Name: _________________________ Notes for Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, & Excretory Systems

Human Digestive System Notes A: What is the function of the digestive system?

To break down food into molecules __________________________________________

____________________________________________

The digested food gets carried to every cell to provide _________________________________

and other material to ________________________________________ B: The path food takes through the body:

1. __________________ 2. ___________________3. __________________

4. __________________ 5. ___________________ 6. __________________

7. __________________

C: Food never goes into the ____________________________________________________

These organs make chemicals that help break down food. D: Two types of digestion:

Mechanical Digestion: physically break _______________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

(__________________________________ for chemical digestion)

Example: __________________________________________________________

Chemical Digestion: ______________ breaking down large molecules into smaller ones.

Ex: starch __________________ Ex: protein ____________________

E. Stomach:

Contains gastric juices: _____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Both __________________________________________________________ occur here.

Pepsin: an enzyme (chemical) that ___________________________________________

F. Small Intestines: The _____________________________ organ for digestion.

Organ where _____________________________ occurs.

Where _________________________________________

Enzymes aid in the final digestion of _____________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Accessory Organs: The _____________________________________________

pump _______________________________ into the small intestine to help digest food.

Liver: _____________________________________________________________

Bile: is a green liquid that ________________________________________

Pancreas: Pumps pancreatic juices into the _____________________________ that break down ________________________________________________________. Also releases bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

Villi are _________________________ that _____________________________ to ________________________________________________________________ Each villi is surrounded by ___________________________ to _______________ __________so that the ________________________ can take the ____________________________ to the_________________________________

G. Large Intestine: ______________________________________________________ in the large

intestines Helpful bacteria feed off the passing materials and

_______________________________

H: Digestive disorders:

Constipation__________________________________ is

absorbed by the ____________ intestine.

Diarrhea: _____________________ is absorbed by the ____________ intestine.

Heartburn: ____________________________________________ causing a burning sensation in _____________________________________

Ulcers: ____________________ that develop on the _______________________ of your esophagus, stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine.

Gall Stones: small stones from crystallized _________usually found in the __________________________________________________________________

Circulatory System Notes

Purpose of Circulatory System:

To _____________________________ to ______________________________ and carries ___________________________________________________________from the body cells

Transport Systems Materials are transported around the body by either blood or lymph.

What is in blood?

______________

_________________

__________________

___________________

Plasma:

The __________________________

Made up of ____________________________________________ _______________________________________

Plasma holds the rest of the materials in blood. Platelets: _________________________________________

Red blood cells:

Contain __________________

which ______________________

Made in __________________

White blood cells: _______________________________ There are different types: Phagocytes: __________________________________________ that enter bloodstream through breaks in the skin surface. Lymphocytes: Produce ________________ that recognize and attack _______________ that invade the body.

Blood is transported by the blood vessels.

Three main types of blood vessels: Arteries:

Carry blood _________________________________

Carry blood _____________________________

Largest artery is called the _________________

Blood is under pressure in the arteries. When you take your _________________ you are feeling the _____________________________

Veins:

Carry blood towards ________________________

Have _____________________ that prevent the backwards flow of blood.

Carry blood ____________________________

Capillaries:

Only one cell thick. Connect ____________________

All materials exchanged with cells is done by the

________________________

Dissolved materials are __________________________

through the thin walls of the ____________________

1. The smallest blood vessels are the _______________

2. The blood vessel under the highest pressure is the ______________________

3. In our bodies we have more _________________ than

any other blood vessel.

Common Circulatory System Disorders High blood pressure: Damages lining of arteries and __________________________ Caused by stress, diet, smoking, aging, and heredity.

Another name for high blood pressure is ________________ Leukemia: ___________________ in which the ________________ makes too many

white blood cells that crowd out the red blood cells and platelets.

Anemia:

The blood does not have _______________________________ causing the cells to _____________________________

Anemia is caused by ________________________________ Anemia makes you feel very tired all the time. Coronary thrombosis (common cause of ______________): Coronary arteries or its branches are blocked and some muscle tissue of

the heart is ______________________________

Sickle celled anemia:

Red blood cells are not their normal shape and this can cause blockage of blood vessels.

It is caused by heredity.

Normal red blood cell

Sickle shaped red blood cell

Use your notes to answer the following questions:

1. The four parts of

blood

What does it do?

2. Describe the two differences between arteries and veins.

1.

