Hubbard’s 100 Key Hubbard’s 100 Key Events In HistoryEvents In History

Climb the mountain Climb the mountain of successof success

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

• Contact from Christopher Columbus in 1492 and other explorers

• Exchange between West and East

• Introduced new foods, vegetation and livestock

• Also devastated cultures with disease, slavery and conquests

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

• Protested Catholic control

• Catholic Church lost political control of many European kingdoms

• Led by Martin Luther and John Calvin who found Catholic teachings contrary to the Bible

English ReformationEnglish Reformation

• Attempts by Henry VIII and Elizabeth to rid England of Catholic control

• Created the Church of England with the monarch as the head of the church

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

• Attempt to reform Catholic Church and regain control of Europe

• Jesuit missionaries tried to expand influence of church

• Council of Trent met to strengthen the church and encourage Protestants to return to the church

JamestownJamestown

• First permanent English colony in America

• John Rolfe made tobacco the cash crop that made the colony profitable

• Powhatan Indians helped the colony survive and later fought with the colonists

House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses• 1619

• Virginia Colony

• First Representative Legislature in the American colonies

• British had a policy of salutary neglect- let the colonies govern themselves

MercantilismMercantilism• Markets and materials mean money for

the mother country

• Colonies were for making profits

• Triangular trade across the Atlantic Ocean of raw materials, slaves and manufactured goods

• England passed Navigation Acts so colonies could trade only with England

Founding of New AmsterdamFounding of New Amsterdam

• New York was originally founded by the Dutch

• Set up as a fur trading post

• Key port city for trade

• England took the colony

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

• Indentured servants became small landowners in the western part of Virginia

• Conflicts arose with the Indians

• Nathaniel Bacon led a group of armed settlers against the government led by the wealthy ruling class

• Virginia turned to slavery for labor

Founding of PennsylvaniaFounding of Pennsylvania

• William Penn founded the colony as a haven for the Quakers

• Attracted other religious groups because they practiced tolerance

• Diverse colony of many religions, middle class workers and languages

English RevolutionEnglish Revolution• Conflict between king and Parliament

• King Charles I was executed and Oliver Cromwell took over

• After his death, England re-established the monarch – William and Mary

• Return of monarch called Glorious Revolution because of peaceful change

Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials

• Division over church power and economic status

• 25 people were put to death as “witches”

• Attempt to protect the Puritan control of Massachusetts

Middle PassageMiddle Passage

• Route of slaves from Africa to the West Indies

• Slaves learned skills needed to work as slaves in the colonies

• Middle part of Triangular Trade

• Many died before ever reaching America

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War

• War between England and France over Ohio Territory

• France lost control of colonies and the war

• American colonists lost respect for England and their control of the colonies

Social Contract TheorySocial Contract Theory

• Written by Rousseau

• Idea that the will of the people was a contract with the government

• All must abide by this contract/agreement

Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763

• Attempt by England to keep setters out of the Ohio Valley

• Colonists could not settle past the Appalachian Mountains

• Colonists ignored the law

Treaty of Paris of 1763Treaty of Paris of 1763

• Ended the French and Indian War between England and France

• France gave up claims to western lands between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River

Stamp ActStamp Act• Placed a tax on all printed documents

• Documents had to have a stamp placed on them to show the tax was paid

• Attempt by England to raise money to pay for costs of soldiers in the colonies

• Colonists boycotted and refused to obey

• Protest groups – Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty formed

Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts

• Also called the Coercive Acts

• Laws to punish Boston for the Boston Tea Party

• Closed Boston harbor and created a military governor for Massachusetts

Common SenseCommon Sense

• Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine

• Argued that it only made common sense to for the colonies to fight for independence

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence• Written by Thomas Jefferson and

others• Listed the grievances against the

King• Said the colonies were free and

independent from England• Used ideas from John Locke – natural

rights of life, liberty and property

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

• American colonies fought for freedom from England

• George Washington led the Americans Continental Army

• England lost the war and the colonies

Crossing the DelawareCrossing the Delaware

• George Washington surprised the enemy by crossing the Delaware River attacking the British hired soldiers- the Hessians on Christmas night

