HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS. Physical Development.
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Transcript of HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS. Physical Development.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS
Physical Development
Developmental Psychology
Study in how an individual’s social, physical, emotional, moral, and intellectual development occurs throughout life Continuity vs Stages of Development Stability vs Change Nature vs Nurture
Newborns
Grasping Reflex Response to a touch on the palm of the
hand Rooting Reflex
Newborns move their mouth toward the source of a touch
Physical Development
Maturation 3 months- lifts head 4 months- smiles 6 months- rolling over 8-10 months- crawling 1 year- walking
People are internally programmed to grow
Language
Some argue that language is a reinforced behavior
Telegraphic Speech- toddlers leave words out but still get the message across
Babies- begin babbling 2 year old- 50 word vocabulary
Emotional Development
Cognitive Development
Intelligence develops as a child grows
Schemas- mental representations of the world
Assimilation- fit new objects into a schema
Accommodation- changing schemas to fit a new object
Cognitive Development
Object Permanence Things exist even though they cannot be
seen or touched Representational Thought
Picture things in your mind
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmggsuJvxuI
Cognitive Development
Conservation A given quantity does not change when
its appearance is change Egocentric
Seeing and thinking of the world from your own standpoint and having difficulty understanding someone else's viewpoint
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtLEWVu815o
Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Stages of Development Sensorimotor- use schemas that involve
body and sensations Preoperational- use mental images or
symbols to understand things Concrete- understanding is limited to
concrete objects or problems Formal Operations- solve abstract problems
Piaget believed that intelligence develops as a child grows
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRF27F2bn-A
Emotional Development
Imprinting (Konrad Lorenz) Responses displayed by newborns
animals when they encounter new stimuli in the environment
Critical Period- time in development when certain skills/abilities are most easily learned
Emotional Development
Human Infants There is a critical period when infants
become attached to their caregivers (stranger anxiety, separation anxiety)
Mary Ainsworth Attachment
Harry Harlow Surrogate parents
Monkey
Adolescence
Theories
Transition from beast to human Period of growth (not
disconnected with childhood) Challenges in mastering
developmental tasks
Physical Development/ Behavior Puberty Sexual Development Behavior
# of suicides increase Behave unpredictably Need for belonging
Personal & Social Development
Social Development
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development Belief that children are born with powerful
sexual and aggressive urges Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage
Social Development
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Believes in a child’s needs for social
approval Trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (praise) Initiative vs Guilt Industry vs Inferiority Identity vs Role Confusion Intimacy vs Isolation Ego Integrity vs Despair
As we age, we face many crises
Social Development
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Obedience & Punishment (egocentric) Instrumental Relativist Good Boy/ Nice Girl (social approval) Law & Order Social Contract (Golden Rule) Universal Ethics Principle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5czp9S4u26M
Moral Development
Kohlberg Most people never get beyond
Stage 4 (are actions sanctioned by an established authority)
Stage 5- become concerned with whether a law is fair and just
Cognitive Development
Problems developed during adolescence Finding fault with authority figures Argumentativeness Indecisiveness Self-consciousness Invulnerability
Cognitive Development
Formal operations Idea that, during adolescence, thinking
patterns characteristic of adults emerge Rationalization
Explain an emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve your self esteem
Identity Development
Erikson’s Theory of Identity Crisis Time of inner conflict during which
adolescence worry about their identities
Who am I?Identity
Role of Peers
CliquesConformity
Copying behavior of peersPeer groups can pose a threat to parental authority
Difficulties
Illusion of invulnerability Depression
Teens appear angry Suicide Eating Disorders
Gender Roles
Gender Roles & Differences
Gender identity- physical and biological makeup
Gender Role- defined by society Gender stereotypes- oversimplified
or prejudiced opinions or attitudes Gender differences in personality
StageBasic Conflict
Important Events
Outcome
Infancy (birth to 18 months)
Trust vs. Mistrust Attachment
Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliable care and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
Toddlerhood (1 to 3)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Toilet Training
Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.
Preschool (3 to 6)
Initiative vs. Guilt Exploration
Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.
School Age (6 to puberty)
Industry vs. Inferiority School
Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.
Adolescence (teens into 20s)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Social Relationships
Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Young Adulthood (20s to early 40s)
Intimacy vs. Isolation Relationships
Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.
Middle Adulthood (40s to 60s
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Work and Parenthood
Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
Late Adulthood(60s to death)
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Reflection on Life
Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
Sensation
Sensation & Threshold
Sensation Occurs anytime a stimulus activates a
receptor Perception
Organization of sensory information into meaningful experiences
Sensation & Threshold
Threshold How much of a stimulus in
necessary for a person to sense it at all
Absolute Threshold Weakest amount of a stimulus a
person can detect ½ of the time
Sensation & Threshold
Light A candle flame at 30 miles on a dark, clear night.
Sound The tick of a mechanical watch under quiet
conditions at 20 feet. Taste
One teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water. Smell
One drop of perfume diffused into the entire volume of a three-bedroom apartment.
Touch The wing of a bee falling on your cheek from a
distance of one centimeter.
Sensory Differences & Adaptation Difference Threshold
Minimum amount of difference a person can detect between 2 stimuli
Think about when you are watching TV and a commercial comes on.
Just Noticeable Difference Smallest increase or decrease in the
intensity of a stimulus a person can detect
Sensory Differences & Adaptation Sensory adaptation
the diminishing responsiveness of our sensory systems to prolonged stimulation.
Unless it is quite intense or painful, stimulation that persists without change in intensity usually shifts to the background of our awareness.
Sensory Differences & Adaptation Signal Detection
Relations between motivation, sensitivity, and decision making in the presence or absence of a stimulus
Senses
Vision
Light enters eye through the pupil Lens focuses light Retina contains rods & cones
Receives an inverted image Color Deficient- when cones don’t
function properly Retinal disparity
Hearing
Vibrations in the air Loudness of sound= amplitude Decibels- strength of sound-
wave pressure Pitch- rate of vibration
Hearing
Deafness Conduction deafness- anything hinders
physical motion through the ear Sensorineural- damage to cochlea, hair
cells, auditory nerve Balance
Vestibular system- located in the inner ear
Smell, Taste
Chemical senses Smell- olfactory nerve Taste
Sour, salty, bitter, sweet Combining of smell, taste, and tactile
sensation= flavor
Skin & Body Senses
Skin provides brain with 4 types of information about the environment Pressure Warmth Cold Pain
Skin & Body Senses
Pain results from many stimuli 2 types- sharp and dull Gate control theory of pain
Kinesthesis Sense of movement and body
position
Perception
Organization
Gestalt Principles Organizing bits and pieces of information
into meaningful wholes Figure-Ground
Distinguishing a figure and its background Perceptual Inference
Filling in gaps with our senses Perceptual Constancy
Perceive objects as the same size (near or far)
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Learning to Perceive
Perceiving is something that people learn
Previous experiences influence what we see.
Subliminal Messages
What Would You Do…..Bike
Depth Perception
Ability to recognize distances and three-dimensionality
Monocular Clues 1 eye Size, height, light and shadow
Binocular Clues convergence
Illusions
Incorrect perceptions Our brains cannot correctly interpret space,
size, shape, and depth