TABLE OF CONTENTS

IntroductionObjectivesDefinition of termsGeneral discussionSummaryConclusionsRecommendationsReferences

INTRODUCTION.

Our presentation is one of the medical and health efforts to understand the society in terms of diseases and the way they can be prevented, controlled, and when necessary treated. We will soon be giving our objectives in the presentation so that all of us see how important the subject is. We will have also a section for definition of terms used in our presentation so that all members of the class will understand the subject. After defining terms used, we will directly go into the general discussion, which is soon followed by summary, conclusions, recommendations, and references.

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Intro......

We hope that you will listen with interest, and if you have any questions, reserve them as they will be taken when we finish. Good doctors are those doctors who know epidemiology. Good nurses are those who know epidemiology. The knowledge of epidemiology is best if it is put to practice, welcome to epidemiology.

OBJECTIVES.

At the end of this topic students should be able to;Understand the definition and concept of

epidemiology, (both national and international)Discuss magnitude and impact of diseases in all

aspectsTo explain control measures of diseasesTo explain management and treatment of diseasesTo discus preventive measures of diseases, and types

of preventionTo provide the education concerning with lifestyle

and diseases attack.

•DEFINITION OF TERMS.

CDC; Centers Disease Control Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body's ability to use the energy found in food. Diseases’ is a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. Diseases control: Authority or ability to manage a disease Diseases prevention: intended to minimize the incidence or effects of disease and associated with activities designed to protect patients or other members of the public from actual or potential health threats and their harmful consequences

Define…..

Epidemiology: Is the science that studies the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations OR Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems. Etiology: The study of investigation of the cause’s disease; a scientific explanation for the origin of a disease. Vulnerable: are persons with no or little immunity against the disease. WHO: World Health Organization.

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

EPIDEMIOLOGY.

Epidemiology is the science that studies the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined in population. Three of the major functions of epidemiology is disease management, control, and prevention. It is the cornerstone of public health, and informs policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in biological sciences.

General disc….

Major areas of epidemiological study include disease etiology, transmission, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes, statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions, social sciences to understand proximate and distal causes better, and engineering for exposure assessment.

Epidemiology as branch of medicine, deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health. Epidemiology is the science that studies the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations

Epidemiology.

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems. Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations: surveillance and descriptive studies can be used to study distribution; analytical studies are used to study determinants

DISEASE MANAGEMENT .

What is disease management?Disease management is defined as "a

system of coordinated healthcare interventions and communications for populations with conditions in which patient self-care efforts are significant."

DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is the leading national public health institute of the United States. The CDC is a federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services and is headquartered in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, a few miles northeast of the Atlanta city limits. Its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability. The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention.

Cont…..

It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and educational activities designed to improve the health of United States citizens. In addition, the CDC researches and provides information on non-infectious diseases such as obesity and diabetes and is a founding member of the International Association of National Public Health Institutes.

GLOBAL HEALTH EPIDERMIOLOGY.

The mission of the Global Health Epidemiology Program is to educate graduate students by developing the necessary methodological and quantitative skills to conduct research in an international setting and successfully improve the health and well-being of people around the world.

GOALS.

The goals of the Global Health International Epidemiology Program are to ensure that graduates:

Identify determinants of health problems including socio-cultural factors;

Understand and adhere to high scientific standards for research;

Understand and follow guidelines for ethical treatment of research participants;

Communicate research findings to a lay audience; Assume leadership roles in designing and conducting

epidemiologic and intervention research at both national and global levels; and

Respect cultural diversity throughout all of the above.

PREVELANCE OF DIABETES.

Definition: Diabetes prevalence refers to the percentage of people ages 20-79 that have type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Cont….

Global prevalence of diabetes.OBJECTIVE—the goal of this study was to

estimate the prevalence of diabetes and the number of people of all ages with diabetes for years 2000 and 2030

Diabetes in East Africa.

Diabetes now affecting more people of working age in East Africa.

East African governments need to strengthen their existing health systems to improve health for people living with diabetes in order to prevent the projected almost twofold increase in the prevalence of the disease over the next two decades.

East Africa is facing a health time bomb with diabetes having an increasing impact on people of working age, signaling a threat to the region’s economic development

In Tanzania.

The people of Tanzania are all informed about the causes and consequences of diabetes making the job of controlling the condition even harder. The rate at which new diabetes cases are emerging poses a serious problem to the society especially as the providers of medical and health facilities are faced with limited resources. There is an urgent need to provide more comprehensive help and education to those affected by diabetes including patients, healthcare workers and the public.