2.

3. In which type of blood vessel does the transfer of materials

between the cells and the blood take place?

___________________________

4. Look at the diagram on the first page of the circulatory system

notes. What is your blood mostly made up of? ________________

5. What is the second most thing your blood is made up of?

_____________________

6. Why is it important that your blood is made up of so much of this?

_________________________________________________________________

Circulatory System Notes

Flow of Blood in the Body:

Heart _________________(to pick up ____________ and drop off ____________________)

_______________________________ _______________________ Heart

Flow of Blood In the Heart:

1. __________________________

2. ___________________________

3. ___________________________ (to pick up oxygen and get rid of CO2

4. ___________________________

5. ___________________________

6. All parts of the body

Valves: a flap of tissue between __________________________________________

Prevent blood ____________________________________________________

The purpose of the Human Respiratory System is to ________________________ (O2 and CO2) between the _______________________________________________

The Pathway of Air into the Human Respiratory System: Nose & Mouth Pharynx and Larynx Epiglottis Trachea

Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli → Bloodstream

Diaphragm: Muscle below lungs that _________________________

Nose/Nasal Passage:

Air enters here Warms and humidifies the air Lined with mucous and cilia to trap dust/debris

Pharynx: The back of the throat

Larynx: Vocal cords are located here

Epiglottis: Flap of tissue that prevents food from entering trachea/lungs Trachea: (windpipe) supported by rings of cartilage

Bronchi: Main branches (2) of the trachea that go to the lungs

Bronchioles: Smallest air tubes which end at the alveoli or air sacs Alveoli: ___________________________________

The site of respiratory gas exchange They have thin, moist surfaces Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream CO2 and H2O (end products of cellular respiration) diffuse

from the bloodstream into the alveoli

What makes you breath?

The _______________________ in the brain is responsible for your rate of breathing. It monitors ____________________________________ ____________________________

Breathing is an ____________________ – we do not have to think

about it! If an increase in __________ is detected by the Medulla in the brain, it will automatically send a message to the lungs to increase the rate of breathing. This will let off more CO2 and decrease the amount in your blood.

This is an example of HOMEOSTASIS!

Diseases of the Respiratory System

Any disease or disorder is a failure to maintain __________________

Asthma – a severe ___________________________ (immune response) that causes ________________________ such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath. The air passages ________________________

Bronchitis – an ___________________________________________. The lining becomes swollen and irritated. Increases mucus production. Can be caused by a _____________________________

Emphysema – condition where walls of the alveoli break down. Gas exchange can not occur properly. Lungs develop holes, lose their elasticity, and alveoli become damaged. Causes severe shortness of breath. ___________________ is the leading cause of emphysema.

Pneumonia – Alveoli _______________________________, prevents gas exchange.

Lung Cancer – ____________________________ that may result in tumors.

Approximately 80% of all cases of lung cancer are due to _____________________.

LIFE PROCESS OF EXCRETION

Excretion: the elimination of cellular wastes from an organism. We have to get rid of waste from our body or else we will be poisoned by it.

What adaptations do we have for excretion? Lungs: Allow for the excretion of __________________ and water vapor. Skin:

Contains ______________________________

Excrete ______________________ as perspiration.

Regulates body temperature: When perspiration

evaporates ______________________________ This ___________________________

Liver:

_______________________________ . Urea is the ___________________________________________________ When our body

digests protein down into ___________________ the extra ___________________ our body does not need is _____________________________________________ become urea.

Nitrogenous waste comes from ________________________

Kidneys:

Major excretory organ in humans.

____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

The ____________________________ of the kidney is the _____________

Regulate the chemical composition of the blood. Things your body needs to function such as sodium or potassium can be returned to the bloodstream from the nephrons. This regulates the chemicals in the blood so that the correct amounts are there to keep you healthy.

Where are my kidneys?

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs about the same size as a fist. They are located ____________________________________, one on either side of the spine.

Ureters: Tubes that carries urine from the _____________ to the ____________________ Urinary Bladder: __________________________________ Urethra: Tube that carries urine from __________________ to ______________________________

Excretory System Disorders

Kidney failure: The kidneys ________________________________________ A patient must have dialysis if this occurs. Kidney Stones: Collections of solid material that ___________________ the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. _______________: disease that is very painful due to uric acid crystals in joints. __________________________: disease of liver that is caused by damage to the

cells. Most common cause is _____________