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Keynote, CSAAR Conference, Amman, Jordan, 3 November 2008 Patricia O’Donnell

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Patricia M. O’Donnell, FASLA, AICP, IFLA, ICOMOSHERITAGE LANDSCAPES, Preservation Landscape Architects & Planners

Keynote Speech, CSAAR 2008B Conference Responsibilities & Opportunities in Architectural Conservation:

Theory, Education & Practice, University of Petra, 3-6 November, 2008

Historic Urban LandscapesResponsibilities & Opportunities

Preserving Spirit of Place & Partnering for the Future of Urban Heritage


HUL, World Heritage, Vienna, 2005Convened to address growing concerns

about change/degradation of urban heritage values, issues are:

• Limited documentation of tangible & intangible values in HUL

• Landscape stratification of previous & current urban dynamics

• Growth pressures, financial gain, economic value• Inadequacy of management plans• Role of contemporary architecture in heritage –

context of new buildings• Changing cities- emphasis on the non-local

processes of tourism & urban development• Yielded Memorandum, began Global Dialogue

Vienna, City Hall


Historic Urban Landscape Defined“The historic urban landscape is embedded with current and past social expressions and developments that are place-based. It is composed of character-defining elements that include land uses and patterns, spatial organization, visual relationships, topography and soils, vegetation, and all elements of the technical infrastructure, including small scale objects and details of construction (curbs, paving, drain gutters, lights, etc.).”

From WH Vienna Memorandum, 2005


HUL Global Issue Under Discussion• Vienna Wein Mitte Project 2003, Concerns Raised about WH City Core• 2005, May- Vienna Meeting on Modern Architecture & the Historic City• +500 Focus on Architecture, some Landscape, Memorandum issued• Paris Working Group Convened, Case Study papers, Defining Issues• Series of Regional Meetings Organized:• Jerusalem• St Petersburg• Olinda• Global E-forum 07• Working Group, Nov 08 • Hanoi, Viet Nam, Apr 09• Further Work Needed• Refine Tool Kit• Respond to 21st Cty• Pro-active


Historic St. Petersburg, Horizontal Urban Form& Gazprom Tower Proposal

Images Courtesy WH Centre, F, Bandarin


HUL Current Issues & DirectionsFrancesco Bandarin, summary of remarks, HUL Workshop, at ICOMOS General Assembly, Quebec, 1 Oct 08:

• Destabilization of existing paradigms of urban conservation since 2003• Alien elements within historic towns, Archi-Star, Archi-Mayor• Syndrome of disregard for urban landscape- physical dimensions, character• If container preserved not the context, values flee• City takes stewardship of values, not boundary• Need to expand/integrate urban district concept• Put forward a values based system of conservation• Intercept & understand future trends• Discussion needed on limits of acceptable urban change• Urban Heritage still not well understood• Refine our own paradigms, define and apply tool kit• Need to shape a framework for people & policy makers• Rise to the 21st century challenges of urban heritage

Graz, Alien, Peter Cook


Historic Urban Landscapes =Urban Cultural Landscapes

• Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) = Urban Cultural Landscape• Landscape is a primary factor in shaping cities• Interaction nature/culture, combined work humanity & nature• 2003-2008, intensive global discussions grappling with the

meaning, character and values residing in HUL

Graz Alien in Context Historic Cairo


HUL/UCL Exhibit Diversity & Authenticity


HUL/UCL Exhibit Diversity & Authenticity


Half of Urban Public Space = Landscape 56% Washington DC52% ViennaParks, Botanical GardensPublic Building GroundsCampusesStreets, Sidewalks, TrailsTree Lawns Streams, Canals, LakesLighting, Furnishings + 60% Combined Public

Lands & Private Yards & Gardens Rideau Canal, Canada


Current Urban Dynamics

Rapid City ChangesDemolition of HeritageNew ConstructionDiminished Character Economic PressuresIntensive TourismDegraded LivabilityIncreased HomogeneityDiluted Customs, TraditionsInfluence of Exterior Forces

