http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAYUuspQ6BY

LanguageLanguage

AP HG – Spring 2013AP HG – Spring 2013

LanguageKey Issues

• Where are English Language Speakers Where are English Language Speakers Distributed?Distributed?

• Why is English Related to Other Why is English Related to Other Languages?Languages?

• Where Are Other Language Families Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?Distributed?

• Why Do People Preserve Languages?Why Do People Preserve Languages?

Where Are English Language Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?Speakers Distributed?

• Origin and diffusion of EnglishOrigin and diffusion of English– English is spoken by 328 million as a first English is spoken by 328 million as a first

languagelanguage– English coloniesEnglish colonies– Origin of English in EnglandOrigin of English in England

• German InvasionsGerman Invasions• Norman InvasionsNorman Invasions

English Speaking CountriesEnglish Speaking Countries

English is the official language in 42 countries, including some in whichEnglish is the official language in 42 countries, including some in which it is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used andit is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used and

understood in many others.understood in many others.

Invasions of EnglandInvasions of England55thth–11–11th th centuriescenturies

The groups that brought what became English to England included Jutes, Angles,The groups that brought what became English to England included Jutes, Angles,

Saxons, and Vikings. The Normans later brought French vocabulary to English.Saxons, and Vikings. The Normans later brought French vocabulary to English.

Where Are English Language Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?Speakers Distributed?

• Dialects of EnglishDialects of English– Dialect = a regional variation of a languageDialect = a regional variation of a language– Isogloss = a word-usage boundary North/South Isogloss = a word-usage boundary North/South

language usage different wordslanguage usage different words– Standard language = a well-established dialectStandard language = a well-established dialect– Dialects Dialects

• In EnglandIn England• Differences between British and American Differences between British and American

EnglishEnglish

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UgpfSp2t6k&feature=player_embedded#!

Old and Middle English DialectsOld and Middle English Dialects

The main dialect regions of Old English before the Norman invasionThe main dialect regions of Old English before the Norman invasion persisted to some extent in the Middle English dialects through the 1400s.persisted to some extent in the Middle English dialects through the 1400s.

Where Are English Language Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?Speakers Distributed?

• Dialects of EnglishDialects of English– Dialects in the United StatesDialects in the United States

• Settlement in the eastern United StatesSettlement in the eastern United States– Current differences in the eastern United Current differences in the eastern United

StatesStates» Pronunciation differencesPronunciation differences

Hans Kurath divided the eastern U.S. into three dialect regions, whose distributionHans Kurath divided the eastern U.S. into three dialect regions, whose distribution

is similar to that of house types.is similar to that of house types.

Dialects in the Eastern U. S.

Soft Drink DifferencesSoft Drink Differences

Looking at language usage.

Why Is English Related to Why Is English Related to Other Languages?Other Languages?

• Indo-European branchesIndo-European branches– Language branch = collected of related Language branch = collected of related

languageslanguages– Indo-European = eight branchesIndo-European = eight branches

• Four branches have a large number of Four branches have a large number of speakers:speakers:

– GermanicGermanic– Indo-IranianIndo-Iranian– Balto-SlavicBalto-Slavic– RomanceRomance

Branches of the Indo-European Branches of the Indo-European FamilyFamily

The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.

Linguistic Differences in Europe Linguistic Differences in Europe and Indiaand India

The Germanic branch today is divided The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.English is in the West Germanic group.

Indo-European is the largest of four Indo-European is the largest of four main language families in South Asia. main language families in South Asia.

The country of India has 18 official The country of India has 18 official languageslanguages..

Romance Branch of Indo-EuropeanRomance Branch of Indo-European

The Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spokenThe Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number oflanguages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number of

smaller languages and dialects.smaller languages and dialects.

Why Is English Related to Why Is English Related to Other Languages?Other Languages?

• Origin and diffusion of Indo-Origin and diffusion of Indo-EuropeanEuropean– A “Proto-Indo-European” language?A “Proto-Indo-European” language?

• Internal evidenceInternal evidence• Nomadic warrior theoryNomadic warrior theory• Sedentary farmer theorySedentary farmer theory

Nomadic Warrior Theory Nomadic Warrior Theory

In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the KurganIn the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7,000 years ago.hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7,000 years ago.

