Human Anatomy
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Transcript of Human Anatomy
![Page 1: Human Anatomy](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568131a1550346895d9811eb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Human Anatomy Senses
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Conjunctiva
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Conjunctiva Covers the inner
surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eye.
Membrane which produces mucous that lubricates the eye and prevents dryness.
Protects the eye.
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Fibrous Tunic
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Fibrous Tunic
Sclera Functions: Protects eye Shapes eye Anchors eye muscles
Cornea Functions: Transparent window
for light entry Refracts light
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Vascular Tunic
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Vascular Tunic Choroid Functions: Provides nutrients to all eye tunics. Absorbs light preventing reflecting & scattering
of light within the eye. Ciliary Body Functions: Ciliary processes secrete aqueous humor. Suspensory ligaments hold lens in place. Ciliary muscles pull on the ligaments to change the
thickness of the lens.
Iris Functions: Constricts or dilates to adjust the amount of
light entering the eye.
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Vascular Tunic
Ciliary Processes
Ciliary Muscles
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Aqueous Humor
Helps support the eye internally due to the intraocular pressure it produces inside the eye.
Supplies nutrients & oxygen to the cornea, lens and portions of the retina.
Carries away metabolic wastes from the cornea, lens and portions of the retina.
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The pupil allows light to enter the posterior segment of the eye.
The iris constricts or dilates to adjust size of the pupil.
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Vitreous Humor
Transmits light within the posterior segment.
Supports the lens posteriorly. Holds the retina in place. Contributes to intraocular pressure.
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Sensory Tunic
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Retina
Pigmented Layer Absorbs light Carries out
phagocytosis Stores Vitamin A
Neural Layer Contains
photoreceptors (rods and cones) for visual perception
Contains bipolar cells & ganglion cells for visual impulse transmission
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Retina Fovea Centralis Contains only closely
packed cones Provides acute color
vision in bright light
Macula Lutea Contains more widely
spaced cones
Other areas of Retina Contain only rods Provide night, dim light
& peripheral vision Shades of grey only
Optic Disc Contains no receptors Blind spot
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Optic Disc
Retina
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Photoreceptors
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Cones Are located in macula lutea but are most
highly concentrated in the fovea centralis. Are sensitive to bright light (daylight)
situations in which light is very intense. Each cone synapses with a single bipolar cell
which synapses with a single ganglion cell. The axons of ganglion cells form the optic
nerve to conduct visual images to the brain. Provide acute (sharp) color images (vision).
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Cones
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Photoreceptors
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Rods Most highly concentrated in the retina outside
the macula lutea Many rods synapse with a single bipolar cell Many bipolar cells may synapse with a single
ganglion cell which carries stimuli to brain More sensitive & function only in dim light,
night and peripheral vision Images are blurry and only in shades of gray
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Visual Pigments Composed of two components
Retinal - light absorbing molecule (made from Vitamin A)
Opsin (four types made from protein)
Opsin combined with retinal = visual pigment
OPSIN + RETINAL = Visual Pigment
Depending on the type of opsin retinal is bound to, each of the four pigments will only absorb certain wavelengths of light.
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Visual Pigments: RODS Retinal + Opsin = Rhodopsin (visual purple) Absorbs light throughout entire visible light
spectrum (most sensitive to green) Functions only in dark, dim light & peripheral
vision Light causes Retinal to change shape &
separate from opsin causing nerve impulse Regenerate only in dark or dim light situations
RHO DOPSIN OPSIN RETINAL
(Light)
Impulse
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Visual Pigments: Cones Retinal + Red, Green or Blue Opsin =
Red, Green or Blue visual pigments Each Opsin absorbs light only in the area
of the visible light spectrum it is sensitive to, ie, red cones, green cones & blue cones
Function only in bright light (daylight) Provide sharp color images
Red Cone Red Opsin RETINAL
(Light)
Impulse
Green Cone Green Opsin RETINAL Impulse
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Lens Refracts (bends) light Focuses precise image on the retina (fovea)
through accommodation (changing thickness)
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Myopia (Nearsighted) Eyeball too long Distant objects focused in front of retina Image striking retina is blurred
Correction:
• Concave lens or
• laser surgery to slightly flatten the cornea
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Hyperopia (Farsighted) Eyeball too short, lens too thin or too stiff. Nearby objects are focused behind retina. Image striking the fovea is blurred.
Correction:
• Convex lens
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Astigmatism Irregular Curvature in parts of the cornea
or lens Causes blurry image
This may be corrected by specially ground lenses which compensate for the irregularity or laser surgery.
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Cararact Clouding of lens due to aging, diabetes
mellitus, heavy smoking, frequent exposure to intense sunlight or congenital factors
Treatment: Lens Implant
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Conjunctivitis Inflammation of the conjunctiva by: Bacteria, fungi or viruses Trauma
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Glaucoma Most common cause of blindness. Increasing intraocular pressure compresses
retina, optic nerve & blood vessels. Late symptoms include blurred vision &
halos around bright objects
Canal of Schlemn
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Glaucoma
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Color Blindness Congenital lack of one or more cone types Deficit or absence of red or green cones
most common Sex-linked trait Most common in males
What numbers can you see in each of these?
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Night Blindness Impaired vision at night or in dim light
situations Rhodopsin deficiency affecting rods Most common cause - prolonged Vitamin A
deficiency Rods degenerate
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Macular Degeneration Most common cause of vision loss after 65. Progressive deterioration of macula
causing loss of central vision
•Dry Form - due to accumulation of pigments in macula due to reduced phagocytosis of cone debris by pigmented layer
•Wet Form - due to invasion of macula with new blood vessels from choroid causing scarring & retinal detachment
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Middle Ear
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Middle Ear
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Inner Ear
Vestibule
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Vestibule
SacculeUtricle
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Maculae
Monitors position of head in space Responds to straight-line changes in
speed & direction Receptors for static equilibrium
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Macula
Receptor for Static Equilibrium
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Inner EarSemicircular Canals
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Semicircular Canals
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Semicircular Canals Christa ampularis - receptor for dynamic
equilibrium Responds to rotational (angular) movements Changes in rotatory velocity movements
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Semicircular Canals
Dynamic Equilibrium
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Inner Ear
Oval Window
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Inner Ear
Cochlea
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Cochlea Unrolled
Sprial Organ of Corti
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Spiral Organ of Corti
Receptor organ of hearing Different frequencies of vibrations
(compression waves) in cochlea stimulate different areas of Organ of Corti
Interpreted as differences in pitch
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Inner Ear
Round Window
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Cochlea
Oval Window
Round Window
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AcknowledgementsMost of the figures used in this presentation came from the Benjamin Cummings Digital Library Version 2.0 for Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition. Other figures came from public domain internet sources and software in the possession of the author.