Urban Heritage Values Are Worthy of Preservation & Conservation

Intensive Tourism at Thebes


Rapid Urban Change• Transformational Change• Not Incremental as Past• Heritage Tourism Pressure • Environment, Climate Change• Star-chitecture Towers, Museums, Bilboa Effect, Gehry Museum• Global Economic Competition

– Dubai Model- Bahr El Arab, The Palms– Istanbul Issues- Huge Cruise Ships, Multiple Towers– Oporto Project- Infrastructure Metro through Historic Core– Vienna- Multi-modal center with towers near core– St Petersburg- Gazprom Tower Washington DC Bldg Heights


Global Competition for Iconic TowersCourtesy WH Centre, F, Bandarin


Jerusalem SkylineCourtesy WH Centre, F, Bandarin


World Heritage Outstanding Universal Value

Means cultural and/or natural significance which is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity. As such, the permanent protection of this heritage is of the highest importance to the international community as a whole. The Committee defines the criteria for inscription of the properties on the World Heritage List . . . adopts a Statement of Outstand Universal Value which will be the key reference for future effective protection and management of the property. WH OG

San Juan, Puerto Rico


Overview Chronological Highlights ofRelevant Documents1972 WH Convention defined Natural & Cultural Heritage ( Currently some 182 States Party Signers, Vehicle for Global Understanding & Peace)1992 WH Cultural Landscapes, three types defined1992 UNESCO Convention on Biological Diversity1994 UNESCO-ICOMOS Nara Document on Authenticity2003 UNESCO Convention on Intangible Heritage2004 UNESCO Merging of the Cultural & Natural Heritage Criteria2005 UNESCO Vienna Memorandum Architecture & Urban Landscape2005 ICOMOS Xi’an Declaration on Settings2005 ICOMOS Hoi An Declaration on Conservation of Historic Districts of Asia2008 ICOMOS Quebec Declaration on Preservation of the Spirit of Place

Oporto, Portugal WH City View from South


World Heritage Cultural Landscapes• 1992 Cultural Landscapes

Added, Defined, 3 Types: • Designed• Evolved, 2 types

Relict and Continuing• Associative• HUL evolved continuing

• 60 CL inscribed 1993-2007• Increasing Interest• Larger Properties • Integration of Culture and

Nature • Management Issues• Need for Robust Tool Kit


HUL Preservation Challenge: Continuing Evolved• Evolved-Continuing Landscapes• Where People Live • Continue to Imprint Land• Defining Outstanding Universal Value

Effectively• Multiple roles of Heritage

Professionals:o Understand OUVo Document OUVo Gain Community Inputo Communicate Values o Develop Context Designo Plan for Managemento Integrate Sustainability


HUL as Pilgrimage Landscapes, Associative

• Champanar, India• 15th century city • 2,000,000 Annual

Pilgrims• Intense Pilgrimage

impacts• Sustainability Issues

Champaner Pavagadh Hill Sacred Sites


WH Landscapes: Cultural, Natural, Mixed

• 24 WH Inscribed Mixed Properties• ICOMOS-Culture Advisor• IUCN-Nature Advisor• Natural & Cultural Values Recognized • Example HUL Evolved Relict• Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu

2,430 m above sea-level, Middle of tropical mountain forest, in an extraordinarily beautiful setting. It was probably the most amazing Urban creation of the Inca Empire giant walls, terraces and ramps Eastern slopes of the Andes, upper Amazon basin with its rich diversity of flora and fauna. Machu Picchu, Peru, inscribed 1983


Natchitoches Declaration: Heritage Landscapes

• There is a convergence of natural and cultural values in the landscape, and a growing recognition that the traditional separation of nature and culture is a hindrance to protection and is no longer sustainable.