• Washington’s victories in New Jersey lifted American morale in the war

Valley ForgeValley Forge

• Washington endured a harsh winter at Valley Forge

• Troops trained and learned effective fighting styles

• Kept up morale of the troops

YorktownYorktown

• Final battle of the American Revolution

• England surrendered under Lord Cornwallis

• French navy blockaded the English escape and helped win the battle

Treaty of Paris 1783Treaty of Paris 1783

• Ended the American Revolution

• US gained all territory from Atlantic to Mississippi River

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

• First government of the United States

• Weak government that could not levy taxes

• Was a league of states not a union

Shays RebellionShays Rebellion• Massachusetts tried to collect taxes

• Daniel Shays led a rebellion to help save farmers from the taxes

• Congress and the Articles of Confederation could not help due to weak government

• Led to US Constitution and strong government

U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution

• 1787, new stronger government for the United States

• Allowed for 3 separate branches, checks and balances

• Ideas of James Madison’s Virginia Plan were used to make compromises for the new government

Great CompromiseGreat Compromise

• Connecticut Plan

• Set up two house legislature

• Created a Senate for small states and House of Representatives for large states

The FederalistThe Federalist

• Series of articles supporting the Constitution

• Favored a strong central government

• Led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

• Economic hardships led to a revolution between the upper classes and the lower classes

• King and Queen were beheaded

• Reign of Terror resulted from the revolution

• Napoleon seized power and ruled France

Haiti RevolutionHaiti Revolution

• Black slaves led by Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Fought the French and won

• Created independent nation of Haiti

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

• Unpopular tax resulted in rebellion

• Washington sent troops against the Pennsylvania farmers

• Showed the power of the new government under the Constitution

Proclamation of NeutralityProclamation of Neutrality

• Washington’ Farewell Address warned of entangling alliances with European powers

• Created isolation policy in US to stay out of Europe’s affairs

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

• 1803, Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from the French

• Doubled the size of the country

• US began to use its own resources rather than foreign nations

• Lewis and Clark explored the region creating a westward movement

War of 1812War of 1812• War with the British over the Ohio

Valley and the threat of Indians

• British invaded and burned Washington,D.C.

• American spirit of nationalism grew as American symbols were created: Star Spangled Banner, The White House, the flag

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

• Divided Louisiana Territory

• States north of 36-30 would be free, those south would have slavery

• Designed to maintain balance in Congress between free and slave states

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

• James Monroe led Era of Good Feelings

• Nation was confident and began to take control of North America against Europe

• Told European countries to stay out of our hemisphere

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy• Andrew Jackson inspired universal

male suffrage for common man

• Spoils System rewarded his supporters with govt jobs

• Indian Removal (Cherokees) on Trail of Tears from Georgia to Oklahoma

• Reform Movements: Education-Horace Mann, Temperance, Abolition

Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis

• John C. Calhoun of South Carolina argued for states’ rights against federal laws

• President Jackson said the federal government was over states

• Henry Clay wrote compromise but leaders still argued issue until Civil War broke out

Seneca Falls ConferenceSeneca Falls Conference

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first women’s convention to call for women’s suffrage (the right to vote)

• First organized women’s rights movement

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny• Idea that it was God’s will that

Americans should expand the nation from sea to sea

• President Polk signed agreement to divide the Oregon Territory with Britain

• Newspaper articles encouraged people to move west on the Oregon Trail and live out this destiny

Mexican WarMexican War

• War with Mexico over the border of Texas

• US took New Mexico, California and paid Mexico for the new lands

• Gold was discovered in California led to Gold Rush of 1849

• Gadsden Purchase was final strip of land below Arizona and New Mexico

Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso

• Plan to ban slavery from territory gained in the Mexican War

• Voted down in Congress over strong division on slavery

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

• Admitted California as a free state

• Utah and New Mexico were allowed to vote on slavery – popular sovereignty

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act

• Allowed previously free territory to vote on slavery

• Ended in violence as both free and slave rushed to the territory – Bleeding Kansas

Dred Scott CaseDred Scott Case

• Court case

• Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom

• Court ruled that slaves were property and upheld slavery as legal

John Brown’s RaidJohn Brown’s Raid

• Harper’s Ferry Virginia• Attempt to overtake federal arsenal

and get weapons• Weapons would be given to blacks

who would help lead a slave rebellion

• John Brown was caught and executed

Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation

• President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed slaves free in Confederate states

• Encouraged free blacks to serve in the Union army

GettysburgGettysburg

• Turning point in the Civil War

• Union forces won every major battle after this

• Bloodies battle in the war

VicksburgVicksburg

• Union troops took the last place on the Mississippi River under Confederate control

• Ulysses Grant laid siege to the city and citizens surrendered after almost starving

Battle of AtlantaBattle of Atlanta

• William T. Sherman took the city

• Began March to the Sea burning much of Georgia as his troops moved towards Savannah

