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Human AnatomyHuman Anatomy

The Scientific study of the Human BodyThe Scientific study of the Human Body

History of AnatomyHistory of Anatomy

• 500 B.C. formal study in Egypt

• Earliest description done in papyrus 3000 and 2500B.C.

• Hippocrates, early taught in Greece(460-377 B.C.)

• Aristotle, first to use anatome ( 384-322BC), cutting or taking apart or “Dissecare”

• Versalius,1543. “De Humani Corporis Fabrica”masterpiece

History…….History…….

• Hieronymus Fabricius, 1537-1619. constructed the Anatomical theater in Padua. discovered the valves in the veins

• William Harvey, discovered blood circulation, 1628. Exercitatio anatomica De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus.

• 17th Century, human dissection became important feature in European medical schools.

• 18th and 19th century anatomist published treaties for standard medical study of human body. Body snatchers.

• 1832, Britain parliament passed the Anatomy Act, legalizing medical schools to accept cadaver donations for anatomical studies.

Approaches to the study of Approaches to the study of AnatomyAnatomy

• Regional anatomy – topographical study by regions. Surface anatomy, P.E.

• Systemic anatomy – studying by systems, e.g. circulatory or reproductive, skeletal, integumentary, arterial, muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, endocrine systems.

• Clinical anatomy – with clinical correlation, emphasis by structure and function

Anatomical positionsAnatomical positions

• Anatomical position• Anatomical planes:

> Median plane> Sagittal plane> Coronal plane> Horizontal plane ( transverse)

• Sections> Longitudinal> Transverse > Oblique

Terms of RelationshipTerms of Relationship

• Superficial, intermediate, deep• Medial, lateral• Posterior, dorsal, anterior,ventral• Inferior, caudal

> inferomedial> superolateral

• Proximal, distal• Dorsum

Terms of laterality/ MovementTerms of laterality/ Movement

• Ipsilateral• Unilateral• Bilateral• Contralateral• Flexion, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion• Extension, hyperextension, • Abduction, adduction, circumduction• Opposition, protrusion• Elevation, Depression• Eversion, Inversion• Pronation, Supination.

Skin and fasciaSkin and fascia

• Characteristics and function:> biggest organ> Protection> Heat regulation> Sensation – afferent nerves for pain, touch and temp.

Layers: • Epidermis• Dermis

Hair follicles Arrector muscles Sebaceous glands Sweat glands

• Tension lines – Langer lines ( collagen & elastic fibers)

Skin and fascia…….Skin and fascia…….

• Subcutaneous tissue – with loose fatty tss. Acting as thermo-regulators, as well as protection from bony prominencies

• Skin ligaments

• Deep fascia

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