/space radio communication and orbital resources so as to avoid harmful interference.

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RE-D - What does it say

Essential requirements:1. Radio equipment shall be constructed so as to ensure:

(a) the protection of health and safety of persons and of domestic animals and the protection of property, including the objectives with respect to safety requirements set out in Directive 2014/35/EU, but with no voltage limit applying; (b) an adequate level of electromagnetic compatibility as set out in Directive 2014/30/EU.

2.Radio equipment shall be so constructed that it both effectively uses and supports the efficient use of radio spectrum in order to avoid harmful interference.

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Human Exposure to EMF’s (1)

�EMF (Electro Magnetic Fields) Interactions with the human body:

Nervous system effects and/or Heating�Effects determined either by:- Calculation- Measuring a reference quantity�Effects are dependent on:- Frequencies- Exposure length- Magnetic flux density - Induced current density- Specific absorption rate (SAR)

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Human Exposure to EMF’s (2)

World Health Organisation (WHO) established in 1992 ICNIRP*ICNIRP Guidelines published in 1998

in “Health Physics in April 1998, Volume 74, Number 4”

“Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields up to 300 GHz”

� Basic Restrictions and derived Reference Levels� Occupational - and general public exposure� Basis for Council Recommandation 1999/519/EC� Basis for Directive 2013/35/EU EMF limits for workers� Basis for many standards also in other countries outside the EU

*International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

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Basic restrictions for time varying electric and magnetic fields

for frequencies up to 10 GHz. Exposure Characteristics

Frequency Range

Current Density for head and

trunk (mAm-2)(rms)

Whole-body average SAR

(W kg-1)

Localised SAR (head and

trunk) (W kg-1)

Localised SAR (limbs)

(W kg-1)

Occupational Exposure

up to 1 Hz 1-4 Hz

4 Hz - 1 kHz 1-100 kHz 100 kHz-10

MHz 10 MHz-10 GHz

40 40/f 10

f/100 f/100

-

- - - -

0,4 0,4

- - - -

10 10

- - - -

20 20

General Public Exposure

up to 1 Hz 1-4 Hz

4 Hz--1 kHz 1-100 kHz

100 kHz -10 MHz

10 MHz-10 GHz

8 8/f 2

f/500 f/500

-

- - - -

0,08 0,08

- - - - 2 2

- - - - 4 4

Notes: 1. f is the frequency in hertz. 2. Because of electrical inhomogeneity of the body, current densities should be averaged over a cross-section of 1 cm2

perpendicular to the current direction. 3. For frequencies up to 100 kHz, peak current density values can be obtained by multiplying the rms value by �2 (�1,414). For

pulses of duration tp the equivalent frequency to apply in the basic restrictions should be calculated as f = 1/(2tp). 4. For frequencies up to 100 kHz and for pulsed magnetic fields, the maximum current density associated with the pulses can be

calculated from the rise/fall times and the maximum rate of change of magnetic flux density. The induced current density can then be compared with the appropriate basic restriction.

5. All SAR values are to be averaged over any 6-minute period. 6. Localised SAR averaging mass is any 10 g of contiguous tissue; the maximum SAR so obtained should be the value used for the

estimation of exposure. 7. For pulses of duration tp the equivalent frequency to apply in the basic restrictions should be calculated as f=1/(2tp). Additionally

for pulsed exposures, in the frequency range 0,3 to 10 GHz and for localised exposure of the head, in order to limit or avoid auditory effects caused by thermoelastic expansion, and additional basic restriction is recommended. This is that the SA should not exceed 10 mJ kg-4 for workers and 2 mJ kg-1 for the general public averaged over 10 g tissue.

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Reference levels for occupational exposure to time-varyingelectric and magnetic fields (unperturbed rms values).

Frequency Range E-field strength(V m-1)

H-field strength(A m-1)

B-field (µT) Equivalent planewave power density

Seq (Wm-2)up to 1 Hz1-8 Hz8-25 Hz0,025-0,82 kHz0,82-65 kHz0,065-1 MHz1-10 MHz10-400 MHz400-2 000 MHz2-300 GHz

-20 00020 000500/f610610

610/f613ft/2

137

1,63 x 105

1,63 x 105/f2

2 x 104/f20/f24,41,6/f1,6/f0,16

0,008f1/2

0,36

2 x 105

2 x 105/f2

2,5 x 104/f25/f30,72,0/f2,0/f0,2

0,01f1/2

0,45

-------

10f/4050

Notes:1. f is the frequency as indicated in the frequency range column.2. Provided that basic restrictions are met and adverse indirect effects can be excluded, field strength values can be exceeded.3. For frequencies between 100 kHz and 10 GHz, Seq, E2, H2, and B2 are to be averaged over any 6 minute period.4. For peak values at frequencies up to 100 kHz see Table C.1, note 3.5. Fore peak values at frequencies exceeding 100 kHz see Figures A.2 and A.3. Between 100 kHz and 10 MHz, peak values for

the field strengths are obtained by interpolation from the 1,5 fold peak at 100 kHz to the 32 fold peak at 10 MHz. Forfrequencies exceeding 10 MHz it is suggested that the peak equivalent plane wave power density, as averaged over the pulsewidth, does not exceed 1 000 times the Seq, restrictions, or that the field strength does not exceed 32 times the field strengthexposure levels given in the table.

6. For frequencies exceeding 10 GHz, Seq, E2, H2 and B2 are to be averaged over any 68/f1.05 minute period (f in GHz).7. No E-field value is provided for frequencies < 1 Hz, which are effectively static electric fields. Electric shock from low

impedance sources is prevented by established electrical safety procedures for such equipment.

