HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT UNIT 2: CHAPTER 5 PREGNANCY, BIRTH, AND THE NEWBORN “A...
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HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
UNIT 2: CHAPTER 5PREGNANCY, BIRTH, AND THE NEWBORN
“A baby is something you will carry inside you for nine months, in your arms for three years and in your heart till the day you die.” Mary Mason
“People who say they sleep like a baby usually don’t have one.” Leo J. Burke
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Welcome
Microphone check If technical issues close out seminar, my students for this
section should meet in the classroom chat room. You should be reviewing your Gradebook/Dropbox for
feedback on your assignments. Expectations for discussion and Option 2 revisited If you have submitted discussion posts late, please send
me an email. I may not notice to go back and assign you a new grade.
Tonight: quiz info, pregnancy (field trip), birth, and the newborn from a multidimensional framework
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Quiz Information
There are five quizzes (Units 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8) in this course worth 50 points each
You MUST complete the appropriate quiz during the appropriate unit
You are given one hour to answer 25 questions You are only allowed to take each quiz once I plan to cover quiz content during seminar, as time
permits, but I will not single it out There are study guides in Doc Sharing to help you
prepare
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The Biophysical Dimension
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Fetal Development
Zygote: fertilized egg Germinal period of fetal development: 2 weeks,
implantation Embryo: an implanted egg Fetal Period: at eight weeks looks quite human and is
90% formed, heartbeat present (sometimes by 5.5 weeks)
By twenty-four weeks resembles a baby, can survive outside the womb
Full-term is between thirty-eight and forty-one weeks. Babies born before this may have feeding problems, respiratory distress syndrome, or jaundice.
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Fetal Development
Eight Weeks Gestation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPu7WVBU5GE
Four Weeks Gestation
http://www.uen.org/Lessonplan/preview.cgi?LPid=4016
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Labor
Stage one: dilation of the cervix, typically takes about twelve to fourteen hours
Stage two: begins at full dilation of the cervix. This is when the baby is born. It can take from ten minutes to three hours or more.
Stage three: involves the delivery of the placenta Choices for labor and delivery
Doula present can result in less medication, less medical intervention, fewer complications, and shorter labor.
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Complications of Pregnancy Hyperemesis gravidarum: frequent vomiting Vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy: spotting or
miscarriage Vaginal bleeding in later pregnancy: placenta abrevia or
abruptio Toxemia and preeclampsia Eclampsia Gestational diabetes Polyhydramnios: excess amniotic fluid IURG: intrauterine growth retardation.
What are some maternal risk factors during pregnancy?
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Maternal Risk Factors
Maternal age : mothers under 18 and over 35 have greatest risk of complications
Maternal nutrition: need 300 healthy, extra calories daily, need folic acid
Maternal illness This includes depression, which can lead to infants who cry
excessively, have low birth weight, and neurological problems
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Maternal Risk Factors
Maternal drug use Alcohol: leading known preventable cause of MR Tobacco: increases risk of premature birth, low birth weight, and
SIDS Caffeine: can lead to low birth weight or premature birth Aspirin: can cause bleeding issues during labor and delivery others
Domestic abuse: can lead to preterm labor, low birth weight, and miscarriage
Rh incompatibility: can cause problems with future pregnancies if not caught
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Prenatal Testing
Ultrasound or sonogram Alpha-fetoprotein blood screening: neural tube
defects Amniocentesis: available at 20 weeks, may pick up a
disability such a Downs Syndrome, which may further a family’s need for services as they cope with guilt, failure, or a need to grieve the loss of the “ideal” child
Chorionic villus sample (CVS); available at eight weeks What are some of the safety considerations of these
tests?
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Birth Complications
Anoxia: lack of fetal oxygen caused by maternal bleeding, overmedication, or cord around baby’s neck
Consequences of anoxia or intracranial bleeding: can lead to cerebral palsey
Meconium aspiration and potential respiratory complications
Malpresentation Prolonged labor: more than 24 hours for first birth,
12 hours for subsequent births
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Teratogens
What is a teratogen? What are some potential sources of teratogens?
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Consequences of Premature Birth
RDS: Respiratory distress syndrome. RDS must be treated with caution RDS children often placed on ventilators Bronchiopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) a
complication seen in children placed on ventilators
Retinopathy caused by high oxygen levels
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Normal Newborns
Weigh between 5 ½ and 9 ½ pounds APGAR between 7 and 10 is good, 5-7 is poor APGAR given at 1 and 5 minutes APGAR looks at the newborn’s adaptation to life
outside the womb Involves evaluating skin color, heart rate, response
to stimulation, muscle tone, and breathing effort
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The Psychological Dimension
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Psychological Dimension
Psychosocial development begins at the 12th week (sensation, emotion, learning, personality, and thought)
Fetal response to procedures, light, sound, touch, taste, and maternal mental state >>> habituation
Sensitive period NICU: parents should be encouraged to spend time
with their isolated infants Cultural differences Gentle births
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Newborn Characteristics
Reflexes: rooting, Moro/startle, grasp, suckling, swallow, fencing, and Babinski
Can focus on objects Prefer contrasting, complex patterns Prefer high pitched sounds, such as a female voice Prefer sweet over salty, acidic, or bitter Can imitate facial expressions, such as sticking out
their tongue
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The Social Dimension
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Social Issues During Pregnancy
Unemployment Maternal education level Parental mental illness Family size Paternal involvement: how do fathers respond to pregnancy? Social support Socioeconomic status (SES) Neighborhood Interventions programs, pre and post What is the common denominator for many of the above?
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Infant Mortality
Rates of infant mortality in U.S. higher than most developed nations
The primary reason for death among white infants is congenital abnormalities
The primary reason for African American infants is low birth weight
What contributes to these differences? Why aren’t infant mortality rates as high for Hispanic
infants? What are some political contributions?
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Moral and Ethical Issues
Unplanned and unwanted pregnancies Mandatory maternal drug testing and
consequences Prenatal testing for abnormalities Prenatal testing and selection for sex Fertility treatments and embryo reduction Others?
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Practical Application
Why might it be important for you as a human service professional (HSP) to understand the biophysical, psychological, and or social aspects of pregnancy, birth, and the newborn?
What types of agencies or work would require you to know this information?
Do you plan to pursue this type of human service employment? Why or why not?
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Closing
Tonight: quiz info, pregnancy (field trip), birth, and the newborn from a multidimensional framework
Any questions? Next week:
Unit 3: Chapter 6 Infancy Quiz
Ashford, J.B., LeCroy, C.W., & Lortie, K.L. (2009). The social environment and human behavior. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.