Organ Systems of the Human Body

There are 11 major organ systems in the human body.They work together to maintain homeostasis.

Can you name them?

Integumentary System

What part of your body has to be partly dead to keep you alive?

Clue: It comes in many colors Clue: It is the largest organ in

your body Clue: You can see it right now!

Integumentary System

Includes your skin, your hair, and your nails

Protects the tissues beneath them Covers your body Helps maintain homeostasis

Structure and Function of Skin Made of both live and dead epithelial cells Contains hair follicles, sweat glands, oil

glands, muscle fibers, nerve fibers and blood vessels

Protects you by keeping water in your body and foreign particles out.

Nerve endings in your skin let you feel things around you

Regulates body temperature. When you sweat, your skin and body cools

Helps get rid of wastes through your sweat.

Structure and Function of Hair and Nails

Like skin, contains both live and dead cells.

Hair protects skin from UV light Eyelashes keep dust and bugs out of

your eyes Hair helps regulate body temperature

(goosebumps) Nails protect the tips of your fingers

and toes

Cardiovascular System

Includes your heart, blood and blood vessels

Carries nutrients to your cells Carries waste products from your

cells Carries hormones to your cells

Structure & Function of the Heart

Made of cardiac muscle Has 4 chambers: left and right

atrium (top) and left and right ventricle (bottom)

Right side pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs Left side pumps oxygen rich blood to the body

Structure and Function of Blood

Blood is made of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma Red blood cells are made in the bone

marrow Red blood cells carry oxygen to your cells

with the help of a protein called hemoglobin White blood cells defend the body against

pathogens (bacteria and viruses that make you sick)

Platelets help your blood to clot

Structure and Function of Blood Vessels

Blood vessels include arteries, veins and capillaries Blood vessels are made of smooth muscle Arteries carry oxygen rich blood from the heart to the body Capillaries are a tiny vessels where there is an exchange of O2 & CO2, nutrients and waste products, and other substances. Veins carry oxygen poor blood back to the heart

Muscular System

Made of the muscles in your body that let you and your organs move

Structure and Function of Muscles

Do you remember the 3 types of muscles? Which are voluntary (under your control) and which are involuntary (not under your control)?

Smooth – found in digestive tract and vesselsSkeletal – attached to bonesCardiac – found in heart

Structure and Function of Muscles

Responsible for movement Skeletal muscles is attached to bones by tendons

(connective tissue) Do you see them? Usually work in pairs – when one contracts, the other

relaxes

Skeletal System Made of bone and connective tissue

Structure and Function of Bones

Structure and Function of Bones

Protection: protects your organs Storage: store minerals to help

nerves and muscles work property, store fat that can be used for energy

Movement: skeletal muscles pull on bones to produce movement

Blood: marrow in your bones make blood cells

Interesting Fact When you were born, most of your

bones were soft and rubbery – made of cartilage. Over time, this cartilage is replaced by bone.

Where do you still have cartilage? Hint: it is soft and flexible.

Bone Joints A place where 2 or more bones meet is a

joint Joints are held together by ligaments (a

type of connective tissue) Joints are cushioned by the cartilage (a type

of connective tissue) at the end of your bones

Joints are either moveable (gliding, ball and socket or hinge) or not moveable (fixed)

Structure and Function of Joints

Gliding joint – hand and wrist glide past one another

Ball and socket joint – like a video stick, allows movement in all directions

Hinge joint – like a door, movement is in two directions

Fixed joint – no movement, or little movement.

Respiratory System Includes the nose, throat, lungs and

passageways that lead to the lungs Respiration is the process by which a body

gets and uses O2, and releases CO2 and H2O The first part of respiration is breathing

(inhaling and exhaling), and the second part is cellular respiration, which involves chemical reactions that release

energy from food.

Structure and Function of the Nose and Throat

Your nose is the main passageway into and out of the respiratory system. Your nose has little hairs that filter the air you breathe.