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Reference levels for general public exposure to time-varying

electric and magnetic fields (unperturbed rms values).

Frequency Range

E-field strength (V m-1)

H-field strength (A m-1)

B-field (µT) Equivalent plane wave power density Seq

(Wm-2) up to 1 Hz

1-8 Hz 8-25 Hz

0,025-0,8 kHz 0,8-3 kHz 3-150 kHz

0,15-1 MHz 1-10 MHz

10-400 MHz 400-2 000 MHz

2-300 GHz

- 10 000 10 000 250/f 250/f 87 87

87/f 1/2 28

1,375f1/2

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3,2 x 104 3,2 x 104/f2

4 000/f 4/f 5 5

0,73/f 0,73/f 0,073

0,0037f1/2

0,16

4 x 104 4 x 104/f2 5 000/f

5/f 6,25 6,25

0,92/f 0,92/f 0,092

0,0046f1/2

0,20

- - - - - - - - 2

f/200 10

Notes: 1. f is the frequency as indicated in the frequency range column. 2. Provided that basic restrictions are met and adverse indirect effects can be excluded, field strength values can be exceeded. 3. For frequencies between 100 kHz and 10 GHz, Seq, E2, H2, and B2 are to be averaged over any 6 minute period. 4. For peak values at frequencies up to 100 kHz see Table C.1, note 3. 5. Fore peak values at frequencies exceeding 100 kHz see Figures A.2 and A.3. Between 100 kHz and 10 MHz, peak values for

the field strengths are obtained by interpolation from the 1,5 fold peak at 100 kHz to the 32 fold peak at 10 MHz. For frequencies exceeding 10 MHz it is suggested that the peak equivalent plane wave power density, as averaged over the pulse width, does not exceed 1 000 times the Seq, restrictions, or that the field strength does not exceed 32 times the field strength exposure levels given in the table.

6. For frequencies exceeding 10 GHz, Seq, E2, H2 and B2 are to be averaged over any 68/f1.05 minute period (f in GHz). 7. No E-field value is provided for frequencies < 1 Hz, which are effectively static electric fields. For most people the annoying

perception of surface electric charges will not occur at field strengths less than 25 kVm-1. Spark discharges causing stress or annoyance should be avoided.

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Human Exposure Standardization

� USA: � CFR 47 Part 1, section 1.1310 (radiofrequency radiation exposure limits)� CFR 47 Part 2, section 2.1091 (radiofrequency radiation exposure

evaluation: mobile devices) and section 2.1093 (radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: mobile devices).

� Reference standard: ANSI/IEEE Std C95.1-1992. � Several KBD documents overrule the use of ANSI/IEEE Std C95.1-1992 and� Force using Supplement C 01-01 to OET Bulletin 65 and IEEE Std 1528-

2003.

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Human Exposure Standardization

� Canada: Health Canada Safety Code 6 http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/radiation/radio_guide-lignes_direct/index-eng.phpPrinciple standard for radio communications devices: RSS-102, issue 5, 19 March 2015:http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf01904.htmlRecent update, as per 1 September 2016, concerning RF exposure: SPR-002 — Supplementary Procedure for Assessing Compliance with RSS-102 Nerve Stimulation Exposure Limits: http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf11198.htmlSPR-002 is in force since 1 March 2017!!

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Human ExposureStandardization

� China: Hygienic standard for environmental electromagnetic waves (GB8702-88). Regulations for electromagnetic radiation protection (GB9175-88).

� Japan: Ordinance Regulating Radio Equipment (MIC Ordinance No. 100). Radio equipment as specified by MIC (MIC notification no. 423). Measurement method of SAR at human body (except head and hands) and measurement method of SAR at human head (MIC notification no. 424). Not applicable to stand-alone unlicensed low power transmitters.

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Europe: Measuring Standard EN 62369-1: 2009

� Evaluation of human exposure to electromagnetic fields from short range devices (SRDs) in various applications over the frequency range 0 GHz to 300 GHz - Part 1: Fields produced by devices used for electronic article surveillance, radio frequency identification and similar systems.

� No values mentioned. Before the EN 50357 showed limits � Implemented at EU national level in 2001-10-01� With EN 62369-1 showing compliance to:

� R&TTE Directive 1999/5/CE_RE-Directive 2014/53/EU � Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU� ICNIRP Guidelines� EMF Directive for workers 2013/35/EU� Council Recommendation 1999/519/CE� Other national or international guidelines

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EN 62369-1 approach: 3-Stage

No System compliance go to the next stage

�Stage 1: Simple measurements against derived Reference Levels

�Stage 2: More complex series of measurements, coupled with modelling techniques to show compliance with the Basic Restrictions

�Stage 3: Computer modelling and analysis to show compliance with the Basic Restrictions.

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Stage 1: Reference Level Compliance

Two level measurements:� Level 1: Simple measurements.

- measure @ 20 cm distance from the antenna - no Reference Levels compliance go to next level

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Stage 1: Reference Level Compliance

Two level measurements:

� Level 1: Simple measurements.- measure @ 20 cm distance from the antenna - no Reference Levels compliance go to next level

�Level 2: Grid measurements- grid is drawn across the torso (see next slides) - at each point the fieldstrength is measured- the average values should be calculated- no Reference Levels compliance to next stage

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Frame mounted AntennaAntenna Normative dimensions (in cm) Informative dimensions (in cm)

a/b/c X Z Height Width Depth

Wall mounted unit 15 20 - 20-100 20-55 5

“Walk through” AntennaAntenna Normative dimensions (in cm) Informative dimensions (in cm)

a/b/c X Z Height Width Depth

Stage 2: Show compliance to basic restrictions

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