Huffman Chap 3 PP

8/3/2019 Huffman Chap 3 PP

1/28

2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTIONSeventh Edition

byKaren Huffman

PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation

Chapter 3

Stress & Health PsychologyLynn Gussman

Forsyth Technical Community College


2/28


Note to the Instructor

The following set of slides provides a basicfoundation for your PowerPointpresentation of the core concepts found inChapter 3 of Psychology in Action (7e).

Please consult our website:http://www.wiley.com/college/huffman orthe Instructor's Resource CD for additionaloptions, including video clips, figures,tables, key terms, etc.
http://www.wiley.com/college/huffmanhttp://www.wiley.com/college/huffman


3/28


Lecture Overview

Stress and Health

Stress and Serious Illness

Coping with Stress

Promoting wellness


4/28


Health Psychology

Health psychology examines the relationshipbetween psychological behavior and physicalhealth/illness.

Focus of health psychology is on

Wellness Prevention of illness

Many major causes of death are related tobehavior and lifestyle rather than to infections.

Smoking, drinking, risky sex are causes of death thatcan be prevented.


5/28


Stress Stress is a nonspecific response of the body to

any demand made on it. Eustress: pleasant, desirable stress as in the stressassociated with exercise

Distress: is unpleasant stress as in illness

Stressors are stimuli that cause stress. Stressors can be major (loss of a parent) or can be

minor (parking your car).

Body eventually fails when subjected to chronicstress.


6/28


Life Changes as Stressors

Life events can function as stressors. When many life events occur in a short

period of time, enough stress can be

induced to alter health. Holmes and Rahe developed the Social

Readjustment Rating scale (SRRS).

Assesses the number of life changes in aperiod of time and predicts the likelihood ofdeveloping illness


7/28


Daily Stress

Some stressors are chronic: Job-related (shift work, co-workers)

Environmental stressors (aircraft noise)

Hassles are small problems that

accumulate to induce major stress. Time pressures to get things done

Financial concerns

Problems with family and coworkers Frustration is a negative emotional state

associated with a blocked goal.


8/28


Conflicts

Conflicts arise when choosing betweenincompatible alternatives.

Approach-approach: choosing betweendesirable alternatives

Avoidance-avoidance: choosing betweenundesirable alternatives

Approach-avoidance: choosing between

alternatives which have both desirable andundesirable results


9/28


Effects of Stress The sympathetic portion of the autonomic

nervous system is activated during stress. Increased heart rate, muscle tension,blood

pressure

HPA Axis: Release of adrenaline and cortisol These physiological changes use up energyand can be sustained for only a period oftime.

Prolonged stressor exposure leads toexhaustion and death.


10/28


General Adaptation Syndrome

Hans Selye Three phases:

Alarm: body mobilizes energy to defend againststressor.

Resistance: arousal declines somewhat; people maydevelop diseases of adaptation.

Exhaustion: energy becomes depleted; ability to resiststressors may collapse.


11/28


Stress and the Immune System

Immune system functioning is impaired byexposure to stress. Cortisol suppresses immune system functioning.

Compromised immune system is less able to resistinfection and cancer development.


12/28


Stress and Serious Illness Cancer is caused by:

-hereditary dispositions-environmental factors that lead to changes in body chemistry and

the immune system

Heart disease is associated with the buildup offats in blood vessels; stress increases this effect. Type A personalities (ambitious, time urgent) are more likely to

suffer heart disease.

Reducing stress alters blood cholesterol so as to reduce chance

of blood vessel blockage. Behaviors such as smoking, obesity and lack of exercisecontribute to heart disease.


13/28


Personality and Stress

Type A personality traits include time pressure,anger, and hostility. Behavior modification is used to encourage Type A

persons to slow down, follow a diet, to exercise, and toavoid cynical hostility.

Hardiness is a personality type that is resistant tostress.

Hardiness involves: Commitmentto personal goals

Personal view of being in control

Viewing change as a welcome challenge


14/28


Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

PTSD is an anxiety disorder followingexposure to a horrifying event.

Characterized by flashbacks, nightmaresand impaired functioning.