The Tanzania Diabetes Association (TDA) has a vision and a specific mission but no funds to implement its. Currently, the association has 625 members

DIABETES CONTROL

Diabetes can get out of control if someone:doesn't take diabetes medicines as directeddoesn't follow the meal plan (like eating too

much or not enough food without adjusting diabetes medicines)

doesn't get regular exercise or exercises more or less than usual without making changes to his or her diabetes plan

has an illness or too much stressdoesn't check blood sugar levels enough

Cont….

What Can Happen if Diabetes Is Not Under Control?Out-of-control blood sugar levels can lead to short-term

problems like hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or diabetic ketoacidosis. In the long run, not controlling diabetes can also damage the vessels that supply blood to important organs, like the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves. This means that heart disease and stroke, kidney disease, vision problems, and nerve problems can happen to people with diabetes.

Getting control of Diabetes

Keeping blood sugar levels close to normal (about 3.1-7.1mmol/l) will be challenging at times. However, you can help keep your blood sugar levels in a healthy range with these steps:

Take your insulin or pills when you're supposed to. Follow your meal plan. Get regular exercise. Check your blood sugar levels often and make changes with the

help of your diabetes health care team. Visit your doctor and diabetes health care team regularly. Learn as much as possible about diabetes.

MALARIA

Malaria Worldwide In 2012, an estimated 627,000 people died of malaria—most were

young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Within the last decade, increasing numbers of partners and resources have rapidly increased malaria control efforts. This scale-up of interventions has saved 3.3 million lives globally and cut malaria mortality by 45%, leading to hopes and plans for elimination and ultimately eradication. CDC brings its technical expertise to support these efforts with its collaborative work in many malaria-endemic countries and regions.

Malaria`s Impact Malaria occurs mostly in poor tropical and subtropical areas of the world. In many of the countries affected by malaria, it is a leading cause of illness and death. In areas with high transmission, the most vulnerable groups are young children, who have not developed immunity to malaria yet, and pregnant women, whose immunity has been decreased by pregnancy. The costs of malaria – to individuals, families, communities, nations – are enormous

Cont….

Africa is the most affected due to a combination of factors: A very efficient mosquito (Anopheles gambiae complex) is

responsible for high transmission. The predominant parasite species is Plasmodium falciparum, which

is the species that is most likely to cause severe malaria and death. Local weather conditions often allow transmission to occur year

round. Scarce resources and socio-economic instability have hindered

efficient malaria control activities.

Cont…

How Can Malaria Cases and Deaths Be Reduced?Where malaria exacts the largest burden, Africa, it has

been extremely difficult to control. Many reasons account for this: an efficient mosquito that transmits the infection, a high prevalence of the most deadly species of the parasite, favorable climate, weak infrastructure to address the disease, and high intervention costs that are difficult to bear in poor countries.

Malaria in Tanzania.

In Tanzania, the fight against malaria has started to show major progress. Between 2008 and 2013, the prevalence of malaria in children under five years has nearly halved through a range of different interventions led by the Government of Tanzania with the support of NGOs such as PSI. PSI/Tanzania uses a community-initiated approach to behavior change communication by creating a platform for dialogue regarding malaria prevention and treatment. The behavior change communication project provides a harmonized message through overlapping channels to reinforce behavior change messages and better impact behaviors such as correct and consistent use of insecticide treated mosquito nets.

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Transmission and Symptoms of Malaria.

Management Approaches.

Vector Management ApproachesVector management tools such as insecticides, environmental

modification, and bed nets have contributed greatly to successful malaria control efforts historically, but have faced setbacks in recent years due to factors such as the emergence of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. NIAID is supporting research on new vector management strategies to prevent parasite transmission (from humans to mosquitoes and mosquitoes to humans) and reduce the mosquito population.

In summary.

International epidemiology is a study branch deals with the causes, the effects, prevention and control measure of disease conditions in a defined population. Epidemiology of diseases has three classes that is global wise means worldwide, in a state organization example the control of malaria in east African countries and in specific county.

Epidemiology of disease such as diabetes and malaria mostly discussed in all ways to manage the disease control conditions. And the data show that most of Africa countries affected by diseases such as malaria.

Conclusions

International epidemiology as a study of diseases and control measure is more concerned with disease management (or treatment), disease control, and disease prevention. Societies and communities must be helped to manage the spread of diseases.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

As its explained in the presentation, the knowledge of epidemiology to each and every one of us from which the most important to keep in mind is “to the control measures of diseases “for example diabetes mellitus to know the causes and if someone has diabetes to ways of diseases control. In case of malaria to take a precautions measure by using a mosquito nets and repellants.

References.

World Health Organization.

www.who.int/dbetes/facts/en/diabcare0504.pd(reseachia design and method)

www.who.int/diabetes/facts/world_figures/enhttp://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/

cdc_activities/index.htmlDiabetes prevalence in UK.www.diabetes.org.uk ›www.malaria.org.uk Ifakara Healths Institute - IHIwww.ihi.or.tz/(project planning and diseases control)

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