Human Biochemistry Amino Acids and Proteins there are about 20 amino acids that occur naturally they...
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Transcript of Human Biochemistry Amino Acids and Proteins there are about 20 amino acids that occur naturally they...
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Human Biochemistry
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Amino Acids and Proteins
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• there are about 20 amino acids that occur naturally
• they are the basic “building blocks” of life/proteins
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• condensation reactions will link amino acids together to form polypeptides and eventually proteins
• water is formed and they link together with a peptide bond
• peptide bonds YouTube (1:14)
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Primary Structure • determined by the number, kind, and
order of a.a. in the polypeptide • held together by simple peptide bonds
Proteins have a complex structure which can be explained by defining four levels of structure
What is a protein video 3:38
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Secondary Structure • the polypeptide then spontaneously folds into
regular, repeating structure because of hydrogen bonding
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Tertiary Structure
• highly specific looping and folding of the polypeptide because of the following interactions between their R-groups:– covalent bonding– hydrogen bonding– ionic bonding– London dispersion forces
• this tertiary level is the final level of organization for proteins containing only a single polypeptide chain
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Quaternary Structure
• linkage of two or more polypeptides to form a single protein in precise ratios and with a precise 3-D configuration.
• Protein folding
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Quaternary Structure example
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Carbohydrates• most abundant class of biological molecules• range from simple sugars (glucose) to
complex carbohydrates (starch)
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Monosaccharides• simplest sugars (single sugars)• two common isomers of monosaccharides
(C6H12O6)• glucose• fructose
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Disaccharides• two monosacharides bonded together by a
condensation reaction that creates a glycosidic linkage
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• three common disaccharides1. sucrose - common table sugar 2. lactose - major sugar in milk3. maltose -
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Polysaccharides• condensation of many glucose molecules
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• serve principally as food storage and structural molecules in plants
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• three types of polysaccharides 1. Starches (plants)– serve as storage depots of glucose
2. Cellulose (plants)– plant cell walls
3. Glycogen– serve as a form of energy storage in animals and
fungi
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3 Main Types of Lipids
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1. Triglycerides (fats and oils)• found in fatty tissue• a condensation reaction called ester linkage
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2. Phospholipids• major structural components of cell
membranes• polar “heads” love water (hydrophilic)• uncharged “tails” avoid water (hydrophobic)
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3. Steroids• cholesterol is the most abundant and important steroid