The Human Body

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Our Stops Today:

•Digestive System

•Circulatory System

•Nervous System

•Respiratory System

•Skeletal System

•Muscular System

•Excretory System

•Endocrine System

Digestive System Organs & their FunctionsMouth & Teeth- The mouth and teeth change food into a soft, moist mass through the processes of chewing and adding saliva. This is the first step in the process of food digestion.

Esophagus- The esophagus is a tube-shaped structure that has muscular rings around it. The esophagus transports food from the mouth to the stomach.

Stomach- The stomach is a muscular sac. It releases acid, which breaks down food into smaller parts. The stomach also mixes the food, which helps to break it down.

Small intestine- The small intestine is a long tube-like organ that is lined with muscle and special cells. These cells absorb the nutrients from digested food into the blood. Muscles in the intestine wall help food to move through to the large intestine.

Large intestine- Like the small intestine, the large intestine is tube-shaped and lined with muscle. The cells in the wall of the large intestine absorb water from the partially digested food. They absorb about a gallon and a half of water daily. Also, bacteria in the large intestine help break down some of the remaining undigested materials. The material that cannot be digested moves out of the body as waste.

Liver- The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body. It makes a chemical called bile, which helps to break down food, especially fats. The liver is located beside the stomach and is mostly on the right side of the body.

Circulatory System Organs & their FunctionsCirculatory System Organs & their FunctionsVeins—Veins are the larger blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart after its oxygen has been carried to body tissues. Veins are normally drawn blue in diagrams.

Arteries—Arteries move blood that is rich in oxygen away from the heart. The pressure from the heart’s pumping action keeps this blood moving in the right direction. Arteries are normally drawn red in diagrams.

Heart—The heart is made up of four sections, or chambers. Two of them, the right atrium and the right ventricle, push blood returning from the body to the lungs. The other two, the left atrium and the left ventricle, get oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and send it back out to the body. The pulse you can feel in your wrist is the blood hitting the walls of the artery there with each pump of the heart.

Capillaries—Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that carry oxygen to tissues. They can only be seen under a microscope because they are about one-tenth the width of a human hair. Capillaries have thin walls that allow oxygen and nutrients from the blood to move through them to the tissues. Carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the body cells, cross through the capillary walls, and enter the blood for the trip back to the heart and lungs.

Nervous System Components & their Functions

Brain—The brain is the control center of the body. It controls body functions and helps humans to respond to conditions and events in the environment.

Spinal cord—The spinal cord carries information to and from the brain. Nerves reach from the spinal cord to the rest of the body. The spinal cord is protected by the bones of the spine.

Nerve cells—Nerve cells have long fibers that reach to different parts of the body. These nerve cells collect information from the environment and send it through the spinal cord to the brain. The brain then processes the information and comes up with the proper response.

Respiratory System Organs & their FunctionsNose—The nose is lined with mucus and tiny hairs. The hairs trap particles, such as dirt and bacteria. The mucus adds moisture to the air and also helps trap particles.

Trachea—The trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that allows air to pass to the lungs. It is lined by a mucous membrane that traps particles that were able to travel through the nose. Close to the lungs, the trachea divides into two branches called the bronchial tubes.

Bronchial tubes—Each of the bronchial tubes carries air into one of the lungs. Once inside the lung, the bronchial tubes divide into smaller and smaller tubes that eventually lead to small air sacs.

Air Sacs—The air sacs are lined with a thin layer of skin cells. Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the walls of the air sacs and into capillaries that surround them. Air sacs are too small to be seen without a microscope. There are about 480 million air sacs in each human lung.

Diaphragm—The diaphragm is a large muscle that sits just below the lungs. When it flexes, it causes the lungs to expand and take in more air. When the diaphragm relaxes, air moves out of the lungs.

The Skeletal System

The skeleton is a human body system that is made up of over 200 bones. Every time you walk to school or stand up from your desk, you are using your skeleton.The bones of the skeleton are important for:

•providing support for muscles and other body tissues•protecting organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs•allowing movement, such as walking

The Muscular System

•Muscles work with bones and joints to allow us to move. •The human body has more than 650 tough, elastic pieces of tissue called muscles. Muscles attach to the bones of the skeletal system and allow the body to move.

Muscle Movement•The pull of a muscle occurs when the muscle contracts and become shorter and tighter. Often muscles work in pairs so that one relaxes while the other tightens.

The Excretory SystemThe excretory system collects wastes from cells and empties the waste outside of the body. The human excretory system includes the lungs, sweat glands in the skin, and the urinary system.

Lungs and Sweat Glands•The human body creates carbon dioxide gas as a waste product during cellular respiration. The lungs remove this waste from the body when a person exhales.•Sweat glands in the skin can remove excess water and salt from the body.

The Urinary SystemThe urinary system removes waste products from the blood and excretes them in the form of urine. The urinary system is made up of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.The kidneys filter blood and send wastes in the form of urine through muscular tubes known as ureters into the bladder. The bladder then stores the urine until it can be excreted to the outside of the body through a small tube called the urethra.

The Endocrine SystemThe main function of the endocrine system is to help the body regulate itself by way of hormones, or chemical messengers, that are produced by glands. These hormones enter the bloodstream and regulate many body processes, including growth and development, metabolism, and reproduction.The pancreas is a gland organ that is part of the endocrine system. It has two main functions. It releases hormones, such as insulin, which help keep blood sugar levels even. It also produces digestive enzymes, which it then sends into the small intestine in order to help break down food.

Human Body Structures•The eyes sense light, which makes it possible for people to see. Sight allows people do describe the objects around them in different ways, such as through an object's color or its level of brightness.•The nose senses the smell of odors. Odors move through the air, and the nose collects this air. Odors can be described by terms such as sweet, musty, fruity, or sour.•The ears gather information about the noises in the air. Sound travels through the air, and the ears capture it. This is how people hear. The sounds people hear can be described in ways such as loud or soft and high-pitched or low-pitched.

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Let’s see what you remember with a labeling activity!

Use your text tool to label:EsophagusLiverStomachSmall Intestine Large Intestine

Use your text tool to label:NoseTracheaBronchial tubesLungsDiaphragm

Use your text tool to label:VeinsArteriesHeart

Use your text tool to label:BrainSpinal Cord

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