hu4640.u1.ps2_powerpoint_2.pptx

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Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ethics: Theory and Practice

Jacques P. Thiroux

Keith W. Krasemann


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Chapter One

The Nature of Morality


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Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development

Kohlbergs theory sets up three distinctlevels of moral thinking, and each level is

arranged in two stages Preconventional Conventional Postconventional


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Preconventional Level The Punishment and Obedience Orientation The Instrumental/Relativist Orientation

Conventional Level

The Interpersonal Concordance The Law and Order Orientation



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Postconventional Level The Social Contract Orientation The Universal-Ethical-Principle Orientation


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Preconventional Level

Terms like good and bad, or right and wrongare interpreted in terms of either physical orhedonistic consequences of action

Stage One: Moral decisions are made in responseto authority

Stage Two: Moral decision making is conditionedprimarily by self-interest


7/11Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conventional Level

Similar to the customary or traditionalmorality, which is unreflective and consists

in maintaining or conforming to theexpectations of others



Conventional Level

Stage Three: Conformity with the group,living up to others expectations, andearning the approval of others by beingnice

Stage Four: Concerned with maintainingsocial order for its own sake or as an end initself



Postconventional Level

Also called the autonomous or principledlevel

Requires reflective morality and the abilityto effectively engage ethical reasoningapart from, or independently of, group

identification and authority



Postconventional Level Stage Five: Understand that there are ends

beyond the law and that laws are crafted tobring about these ends; views laws as a social

contract Stage Six: Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical

principles appealing to logicalcomprehensiveness, universality, andconsistency



A Working Definition of Morality

Morality, or ethics, deals basically withhuman relationships how human beings

treat other beings so as to promote mutualwelfare, growth, creativity, and meaning asthey strive for good over bad and right over

wrong

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