Human A&P Unit 3 – Integumentary System. I. ___________________________- skin & structures derived...
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Transcript of Human A&P Unit 3 – Integumentary System. I. ___________________________- skin & structures derived...
Human A&P
Unit 3 – Integumentary System
I. ___________________________- skin & structures derived from it, including: _____________________________________
A. Four main physiological features of the integumentary system
1. _____________ the body from the
environment.2. ________________________ via sweating
Integumentary System
Hair, nails, sweat & oils
PROTECTS
Regulates BODY TEMP
3. ________________________ (helps body absorb calcium).
4. ____________________ such as pressure, temperature & pain.
Makes VITAMIN D
Detects SENSATIONS
B. Anatomy of Skin & Subcutaneous Layer1. Features of the skin:
a. also called the ________________
________________
b. largest ___________ of the body (22 square feet, about ____ lbs, 16% of ______________)
cutaneous membrane
organ10
Body weight
2. Major Parts of the Skin & subcutaneous layer
_______________- superficial, thinner portion made of 4-5 layers of stratified squamous epithelium
Epidermis
___________ - deeper, thicker, connective tissue
Dermis
- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -
Cutaneous membrane = dermis + SKIN epidermis
________________________- below the dermis; ____ a part of the skin; contains:___________tissue (to connect to skin), ____________ (fat for insulation) & large _______________ to supply the skin.
Subcutaneous Layer
NOT
aerolar
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
C. Details of the Epidermis1. __________ major types of cells
_________________ - (keroTINosite) produces keratin (tough __________ that protects from heat, _________ and chemicals.
keratinocyte
protein
microbes
Four
_________________ - involved with __________ responses to fight microbes on the skin
Langerhans cells
immune
_________________ - attached to a ___________ nerve cell at a flat spot called a tactile disc that helps detect __________.
Merkel Cell
sensory
Tactile disc of a sensory neuron
touch
_________________ - produce melanin (black-brown pigment that absorbs _______ light)
Melanocytes
UV
2. Layers or _____________ of the epidermisstratum
_________________ - (“horn layer”) – 25-30 layers of ___________ keratinocytes which are _________ continuously.
Stratum Corneum
dead
shed
_________________ - (“clear layer”) – 3-5 layers of flattened _________, clear keratinocytes. ONLY found in the thick skin of:______________________________________
Stratum Lucidum
dead
Fingertips, palms & soles of feet
___________________- (“little grains layer”) – 3-5 layers of keratinocytes that are in the process of ___________ (dying). These cells contain granules which release __________, lipid secretions to prevent ___________ loss and entry of ____________ materials.
Stratum Granulosum
apoptosis
waterproof
waterforeign
___________________- (“thornlike layer”) – 8-10 layers of keratinocytes that create extensions into the dermis layer. Also the site of ______________ cells.
Stratum Spinosum
Langerhans
___________________- (“base layer”) – ______ layer of cuboidal or ___________ keratinocytes. Some of these are ____________ that will make new keratinocytes in the skin. (New skin will NOT form if this is damaged and a ___________ is required. Also contains _____________ & _____________.
Stratum Basalesingle
columnar
Stem cells
Skin graftmelanocytes
Merkel cells
3. ________________ are modified, tightly packed, hard ____________ of the epidermis.Nails
keratinocytes
a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)
_______________- the white that extends past the finger
free edge
a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)
_______________- the part that is visiblenail body
a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)
_______________- white part of the nail near the root.
lunula
a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)
_______________- protects the nail matrix.
cuticle
a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)
_______________- not visible on normal nail. It is the true end of the nail.
Nail Root
b. Anatomy of a nail (sagittal section)
Nail Root cuticle lunula nail body
free edge
epidermisdermis
fingerbone
_______________- surrounds the root and produces the new nail cells. nail matrix
D. Details of the Dermis1. Two parts of the dermis:
a. _________________- areolar tissue
with fine elastic fibers.
Superficial Part
i. anatomy of the superficial part of the dermis:
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer
_______________- (“nipples”) bumps that increase the surface area of the dermis. Contain either ___________________________________________
Dermal Papillae
capillariestactile receptors or free nerve endings
_______________ or _____________________________-detects light touch.
Corpuscle of Touch Meissner Corpuscle
_______________ - detects temperature, pain, tickle and itch.
Free nerve ending
_______________ - (NOT part of dermis or epidermis……) thread of fused, __________ keratinized cells.
Hair Shaft
dead
b. _______________________- attached to the subcutaneous layer. Contains __________________________________ with bundles of collagen and elastic fibers.
Deeper Part dense irregular connective tissue
i. anatomy of deep part of the dermis:
_______________ - oil glandSebaceous Gland
_______________ - extends into the dermis & sometimes the subcutaneous layer
hair root
_______________ - bulb that produces new hair cells
hair follicle
__________________ or ________________ sense deeper touch like:_________________________________
Lamellated CorpusclePacinian Corpuscle
a squeeze or a push
_________________________Adipose Cells (Fat)
________________________-sweat gland. The ears contain ________________ glands that produce ear wax.
SuDORiferousgland
CERUMinous
_______________-muscle that connects to dermis at one side of the hair follicle. When it ___________, the hair straightens & creates ________________________.