15/28


Coping with Stress Stressors are pervasive in our lives.

Reducing stress can be accomplished byeither avoiding stressors or by reducingour response to stressors.

Coping: managing stress in someeffective way Emotion-focused forms of coping change

how we view a situation (our reaction).

Problem-focused forms of coping dealdirectly with the stressor to eliminate it .


16/28


Resources to Manage Stress

Health and energy are key aspects to minimizethe damage produced by stress.

Positive beliefs are important for reducing stressimpact.

Social skills lead to social support. Social support (network of friends, family)

reduces stress impact.

Material resources can help to minimize the

sources and types of stress. Personal control allows people to buffer the

negative reactions to stress.


17/28


Locus of Control

External Locus of Control: believing thatchance or outside forces beyond onescontrol determine ones fate

Internal Locus of Control: believing thatone controls ones own fate

People with an internal locus of control aremore likely to adopt more positive coping

strategies.


18/28


Active Coping Strategies

Relaxation during stress exposureminimizes the impact of the exposure.

Exercise leads to physical fitness and

good health. Reduces likelihood of illness

Reduces negative impact of stress


19/28


Smoking

Cigarette smoking is the single most

preventable cause of death and disease in theUnited States.

Smoking is a major risk factor for: Coronary heart disease

Cancer

Low birth weight, prenatal death

Fire deaths

Secondhand smoke exposure is also asignificant health risk.


20/28


Smoking Prevention

Different factors may initiate and maintainsmoking:

Teens may start smoking as a means of rebellion orbecause of peer pressure, imitation of role models,learned associations.

People may continue to smoke because nicotine isaddictive.

Nicotine releases transmitters such as acetylcholine,dopamine, and norepinephrine.

These transmitters increase alertness and are rewarding.

Smoking relieves withdrawal symptoms.


21/28


Prevention and Treatment

Most anti-smoking programs focus onpsychosocial factors:

Minimize peer pressure to smoke

Educate about long- and short-termconsequences of smoking

Help smokers resist social pressures

Use of cognitive and behavioral techniques to

deal with withdrawal Supplement with nicotine replacement therapy


22/28


Causes of Cancer


23/28


Binge Drinking in Colleges Student binge drinkers believe their drinking

levels are normal, when in fact their consumptionis above the norm.

Many students believe that binge drinking isharmless.

Some students infer that binge drinking is finebecause the college does not tell themotherwise.

Binge drinking is often a key aspect of the Greek

experience of college life. Alumni who binge drink give the impression that

such behavior is expected of students.


24/28


Binge Drinking

Binge drinking refers to the consumption ofsome number of alcoholic drinks in a singlesession: Male: 5 or more drinks

Female: 4 or more drinks

Approximately 5.1 million Americans could belabeled as binge drinkers.

Binge drinking is a major problem on college

campuses: 43% of college students are binge drinkers 20% of college students binge frequently


25/28


Cross-Cultural Binge Drinking

Mexico: binge drinking is an issue at fiestasand can contribute to aggression.

Spain/South America: young binge drinkingmales are more likely to exhibit aggression.

Denmark: wine drinkers are more likely tobinge than are beer drinkers.

Russia: 44% of males qualify as bingers. Japan: binge drinking is reduced in persons

who are unable to metabolize alcohol.


26/28


Chronic Pain

Pain is the most common symptom reportedby patients in visits to physicians.

Chronic pain involves continuous or

recurrent pain over a 6 month or longerperiod.

Chronic pain produces irritation, depression,

anxiety, and dependence on others.


27/28


Treatment of Chronic Pain

Treatment of chronic pain can involve:Exercise programs promote release ofendorphins which reduce pain perception.

Operant conditioning techniques rewardwell behaviors.

Biofeedback (electromyography) canreduce muscle tension.

Relaxation training reduces impact of pain.


28/28

2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION 7E

Copyright

Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,

NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material protectedby this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in anyform or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, recording, or by any information

storage and retrieval system, without written permissionof the copyright owner.

Huffman Chap 3 PP

Documents

Transcript of Huffman Chap 3 PP