Huba Bartos
Transcript of Huba Bartos
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Sino-Tibetan languages
Huba Bartoshttp://budling.nytud.hu/~bartos/kurzus/kinai.html
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The Sino-Tibetan languagefamily
� 2nd largest lg. family (number of native speakers; 2nd only to Indo-European)
� cca. 350–400 lg’s (9 has >1 million speakers)
� longer written tradition: Chinese ( >3000 yrs), Tibetan (cca. 1300 yrs), Burmese (cca. 900 yrs)
� many uncertainties in classification (← few of these lg’s have script, and even those are often notphonetic + a mix of genetic vs. areal relations)
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Geographical distribution
Source: WALS
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Geographical distribution
Source: G. Jacques
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Language families in East Asia
Source: G. Jacques
Sino-Tibetan
Austroasiatic
Austronesian
Tai-Kadai
Hmong-Mien
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… and the Altaic languages
Source: G. Jacques
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Speakers of ST languages
� The largest ST languages :– Chinese: 1.3 billion
– Burmese: 42 million
– Lolo / Yi (彝): 7 million
– Tibetan: 6 million
– Karen: 5 million
– Dzongkha (Bhutanese): 1.5 million
– Bodo: 1.5 million
– Naga: 1.2 million
– Jingphaw: 1 million
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A little bit of history ofscience
� The development of the Sino-Tibetanhypothesis
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Early errors
� John C. Leyden (1808): Indo-Chinese family –lg’s of the region spanning from India to China, as well as lg’s of the ‘Eastern Seas’
� Max Müller (1855): Turanic theory (Ural-Altaic+ Dravidian ( + Caucasian?) lg’s ( + Chinese?) ( + Japanese?)) – mostly relying on typologicalfeatures (rather than a comparative basis)– (Turanic = ’the rest’: Eurasian lg’s = Semitic
(Afroasiatic) + Aryan (Indo-European) + Turanic)
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Early moves in the right direction� Julius Heinrich Klaproth (1823): Tibetan and
Chinese are close relatives, but Vietnameseand Thai do not belong to the same family
� key difficulty: Chinese writing has neverbeen consistently phonetic
� therefore: it tells us next to nothing aboutOld and Proto-Chinese morphology, and itspotential complexity
� → difficult to support any genealogicalhypotheses
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Early moves in the right direction
� And yet:
� C.R. Lepsius (1861): Old Chinese couldhave certain morphological traits(affixes) that have disappeared by now(and may, e.g., be the predecessors of tones)
� Wilhelm Grube (1881): Old Chineseprobably had affixal elements
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Tibeto-Burman
� Nathan Brown (1854): the Karen lg. is genetically related to Tibetan, Burmese, Jinghpaw, and other Himalayan lg’s
� James R. Logan (1859): Tibeto-Burmanlg family (including Karen)
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Indo-Chinese →→→→ Sino-Tibetan
� August Conrady (1896): Indo-Chinese= Tibeto-Burman + Chinese + Kadai
– attempted to prove this hypothesis ongrounds of grammar similarities
� Jean Przyluski (1924): „sino-tibétain”(the French translation of the term„Indo-Chinese” )
– Hmong-Mien lg’s also included (on theKadai (’Sino-Daic’) branch)
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Indo-Chinese →→→→ Sino-Tibetan
� → „Sino-Tibetan” = rebranded and corrected „Indo-Chinese” (?)
Indo-Chinese=
Sino-Tibetan
Sino-ThaiOr
Sino-Daic
Tibeto-Burman(without Karen)
ChineseTai-Kadai
(incl.: Hmong-Mien)
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Robert Shafer (1893-1973?)