Arrector Pilli
contracts
goose bumps
E. The process of new skin production1. All new skin is produced in the ______________________ layer.
2. The process:a. _________________ in the stratum basale produce new keratinocytes.
b. the new keratinocytes are pushed _______________ through the layers of the epidermis.
epidermis
STEM CELLS
upward
c. The cells accumulate more and more _________________ as they move up (a process called keratinization).
d. Finally, the cells ____________ and are sloughed off.
e. The whole process takes _________________.
keratin
die
4 weeks total!
newest cells (but in 4 weeks, they will be dead & on the top layer)
oldest cells (already dead & have been around for 4 weeks)
F. Skin & Hair Color1. Skin color:a. due to the amount of ____________ being produced by the melanocytes of stratum __________ in the _________________.
b. the melanin is passed through ____________ of the melanocytes to the keratinocytes.
melanin
basale
epidermis
projections
c. _______________ skin makes more melanin but does _________ have skin with more _______________. (We all have the same number of melanocytes).
DarkerNOT
melanocytes
2. Hair Color:a. Due to _________________ made by melanocytes in the ____________ of the hair follicle.
b. Different hair colors:i. _________________- has melanin only.ii. __________________- has melanin with ___________ & ___________.
melanin
bulb
Brown or Black hair
Blond & Red hairiron
sulfur
iii. ______________- due to the reduction of melanin.
Gray Hair
G. Skin Conditions & Ailments1. _________________- branch of medicine that diagnosis and treats skin diseases & conditions.
2. Coloring of the skin that are __________ of an underlying problem or condition:
i. ______________- ____________ skin, nail beds and mucous membranes due to lack of ______________.
Dermatology
signs
Cyanosis blueish
oxygen
FIND PICK OF CYANOSIS SKIN
ii. ____________________- ______________ skin and whites of the eyes indicating liver disease (due to the build up of the pigment, bilirubin).
Jaundice yellowish
FIND PIC OF JAUNDICE SKIN
iii. ____________________ - ______________ of the skin due to exposure of ____________
__________________________________________________________________________.
Erythema (ery THEE ma) Redness exposure to heat, skin injury, infection, inflammation, or allergic reaction.
3. ______________________- skin disorder in which keratinocytes of the epidermis _____________________________________________.
i. physiology of what is happening:a. an _____________ form of keratin is made which is ___________________.
b. causes _________________ and flaking of the skin at the ____________ ____________________.
Psoriasis divide and move upwards too quickly
abnormal
Flaky & silvery
dandruff
Knees and elbows
c. instead of skin shedding every 4 weeks, it now sheds every
_____________________.
ii. Effective treatments ________________________ or __________________________________.
7-10 days
Slows cell division rateInhibits keratinization
4. _______________________ - caused by an accumulation of melanin that remains deep in the epidermis.
Freckles & Age Spots
5. ________________________- caused by UVA (Ultraviolet A-longer wavelength radiation) we get from the sun that produces oxygen free radicals that disrupt ________________ and elastin fibers.
wrinkles
collagen
6. ___________________- is due to UV (ultraviolet) exposure that causes an _______________ of melanin production that actually is _______________ than the normal melanin produced.
i. A tan is ________________ when the melanin containing keratinocytes are shed from the stratum _______________ of the epidermis.
Tanning
increasedarker
lost
corneum
ii. _____________________ - could lead to __________________. HOW?
a. _________________________ - (shorter wavelength radiation) damages
_________ and causes genetic mutations in the ________________.
Overexposure to sun/UVSkin cancer
UVB (ultraviolet B radiation)
DNAmelanocytes
7. ______________________ - a neoplastic disease that can be caused by overexposure to sun &/or genetic predisposition.
Skin Cancer
i. Type of Skin Cancer:
Cancer Type: Where it arises from:
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Arises from the stratum ____________ of the epidermis.basale
Ability to Metastisize (spread throughout the
body)
Rate of occurrence:
____________ metastisizes.
rarely~78% of cases
Cancer Type: Where it arises from:
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Arises from ______________ cells.sqaumous
Ability to Metastisize (spread throughout the
body)
Rate of occurrence:
____________ metastisizes.
sometimes~20% of cases
Cancer Type: Where it arises from:
Malignant Melanoma
Arises from ______________ cells.melanocytes
Ability to Metastisize (spread throughout the
body)
Rate of occurrence:
Metastisizes __________ and can kill within _____________.
rapidly~2% of cases
months
pic of patient with malignant melanoma
ii. Five Warning Signs of A Malignant Melanoma Growth.
a. It looks like a ________ or __________ BUT has the following features: (THINK
“A- B-C-D-E”)
mole freckle
1.
_____________________________
Asymmetrical shape (not circular)
2.
_____________________________
Border is irregular
3.
_____________________________
Coloration is uneven or multicolored
4.
_____________________________
Diameter is larger than a pencil eraser
5.
_____________________________
Elevated Mole
iii. Risk Factors for Malignant Melanoma:a. __________________ colored skin that tends to burn.b. HIGH ________________________.c. ___________________ of skin cancer.d. _______________ due to prolonged sun exposure.e. _______________________________.
Light
Sun exposureFamily historyOlder age
Weakened immune system