Human Development: Major Issues Nature/Nurture –Genes/Environment Continuity and Stages –Stage...
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Transcript of Human Development: Major Issues Nature/Nurture –Genes/Environment Continuity and Stages –Stage...
![Page 1: Human Development: Major Issues Nature/Nurture –Genes/Environment Continuity and Stages –Stage Theorists: Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikson Stability/Change –Born.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb55503460f94bbdb33/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Human Development: Major Issues
• Nature/Nurture– Genes/Environment
• Continuity and Stages– Stage Theorists: Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikson
• Stability/Change– Born Outgoing, Always Outgoing?
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Prenatal Development
• Question 1 on study guide
• 1 cell becomes 100 trillion!
Zygote (germinal)
Embryo
Fetus
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Teratogens
• Congenital Infections-HIV, Rubella, Syphilis
• Chemicals, Drugs and Medications -Alcohol, Street Drugs, Cigarettes
• Physical Agents -X-Ray
• Maternal Factors -Maternal Diabetes
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Early Development
36 hours after conception
46 Chromosomes
Zygote moves from fallopian tubes to uterus
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Principles of Human Development Cephalocaudal = Head to Tail
Proximodistal = Center Out
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4 Weeks
Menstrual Cycle Stops
Day 21 Hearbeat
Spinal Cord grows fast-tail like
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Week 7
Facial Features
Embryo is reactive to environment Week 8
Own Blood typeMajor Organs
Hair follicles, Knees, Elbows.
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Weeks 9-12
Heart rate can be heard
Face well formed, eyes close until 28th week
Fetus can make a fist
Testosterone is produced
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13-16 Weeks
Brain fully developed
Fetus feels pain
Suck, swallow, irregular breathing sounds
Transparent skin
Bones become harder
Kicks and somersaults
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20 Weeks
Quickening Recognize Mother’s voice
Lanugo Sex Organs visible on Ultra Sound
Finger and Toe Nails Appear
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Vernix Covers Skin Practice Breathing
Fetus has startle reflex Eyes Open/Close
Prints are forming 90% survival rate
24-28 Weeks
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38-40 Weeks
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Infancy: Physical Development• Reflexes: born with many reflexes to help them survive
Babinski Reflex
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Video’s of Infant Reflexes
• Swimming Reflex
• Swimming Baby
• Infant Reflexes
• Moro Reflex
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Infancy: Physical Development
• Growth rate declines throughout infancy but is faster than during any other postnatal period.
• Neural pathways strengthened and weakened.
• Brain plasticity best when young
• Motor development = Nature + Nurture
• Maturation
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Infancy: Motor Development• LIFT HEAD • ROLL OVER• SIT PROPPED UP• SIT WITHOUT SUPPORT• BEGINS TO STAND WHILE HOLDING ON
TO THINGS FOR SUPPORT• BEGIN TO WALK WITH SUPPORT• MOMENTARILY STAND ON OWN W/O
SUPPORT• STAND ALONE WITH MORE CONFIDENCE• BEGIN WALKING W/O SUPPORT
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Sensorimotor period: Birth -2
• Schemas / stranger anxiety• Assimilation/Accommodation
– Categorization/Classification
• Object Permanence• Rooting Reflex• Circular reaction reflexivity
non reflexive motions• The infant interacts with the
world thru sensory and motor activities.
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Infancy: Cognitive Development
• Preferences for faces
• Visual Cliff experiments-– Depth perception
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Preoperational Stage (ages 2-7)
• Egocentrism• Symbol Acquisition-
language• Pretend Play/Social
Learning Theory• The child represents
objects with words and mental images
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Concrete Operational (ages 7-11)
• Reversibility- puppy lab, lab puppy
• Conservation- matter doesn’t increase/decrease because it changes form.
• The child shows more logical thinking.
• Mathematical transformations
• Child can think logically about concrete events.
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Formal Operational (ages 11 & up)• Abstract thinking emerges• Hypothetical thinking emerges
– Concrete objects no longer need to be present• Readiness for adult intellectual tasks.• Metacognition• Can take others’ perspectives• Thinking through hypotheses• Not all adolescents/adults achieve formal
operational thinking.
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Six Sensorimotor Substages
• Exercising reflexes – 0-1 month
• Developing schemes – 1-4 months
• Discovering procedures – 4-8 months
• Intentional behavior – 8-12 months
• Novelty and exploration – 12-18 months
• Mental representation – 18-24 months
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Preoperational Thought• Appearances overwhelm preschoolers
– 2-3-year-olds do not easily discriminate what things look like from what things are
• Centration • Lacks reversibility • Learning becomes strategic• Language becomes instrumental • Misconceptions about Causality
– Artificialism (sun) natural phenomena created by peeps
– Animism (dolls) inanimate objects have human attributes
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Concrete Operational Thought
• Reversibility: Hallmark move to Concrete Thinking
– Compensation, Reciprocity, Inversion, Negation
• Classification and class inclusion
• Number skills and knowledge
• Understanding of conservation
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Children’s cognitive development from 4-10 years reveals:
• Better conceptual relations
• More controlled strategies
• Greater awareness of thinking
• Better causal reasoning
• Better understanding of other people
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Thought in Childhood and Adolescence
Child Adolescent• Limited to what is Considers possibilities
• Limited to present Considers abstract concepts and ideas
• Haphazard testing Planned testing
• Own view Perspective of others
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Formal Operational Thought
• Thinking about possibilities
• Thinking abstractly
• Thinking through hypotheses
• Thinking about thinking
• Considering the perspective of others
– Imaginary audience – Personal fable