Human Control of Systems Tracking Tasks Human Performance Considerations Measuring Tracking &...
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Transcript of Human Control of Systems Tracking Tasks Human Performance Considerations Measuring Tracking &...
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Human Control of Systems
• Tracking Tasks
• Human Performance Considerations
• Measuring Tracking & Controlling Performance
• System Behaviors
• Representing System Behaviors
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Tracking/Controlling Tasks
Attributes: External input/command signal defines operator response which equals manipulating control mechanism.
Control mechanism generates an output.
Tracking Error = Input – Output (operator requirement = null error signal)
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Tracking/Controlling Tasks
Main Elements: Human Operator
Intrinsic Behavior
Representation of System’s State
Operator’s Response Controls
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Input & Output Signals
Inputs (Targets and Courses) Constant
Achieve and main constant heading/velocity
VariableFollow curving pathChase a maneuvering butterfly
Waveforms – Ramp, Step, Sinusoidal
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Input Waveforms Examples:
Ramp Constant Rate of Change
Step Discrete Change in Value
Sinusoidal Cyclic Changes
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Input & Output Signals
Outputs Results indicated by display (cursor). Results manifested in system behavior.
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Tracking/Controlling Tasks
Steps in Psychomotor Performance: Plan Initiate Control End Check
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Manual Control Performance
Information Processing Limits Processing Time Bandwidth Anticipation
Psychological Refractory Period Limitation
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Limitations
Processing Time (150 – 500 ms)
Bandwidth (Maximum 2 corrections per second)
Anticipation – Required due to system time lags
Psychological Refractory Period Limitation (Minimum 300 ms between response and next
stimulus)
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Measuring Performance
Errors in Position
Frequency Analysis of Responses
Errors in Time and Phase
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Errors in Position
Constant Position Error (Mean Error)
Variable Error (Standard Deviation of the Error)
Average Absolute Error (Modulus Mean Error)
Root Mean Squared Error
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Pursuit & Compensatory Displays
Pursuit – Displays both target & cursor movements Task = Align moving cursor with moving target Operator can observe changes in both
target and cursor and determine which contributes to the error.
Compensatory – Displays only one moving element Task = Align cursor with target Operator observes only absolute error and cannot determine which element movement contributes to the error.
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System Control Orders
Position (Zero-Order) Control
Rate (First-Order) Control
Acceleration (Second-Order) Control
Higher-Order Controls
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Factors Influencing Tracking Performance
Preview of Track Ahead
Type of Display (Pursuit / Compensatory)
Time Lags in Tracking
Specificity of Displayed Error
Paced vs. Self-Paced Tracking
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Procedures Facilitating Tracking Performance
Aiding
Predictor Displays
Quickening
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System Behavior
Speed/Accuracy Trade-Offs Fitts Law Index of Movement Difficulty (ID)
ID(bits) = log2(2A/W) A = Amplitude of intended movement W = Width of target area
Movement Time (MT) MT(seconds) = km + ID / cm km = Delay Constant (Hands = 0.177
second) cm = Information Handling Capacity (0.1
bps)
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Control Responsiveness
Control-Response (C/R) Ratio = Movement of Control Device / Movement of System
ResponseNote: Previously referred to as Control-Display (C/D) Ratio
Low C/R = High Sensitivity (Small Movement --- Large Response)
Note: Reciprocal of C/R = System Gain