� worked in the Sino-Tibetan philologyproject at UC Berkeley
� Shafer was NOT a trained comparativelinguist, but spent enormous efforts onclassifying a vast body of data from/onST-languages
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Robert Shafer
� Shafer (1966–1974): hesitationsconcerning the primary branches, as wellas the status of the Kadai langauges
Sino-Tibetan
Chinese Daic Bodic Burmese Baric Karen
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Robert Shafer
� Shafer (1966–1974): hesitationsconcerning the primary branches, as wellas the status of the Kadai langauges
Sino-Tibetan
Tibeto-BurmanChinese Daic
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Robert Shafer
Old Chinese Written Tib. Written Brm. meaning*ngag 我 nga Na ‘I'*s´m 三 gsum sum ‘three'*ngag 五 lnga Na ‘five'*mj´k 目 mig mjak ‘eye'*ngjag 鱼 nya Na ‘fish'*khwin 犬 khyi khwe ‘dog'*srat 杀 bsat sat ‘kill'*sjin 薪 shing sac ‘firewood'*mjing 名 ming ´-man) ‘name’*khag 苦 kha kha ‘bitter'
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Beyond cognate words: structural similarities
– many of these lg’s are tonal (e.g., Chinese, Lhasa Tibetan, Burmese)
– typically monosyllabic and morphologicallyanalitic (isolating)
– frequent use of classsifiers
– SVO (Chin., Karen, Bai) vs. SOV (all other TB)
� BUT: how much of this is due to arealinfluences?
� AND: whence the lack of systematicsound correspondences?
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Indosphere ~ Sinosphere
� division of the TB-branch by typological and culturaltraits: Indosphere vs. Sinosphere (acc. to thedominance of Indo-Aryan vs. Chinese languages)
Indosphere Sinosphere
� synthetic/agglutinative
� polisyllabicity
� non-tonal
� analytic/isolating
� monosyllabicity
� tonal
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Shafer’s ”heritage”
� Paul K. Benedict(1941/1972, 1976):
ST = Chinese + Tibeto-Burman/Tibeto-Karen– expels the Kadai lg’s from
ST; problems of thefamily tree (Stammbaum) representation
– basis of the currentlymost widely known and accepted hypothesis
Sino-Tibetan
ChineseTibeto-Karen
Tibeto-Burman Karen
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Shafer’s ”heritage”
� Paul K. Benedict(1941/1972, 1976):
ST = Chinese + Tibeto-Burman/Tibeto-Karen– expels the Kadai lg’s from
ST; problems of thefamily tree (Stammbaum) representation
– basis of the currentlymost widely known and accepted hypothesis
Sino-Tibetan
ChineseTibeto-Burman
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But what do the Chinese say?(Li Fang-Kuei (李方桂李方桂李方桂李方桂), Luo Changpei (罗常培罗常培罗常培罗常培))
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The great summary of the ST-hypothesis: Matisoff / STEDT
� James A. Matisoff (2003)
� Proto-Sino-Tibetan homeland: on theHimalayan Plateau, in the sourceregion of the great rivers (Huanghe, Yangtze, Mekong, Brahmaputra, Salween, Irrawaddy), up to cca. 4000
� STEDT project:
� http://stedt.berkeley.edu/index.html
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The great summary of the ST-hypothesis: Matisoff / STEDT
homeland ?
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The great summary of the ST-hypothesis: Matisoff / STEDT
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STEDT and the age of great changes
� reconstruction of Old Chinese: a revisionof Karlgren’s system (Pulleyblank, Jaxontov, Li Fang-Kuei, Coblin, Baxter, …)
� exploration of Proto-ST morphology(Sagart, Baxter)
� on the TB side: fieldwork → significantbody of new data, new lg descriptions
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STEDT and the age of great changes
→ Benedict’s system can and must be thoroughly revised
� results from other fields and disciplinesmust be added / taken intoconsideration: archeology, genetics
→ a whole new interdisciplinary approach
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Some recent proposals
� Nicholas Bodman (1980): Tibetan is a closerrelative of Chinese than of other Himalayanand Burman languages → Sino-Himalayanhypothesis
Sino-Himalayan
Sino-TibetanTibeto-Burman(Himalayan)
Chinese Tibetan
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Some recent proposals
� Sergei A. Starostin (1994): the closest relativesof Chinese within TB are Kiranti (Bodic etc.) lg’s → Sino-Kiranti hypothesis
Sino-Tibetan
Sino-Kiranti Tibeto-Burman
Chinese Kiranti
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Some recent proposals
� Starostin redux (2005): under the influence of
Nostratic theory – Sino-Dené-Caucasian
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Variations on the Sino-Bodic
theme: Van Driem
� primary basis: newly reconstructed OC and well described TB morphologicalpatterns (Van Driem 1997)
� lexicostatistic, archeological and genetic evidence is sought tosupport/complement the linguisticmodel (Van Driem 1999)
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Variations on the Sino-Bodic
theme: Van Driem
� Proto-TB homeland: in Sichuan, up toabout 10.000 B.C.