• Civil War ended at Appomattox Court House with Robert E. Lee surrendering to Ulysses Grant

Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction

• After Lincoln’s assassination, Andrew Johnson became president

• His plan of ending the war was to rebuild the south

• Many southerners regained power under this plan

Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction

• Members of the Republican Party took control of Reconstruction

• Plan was the punish the south for the Civil War

• Harsh guidelines were imposed

Impeachment of Andrew JohnsonImpeachment of Andrew Johnson

• Battle between Congress and Johnson over Reconstruction ended in impeachment of Johnson

• Found innocent but Johnson lost control of government

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau

• First Federal Relief program

• Designed to help former slaves

• Provided food, clothing, shelter, medical aid, education and even land

• Violent groups – Ku Klux Klan formed to fight against black rights

IndustrializationIndustrialization• Transcontinental Railroad Union

Pacific and Central Pacific connected at Promontory Point, Utah built by Chinese and Irish immigrants

• Bessemer Process made steel cheaper

• John D. Rockefeller made millions with Standard Oil monopoly

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

• Feeling of Nativism- opposition to immigration grew in America

• Government tried to limit immigration to stop violent attacks against immigrants

• Prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally coming to America

Wounded KneeWounded Knee• Settlers moved west for farming, cattle

ranching, and mining• Native Americans were forced to relocate

to reservations• Sioux Indians followed Wovoka in Ghost

Dance ritual to regain lands• Wounded Knee was sight on army

massacre of unarmed Indian men, women and children

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

• Homer Plessy claimed Jim Crow laws of segregation were unconstitutional

• Supreme Court upheld Jim Crow Laws

• Separate but equal was alright if facilities were equal

Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War• War with Spain – Lasted 3 months

• Fought over Cuba and Philippines

• “A Splendid Little War”

• Divided US on Expansion and Isolationism

• Gained territory and control of Cuba, Guam, Philippines and Puerto Rico

Panama CanalPanama Canal

• Needed to allow US ships to travel between Caribbean and Pacific Oceans

• Started a revolution for Panama to be free from Columbian control

• Military and Economic purpose

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

• Expanded Monroe Doctrine

• US would intervene in Latin America if a nation had trouble paying its debt

• “Big Stick Diplomacy” – US would use force if needed

Progressive EraProgressive Era• Muckrakers – Ida Tarbell revealed abuses

of monopolies, Upton Sinclair revealed abuses in the meat packing industry

• Jane Addams opened settlement house – the Hull House for the poor

• Carrie Nation smashed saloons for prohibition – 18th Amendment

• Susan B. Anthony led women’s suffrage – 19th Amendment

• Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives- led struggles for labor and living improvements

NAACP FoundingNAACP Founding

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

• Devoted to progress of African American community

• Wanted political, legal and social equality

World War IWorld War I• Unrestricted submarine warfare by

Germans – sinking of Lusitania led to anti-German hysteria

• Anti-German sentiment and Zimmerman Telegram caused Americans to call for war

• US entered in 1917, War ended in 1918• Great Migration - many blacks moved

north for jobs

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution

• 1917 – Overthrow of Russian Czar

• Bolshevik Revolution ended the monarchy in Russia

• Communist Rulers took over

• Led to fear in US – Red Scare

• Anarchist bombings and assassinations spread more fear

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

• Ended World War I in Europe• US President Wilson presented

Fourteen Point Peace Plan• US signed a separate treaty • Did not sign treaty because US

feared commitment to League of Nations would be binding

• US returned to isolationism

ProhibitionProhibition

• 18th Amendment ended the sale and manufacture of alcohol

• Led to increased crime and illegal manufacture of alcohol

Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance

• Flowering of Black culture and heritage during the 1920s

• Black authors (Langston Hughes), musicians (Louis Armstrong) and actors portrayed a rich history of blacks

• Centered in Harlem, New York

Great DepressionGreat Depression• Overproduction and

Underconsumption then Stock Market Speculation led to Stock Market crash

• People buying on credit• Widespread unemployment• Banks and Businesses closed• Dust Bowl in Midwest caused more

problems

HoovervillesHoovervilles

• Homeless workers gathered in cities in shacks

• Called Hoovervilles after President Hoover who was blamed for not responding to peoples needs

Tennessee Valley AuthorityTennessee Valley Authority

• TVA

• Built Hydroelectric dams on the Tennessee River to create jobs and provide cheap electricity to the South