• Further heritage landscape protection is required at the local, national and global levels in order to transmit these universally valuable heritage landscapes to future generations

2004, US ICOMOS International Symposium


Heritage Values Reside in HUL

• Direct link of heritage values to spirit of place • Landscape is the original canvas of urban form• Human/landscape interaction evolves over time • Unique urban landscape communicates spirit • HUL embodied in co-evolution of place/humanity

Vienna Panorama, St. Stephen’s Spire


Historic Urban Landscapes (HUL) =Urban Cultural Landscapes (UCL)

• Exhibit processes of continuity & change in the urban context• Express multiple embedded tangible/intangible values, of place and peoples• Should be recognized, documented, analyzed and retained as expressions of

values and spirit of place

Sintra, Portugal


Historic Urban Landscapes:

• Have heritage values, in concert with urban architecture and archeology• Are worthy of conservation as expressions of spirit of place• Have unique identity and character of placeCities are shaped through time as combined words of humanity and nature.Sustainability of heritage and quality of urban life are the challenges of today.

Xidi Village China, listed 2003


Heritage Preservation Tool Kit

• Educational & Community Involvement Tools• Financial Tools, Public & Private Investments• Advisory Tools, Plans & Guidelines• Regulatory Tools, Legal frameworks, Laws, Statutes


Educational & Community Involvement Tools

• Publicity in local media• Community projects• Oral history recording• Informational meetings• Heritage topic lectures• Key person interviews• Exhibitions based on heritage• Setting standards through example• Community preservation tours • Influencing of neighbors with peer discussion• Volunteering at local historic places• Skill development workshops• Place-based celebrations, remembrances


Community Tools-Fort Wayne Park User Survey

Gathering information ondemographics, activities, perceptions, values, needs, desires

Public Presentations & Work SessionsOutreach to Community GroupsWeb Survey Option


Financial Tools• Public Capital Improvements• Ongoing Public Maintenance Funding• Private Building and Property Maintenance• Purchase and Resale with Conservation Restrictions• Mutual Covenants among Properties, Districts• Revolving Loan Fund• Long-Term Lease of Heritage Properties• Outright Purchase of Key Properties • Conservation Easements• Transfer of Development Rights• Donations of Heritage Property to Reliable Stewards• Funding for Urban Heritage Conservation Agencies• Grants intangible and tangible heritage actions• Taxation laws favoring Preservation


Financial Tools-Protected Lands• Purchase• Resale• Easements•Town Land Trust• Partner with State Land Trust• Small Town• Citizens Vote Conservation Tax FundShared Values: • Scenic & Agricultural Landscape

Farm Market Produce, Conserved Land Tour


Advisory Tools•Documentation of Tangible Community Heritage•Documentation of Intangible Community Heritage•Viewscape Mapping for City Public Character Retention

•Viewscape contour Map for Building Siting, Height•Holistic Planning Process that incorporates Urban Heritage & Values

•Various types of plans for Conservation, Preservation and Management of Community Character and Individual Urban Features

•Plans that incorporate Heritage Values of Parks andOpen Space, Transportation, Public-Rights-of-Way, Streets, Trees, Public Facilities

•Conservation Plans Natural & Cultural Resources Edinburgh View, Vista Mapping, Moggridge


Documenting the Tangible Heritage of HUL

Character-Defining Processes and Features• Natural Systems• Land Uses, Patterns, Clusters• Spatial Organization• Visual Relationships• Topography, Surface Drainage• Vegetation• Circulation Systems• Water Features, Natural & Constructed• Spatial Character, Form and Scale of

Habitable Structures• Landscape Structures, bridges, walls• Vocabulary of Site Furnishings & Objects


Documenting Intangible Heritage of Cultural Landscapes

• Worship• Ritual• Festivals• Traditional music, dance• Pilgrimage• Commemoration of past events• Traditional practices• Local craft work, exchange, sales• Harvesting native plants• Gathering craft materials• Iconic shared places• Past and present usesDocumentation is a Baseline Process


Documenting Intangible Heritage of Cultural Landscapes

Annotated 3D Model of Fort area, Srirangapatna, Courtesy Jyoti Hosagrahar, SUI


Riverside, IL Historic Designed Suburb

• Developed 1869 to 1940s• High Integrity to Design• Engaged Community• Character Definition Needed• Development Threats• 1969 NH Landmark• Incomplete, Update Needed•Landscape Definition RequiredOlmsted & Vaux, 1869 Plan for Village