PTB
Western TB Eastern TB
NorthernTB Southern TB
NW-TB NE-TB
Majiayao neolithic c. Yangshao neol. c.
Bodic Sinitic
Eastern neolithic c. of India
Lolo-Burmese, Karen, Qiangic
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Variations on the Sino-Bodic
theme: Van Driem
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Van Driem v2.0 (2011): Trans-Himalayan ”fallen leaves”
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Sino-Austronesian: Sagart
� Laurent Sagart (1993, 1995, 2005): seeks genetic relation with Austronesianlangauges
– v1.0: Sino-Austronesian + remote/ questioned link b/w Chinese and TB
– v1.5: Sino – Tibeto-Burman – Austronesian
– v2.0: ‘Tibeto-Burmo – Austronesian’ (?)
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Sino-Austronesian: Sagart
Proto-Austronesian
Old Chinese Tibeto-Burman meaning
*punuq *nuk 脑 (s-)nuk ‘brain’
*qiCeluR *c´-lo(r?) 卵 twiy ‘egg’
*-kut *m-khut 掘 kot (Jingphaw) ‘dig’
*nunux *nok 乳 nuw ‘breast’
*uRung *k-rok 角 rung ‘horn’
*kurung *k´-rong 笼 krungH ‘cage’
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Sino-Austronesian: Sagart
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And a denial…
� Ch. Beckwith:
– Chinese is NOT related to Tibeto-Burmanat all
– absence of regular sound correspondences
– no reconstructible common morphology
– shared lexical items: not cognates butborrowings (Chinese → TB)
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Literature
� Beckwith, Ch. 2002. The Sino-Tibetan problem, in: Beckwith, Ch. Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages, Brill, Leiden, pp. 113–158
� Benedict, P.K. 1972. Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus (Cambridge UP, Cambridge, UK)� van Driem, G. 1997. Sino-Bodic. Bulletin of the SOAS 60: 455-488.� van Driem, G. 1999. A new theory on the origin of Chinese. Indo-Pacific Prehistory
Association Bulletin 18: 43-58.� van Driem, G. 2011. The Trans-Himalayan Phylum and its Implications for Population
Prehistory. Communication on Contemporary Anthropology, 2011, 5, 135-142/ e20� Li Fang-Kuei 1973. 'Languages and Dialects of China'. Journal of Chinese Linguistics
1: 1-13� Ma Xueliang 1991. A General Introduction to Sino-Tibetan Languages. (Beijing
University Press, Beijing)� Matisoff, J.A. 2003. Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (Univ. of California Press, L.A.)� Shafer, R. 1966-1974. Introduction to Sino-Tibetan I-IV. (Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden)� Sagart, L. 1993. Chinese and Austronesian: Evidence for a genetic relationship.
Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 21(1): 1–62.� Sagart, L. 2005. Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian: an updated and improved argument. In:
L. Sagart, R.M. Blench and A. Sanchez-Mazas (szerk.) The Peopling of EastAsia:Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics (RoutledgeCurzon, London)
� Thurgood, G. & R. LaPolla (eds.) 2006. The Sino-Tibetan Languages. (Routledge, London)