Sedentary Farmer Theory Sedentary Farmer Theory

In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey beforeIn the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.

Where Are Other Language Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?Families Distributed?

• Classification of languagesClassification of languages– Indo-European = the largest language family Indo-European = the largest language family

• 46 percent of the world’s population speaks an Indo-46 percent of the world’s population speaks an Indo-European languageEuropean language

– Sino-Tibetan = the second-largest language Sino-Tibetan = the second-largest language familyfamily• 21 percent of the world’s population speaks a Sino-21 percent of the world’s population speaks a Sino-

Tibetan languageTibetan language– Mandarin = the most used language in the worldMandarin = the most used language in the world

Language Families of the WorldLanguage Families of the World

Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages withDistribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than100 million speakers are named.more than100 million speakers are named.

The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families.The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s

people. people.

Where Are Other Language Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?Families Distributed?

• Languages of the Middle East and Languages of the Middle East and Central AsiaCentral Asia– Afro-AsiaticAfro-Asiatic

• Arabic = most widely spokenArabic = most widely spoken

– AltaicAltaic• Turkish = most widely spokenTurkish = most widely spoken

– UralicUralic• Estonian, Hungarian, and Finnish Estonian, Hungarian, and Finnish

Language Family TreesLanguage Family Trees

Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world language families.language families.

Where Are Other Language Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?Families Distributed?

• African language familiesAfrican language families– Extensive linguistic diversityExtensive linguistic diversity

• 1,000 distinct languages + thousands of 1,000 distinct languages + thousands of dialectsdialects

– Niger-CongoNiger-Congo• 95 percent of sub-Saharan Africans speak a 95 percent of sub-Saharan Africans speak a

Niger-Congo languageNiger-Congo language

– Nilo-SaharanNilo-Saharan– Khoisan Khoisan

• ““Click” languagesClick” languageshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c246fZ-7z1w

Language Families of AfricaLanguage Families of Africa

The 1,000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main languageThe 1,000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language

families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar. families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar.

Languages of NigeriaLanguages of Nigeria

More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by

population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.

Why Do People Preserve Why Do People Preserve Languages?Languages?

• Preserving language diversityPreserving language diversity– Extinct languagesExtinct languages

• 473 “endangered” languages today473 “endangered” languages today

– ExamplesExamples• Reviving extinct languages: HebrewReviving extinct languages: Hebrew• Preserving endangered languages: CelticPreserving endangered languages: Celtic

– Multilingual statesMultilingual states• Walloons and Flemings in BelgiumWalloons and Flemings in Belgium

– Isolated languagesIsolated languages• BasqueBasque• IcelandicIcelandic

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/02/pictures/120217-talking-dictionaries-vanishing-languages-science-hear-audio/?source=link_fb20120221news-disappearinglanguage

Language Divisions in BelgiumLanguage Divisions in Belgium

There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in theThere has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the

south and speak French.south and speak French.

Languages in BelgiumLanguages in Belgium

Language Areas in SwitzerlandLanguage Areas in Switzerland

Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and aSwitzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.decentralized government structure.

Why Do People Preserve Why Do People Preserve Languages?Languages?

• Global dominance of EnglishGlobal dominance of English– English: An example of a lingua franca English: An example of a lingua franca

• Lingua franca = an international languageLingua franca = an international language• Pidgin language = a simplified version of a Pidgin language = a simplified version of a

languagelanguage• Expansion diffusion of EnglishExpansion diffusion of English• EbonicsEbonics

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7X9AAeDCr4&feature=player_embedded#!

Pidgin Language - Hawaii

French-English Boundary in CanadaFrench-English Boundary in Canada

Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in theAlthough Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the

province of Québec, where 80% of the population speaks French.province of Québec, where 80% of the population speaks French.

Internet HostsInternet Hosts

A large proportion of the world’s internet users and hosts are in theA large proportion of the world’s internet users and hosts are in the developed countries of North America and western Europe.developed countries of North America and western Europe.

Up Next:Up Next:

Religion – Chapter 6Religion – Chapter 6