Second New DealSecond New Deal

• Second part of FDR’s New Deal

• Designed to change laws and fix economic problems for future relief

Social Security ActSocial Security Act

• Part of New Deal

• Established retirement income for people over 65

Wagner ActWagner Act

• Protected rights of workers

• Allowed for collective bargaining for better working conditions

• Shift in govt to support workers and unions – pro-labor

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

• Japanese attack brought US into WWII

• “A day that will live in infamy”

• December 7, 1941

• Japanese Americans were put in internment camps because of fear from the attack

War in the Pacific War in the Pacific • Japan invaded the Philippines and

forced prisoners to walk across the island – the Bataan Death March

• Battle of Midway was turning point as US started island hopping and getting back one island at a time

• Kamikaze pilots were Japanese who crashed their planes into US ships in final effort to defeat Americans

Teheran ConferenceTeheran Conference• Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met

to plan invasion of Europe and defeat Germany

• Called the Big Three• Plan was known as D-Day – June

6,1944• General Dwight Eisenhower was to

lead the amphibious invasion at Normandy

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

• Big Three Met again

• Divided Germany into four zones after the war

• Promised Stalin (Soviets) land in parts of Europe after the defeat of Germany

• Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference

• Truman, Churchill and Stalin agreed to allow only unconditional surrender of Japan

• Japan refused

• Truman decided to use the atomic bomb

Los AlamosLos Alamos

• US development of atomic bomb

• Manhattan Project

• Tested the weapons at Los Alamos, New Mexico

• Truman authorized the use of the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• Japan finally surrendered

United NationsUnited Nations

• Peace keeping organization set up at end of WWII

• Successful version of earlier League of Nations

• Led by a Security Council – 5 nations: US, Britain, France, Russia and China

Containment PolicyContainment Policy• After WWII – control the Soviets• Plan to contain communism and not

allow it to spread to other nations• Division between East and West

Germany was called the Iron Curtain• Eastern European countries were

called Satellite Nations under Soviet Communism

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

• Plan to give aid to Western Europe to rebuild after WWII

• Economic aid was designed to stop to influence of communism

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

• After WWII

• President Truman said US would intervene and aid countries overseas resisting communism

• Berlin, Germany was cut off from west by communists

• US sent supplies in Berlin Airlift

Revolution in IndiaRevolution in India

• Attempt to overthrow British rule in India

• Led by Gandhi (Hindu leader) as a nonviolent protest

• Pakistan created as an independent Muslim state

Formation of Nation of IsraelFormation of Nation of Israel• United Nations helped found country• Holocaust of WWII left Jewish

refugees without a home• Zionism (Jewish nationalism) feeling

grew• Palestine was given to the Jews

and many Arab nations resented US involvement

Chinese Communist RevolutionChinese Communist Revolution

• After WWII, Soviets supported communist revolution in China under Mao

• Nationalist Chinese fled to Taiwan Island

Korean WarKorean War• Communist North Korea invaded

South Korea as an attempt to make it communist

• UN and US troops saved the South from takeover

• President Truman had integrated the military with blacks and whites fighting in same units

• Country remained divided

Sputnik1Sputnik1

• Soviets launched first satellite into space

• US quickly beefed up math and sciences in the schools to catch up with the communist Soviets

• Space Race had begun

Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education

• 1954 court case that said there is no such thing as separate but equal

• Ended segregation in the schools

• Schools took almost 20 years to abide by the decision

Little Rock IncidentLittle Rock Incident

• Little Rock Central High School, Arkansas had nine black students attempt to attend

• Governor tried to stop them, President Eisenhower protected them

• James Meredith tried to attend the University of Mississippi- succeeded

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders

• Civil rights struggle included efforts to end segregation on buses

• Freedom riders were young people of all races riding the bus lines across the south

• SNCC- Student Nonviolence Coordinating Committee formed by black college students

Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Pushed through Congress by President Lyndon Johnson

• Prohibited segregation in public accommodations

Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Allowed the president to suspend literacy tests for voter registration

• Registered black voters throughout the south

GlobalizationGlobalization

• OPEC - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

• Controls the cost and supply of oil from countries around the globe

• World Trade Organization - monitors countries to abide by trade agreements

NOWNOW-National Organization of Women-National Organization of Women

• Founded by Betty Friedan in the 1960s

• Advocated equality between men and women

• Group supporters were called feminists

Earth DayEarth Day• Started in April 1970

• Attempt to save the earth from chemicals

• Became annual event to save the environment

• Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring wrote about pollution and chemical disasters