Human Anatomy and Physiology I

Chapter 1

Cramming is a sure path to failure !

Read ahead Attend class and pay attention!! Review within 24 hours Study a little at a time Study often “Do something” with the material : make

flashcards, draw diagrams, make up songs.

You will learn a new language, made up of reusable and interchangeable parts.

Gluconeogenesis

Gluco – sugar - glucose

Neo - new

Genesis - to make, produce or generate

The production of new glucose moleculesfrom other, non-sugar, substances.

Glucosuria

Gluco – sugar (glucose)

Uria - urine

An abnormal amount of sugar in the urine

Hematuria

Uria - urine

Hemato - blood

Blood in the urine

Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body, and the relationship among structures.

This is the what and where of the body.

In Greek:ana means “up”temos or tomos means “cutting”

Divisions• Gross Anatomy – observation of large

anatomical structures without the use of instrumentation or equipment

• Microscopic Anatomy – study of cells (cytology)and tissues (histology)

• Systemic Anatomy – study of anatomy that focuses on learning about body

systems

Physiology is the study of how the body functions.

The “how” is often on a chemical level.

Typically the structure of an organ determinesits function.

In Greek:physis means “nature”logos means “science or study”

How do we know something is alive ?

Characteristics of Life:

1.Order

2.Reproduction, Growth, and Develop

3. Regulation

4. Sensitivity

5.Homeostasis

6.Evolve

Homeostasis is maintaining a fairly constantinternal environment in spite of a changingexternal environment.

All body systems attempt to maintainhomeostasis.

Metabolism: sum total of all the chemical and physical reactions that occur in the body to maintain homeostasis

Feedback loops

1. Control center

2. Receptors that monitor changes

3. Effectors (muscles or glands) receive information from the control center and produce a response

Negative feedback reverses (opposes) changes (Sweating, shivering, etc.)

Positive feedback brings a process to completion (accelerates process)Ex. childbirth

Disease is a homeostatic imbalance.

Symptoms are subjective changes that are not apparent to an observer.

Signs are objective changes which can beobserved or measured.

pathology: study of diseases

etiology: study of all factors involved in causing a disease

syndrome: collection of different signs and symptoms

acute: sudden and short chronic: develop slowly and last

idiopathic: disease of undetermined causes

epidemiology: study of diseases in human population

endemic: disease native to a local region

epidemic: when disease spreads to many Individuals at the same time

pandemic: disease affects large geographicregions – perhaps worldwide

Body Types

• Somatotype: categories of build or physique

1.Endomorph: heavy, rounded with lots of fat in trunk and thighs

2.Mesomorph: muscular

3.Ectomorph: thin, fragile with little body fat

• Anatomic position- the assumed body position whenever there is any reference to a description of any region or part of the human body

•  1. body is standing erect (upright position)

• 2. body is facing the observer

• 3. arms are placed at the sides of the body

• 4. palms of hands are turned forward

• 5. feet are flat, on the floor, and pointing forward

Positional Terms

• Superior – “above”• Inferior – “below”• Anterior – toward the front• Posterior – toward the back• Medial – toward the midline• Lateral – toward the sides• Proximal – closer to the torso• Distal – farther from the torso

Body Sections

• Sagittal – any plane that cuts the body into right and left sides

–Midsagittal – plane that divides equally

–Parasagittal – plane that divides unequally

Midsaggital

Parasaggital

• Transverse – horizontal plane that cuts into upper and lower portions.

• Frontal (Coronal)– vertical plane that cuts into front and back sections

Transverse

Coronal (Frontal)

Specific Body Regions:

AXIAL: head, neck, torso

APPENDICULAR: all appendages (see page 13)

Body Cavities

• Cranial – brain cavity• Spinal (vertebral) – spine• Thoracic – heart and lungsA. left and right pleural (lungs)B. mediastinum (heart, esophagus,

trachea, bronchi, etc,) • Abdominal (sometimes called

“abdominopelvic cavity”)– “guts”

Thoracic and abdominopelvic membranesline the body cavities and surround organs

Visceral refers to the membraneclosest to the organs.

Parietal refers to the membrane that lines

the body walls (cavities)The pleura surrounds the lungs

The pericardium surrounds the heart

The peritoneum surrounds the abdominalorgans