Riverside Community Character & ValuesTangible Character• Land Uses and Activities • Responses to Natural Systems• Patterns of Spatial Organization • Cluster Arrangements• Visual Relationships, Views, Vistas• Landforms and Topography• Vegetation Types• Circulation Systems• Water Features and Drainage• Buildings- Variable Setbacks• Small-scale FeaturesIntangible Values• Shared green space• Community scale• Neighborly exchange, courtesy• Environmental quality Diagrams by Heritage Landscapes


Riverside National Historic Landmark Village, USA

• Documented +200• Contributing Landscape

features • For National Landmark

Amendment• Detailed enumeration aids

protection and management• Listing includes parks, river,

triangles, peninsulas, streets, sidewalks, street lights, bridges


Regulatory Tools• Legislation addressing urban

heritage conservation, stewardship, and management

• Heritage Property Inscriptions, WH, National Local

• Design Review• Conservation Easement Law• Zoning Ordinance• Historic Commission Law• Overlay District Controls• Urban Viewscape Controls • Tree Protection Ordinance


Annapolis, Maryland, Colonial Town


Annapolis, Maryland• Port Town on the Chesapeake Bay• Capitol City of Maryland, 17th Century Founding, • High Integrity Cohesive 18th and 19th Century Architectural Ensemble• Unique Character of Streets, Views, Building Massing, Materials, Details


Annapolis Historic Zoning Diagram

Strict BuildingControls


21st Century Urban Factors, Beyond Conservation

• Economics, Global Marketplace• Heritage Tourism, Experience Economy• Metropolitan Growth• Urban Response to Climate Change• Green Action, Sustainability

Philadelphia, Electrical Storm, Courtesy Menke


Economics, Global Marketplace

• Worldwide Market Engines and Influences• Increased Cross-cultural Exchange • Uniqueness versus Homogeneity• Social Justice, Emerging Nations• Appetite for Prosperity but limitations of resources


Heritage Tourism, Experience Economy

• Tourism focuses on sort term visitor, specific place• Trend toward integration of resident and visitor • Consideration of global mobility, ½ to 5 year postings• Choices, quality of place, quality of life• Basis for personal decisions, quality of experience

Temple of Heaven, Beijing


Emerging Global Metropolitan Dominance

Dense populations global shift +50% population in urban areas Metropolitan GrowthNASA satellite image


Urban Response to Climate Change : Green Cities

• Chicago example broad Climate Change Action Plan• Energy efficient buildings, reduced carbon footprint, tree plantings• Clean renewable energy sources, solar and wind initiatives• Improved transportation options• Reduced waste and industrial pollution• Adaptation, action, inclusion, each citizen has a critical role


Green Action: Heritage Stewardship is Sustainable

• Heritage is “Green”, especially heritage landscapes• Preservation/Conservation retain carbon inputs• Revitalize urban heritage with limited new energy inputs• Values culture, traditions, and retains sense of place

Spirit Animals, Purple Mountain Nanjing, China


In Conclusion : Historic Urban Landscapes• Spirit of Place resides in HUL• Evolved urban cultural landscapes

express tangible & intangible values• Thorough heritage documentation is key• Local leadership is a cornerstone• Diverse tool kit can be applied• Coalition of heritage tourism, economic,

& environmental leadership neededGOALS• Manage urban continuity/change• Retain tangible/intangible values• Partner to incorporate heritage values,

sustainability, climate change response, experience economy, quality of life Alesund, Norway


Future of Urban Heritage = Integration, Partnerships

Our Challenge: • Defining limits of continuity

& acceptable change to bring heritage into the future

• Managing HUL values in locally rooted processes

• Bringing heritage forward as green and sustainable

• Partnering for heritage, environment, economy, experience & quality of life

Sunset Lisbon, Portugal


Heritage LandscapesPreservation Landscape Architects & Planners

Stewarding heritage places toward a vibrant future through holistic planning & design

Urban Cultural Landscapes Preserving Spirit of Place & Partnering for the Future

Thank you for your attention. Questions?

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