Air can also enter through your mouth. The throat has 2 parts – the pharynx and

larynx Air enters the lungs through the pharynx,

and food enters the esophagus through the larynx

Structure and Function of the Nose

and Throat

NoseContains hair to filter air

ThroatAir and food enter body

PharynxAir enters lungs

LarynxFood enters esophagus

Structure and Function of the Lungs

Your body has 2 sponge-like lungs The trachea (entrance to the lungs) divides

into 2 branches called bronchi One bronchus connects to each lung Bronchi branch into smaller tubes called

bronchioles Bronchioles branch into tiny sacs called

alveoli Your lungs have no muscles, what causes

you to breath are the rib muscles and a large muscle called the diaphragm

Breathing and Cellular Respiration

Look closely at the alveoli – what do you see?

When you breathe, O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the alveoli.

In cellular respiration, O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the capillaries

The Digestive System

A group of many organs that work together to digest food so that it can be used by the body

Some organs have food pass through them, other organs produce enzymes that help in the digestion of food

Structure and Function of the

Digestive System Mouth: Teeth for mechanical digestion, saliva

for chemical digestion Esophagus: Peristalsis moves food to stomach Stomach: Muscular (smooth) sac that continues

mechanical digestion. Secretes HCl acid to help with chemical digestion

Small Intestine: Chemical digestion continues Large Intestine: Absorbs H2O, stores, compacts

and eliminates material not absorbed into the blood

Rectum& Anus: Eliminates waste from the body

Structure and Function of the Digestive System Salivary Glands: Secrete saliva that helps

in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates

Pancreas: secretes enzymes that helps to neutralize the acid in the stomach and in the chemical digestion of sugars

Liver & Gallbladder: Helps in digestion by Making bile to break up fat Stores nutrients Breaks down toxins

Interesting Facts

If you were to stretch your small intestine out, it would be 6 m long!

If you flattened out the surface, it would cover a tennis court! How is this possible? Look up villi

It takes about 24 hrs for food to travel through your digestive system

The Urinary System

Includes the kidneys and bladder Removes waste products from your

blood

Structure and Function of the

Kidney

The kidneys are a pair of organs that constantly remove waste products from your blood.

If these waste products are not removed, your body can actually be poisoned.

Structure and Function of Urinary

Bladder

Waste fluid (urine) leaves the kidneys through the ureters and enters the bladder. Urine leaves the body through the urethra

The Nervous System

Consists of central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

Central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system all other parts The CNS acts as the control center for the body The PNS carries information to and from the CNS

Structure and Function of the Brain

Main control of the nervous system Consists of 3 parts: Cerebrum (controls

thought and memories), cerebellum (controls sensory info from muscles, etc), and medulla (controls breathing, body temp, heart rate)

Has both voluntary and involuntary movements. Can you name a voluntary movement? An involuntary movement?

Structure and Function of the Spinal

Cord Carries messages from the PNS to

your brain About as big around as your thumb Protected by bones - vertebrae

Structure and Function of Neurons

(aka Nerves)

Messages from your environment travel through the nervous system along neurons

Neurons are special cells that transfer messages by impulses (a form of electrical energy)

Funny looking cells with extensions – dendrites and axons

The Reproductive System

The Endocrine System A collection of glands and groups of cells

that secrete hormones that regulate growth, development, and homeostasis

A gland is a group of cells that make special chemical for the body

These chemicals, called hormones, are made in one type of cell and cause a change in another cell or tissue in your body

Structure and Function of the

Endocrine System Pancreas: regulates blood sugar Thyroid: regulates rate at which you use energy Parathyroid: regulates calcium levels in your blood Adrenal: helps body respond to danger Thymus: regulates immune system Pituitary: secretes hormones to help other glands Ovaries/Testes: secretes hormones needed for reproduction

The Lymphatic System

Includes the thymus gland, bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes and lymph vessels

The Lymphatic System

A group of organs and tissues that helps your body fight pathogens (bacteria or viruses that make you sick)

Works with the bones in the skeletal system A group of organs and tissues that collect excess fluid that leaks out of the capillaries and returns it to your blood

Structure and Function of the Lymphatic System

Thymus gland: produces T cells to help fight infections

Bone marrow: produces lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells that fight infection

Spleen: Produces lymphocytes and removes defective red blood cells

Tonsils: Lymphocytes in the tonsils trap pathogens that enter the throat

Lymph nodes: Store lymphocytes that fight infections and remove pathogens from lymphatic fluids

Lymphatic fluid: Transport lymphatic fluid throughout the body

What can you tell me about these organ

systems?